Technical of Formulated FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Lecture 3
TECHNICAL OF FORMULETED A FREQUENCY

DISTRIBUTION
Nariman Yayha Othman
Technical terms used in formulation frequency distribution
a) Class limits:
The class limits are the smallest and largest values in the class.
Ex:
0 – 10, in this class, the lowest value is zero and highest value is 10. the two
boundaries of the class are called upper and lower limits of the class. Class limit is
also called as class boundaries.
b) Class intervals
The difference between upper and lower limit of class is known as class
interval.
Ex:
In the class 0 – 10, the class interval is (10 – 0) = 10.
The formula to find class interval is gives on below
LS
i
R
L = Largest value
S = Smallest value
R = the no. of classes
Ex:
If the mark of 60 students in a class varies between 40 and 100 and if we want
to form 6 classes, the class interval would be
100  40 60
I= (L-S ) / K = = = 10 L = 100
6 6
S = 40
K=6
Therefore, class intervals would be 40 – 50, 50 – 60, 60 – 70, 70 – 80, 80 – 90
and 90 – 100.
 Methods of forming class-interval

a) Exclusive method (overlapping)
In this method, the upper limits of one class-interval are the lower limit of next
class. This method makes continuity of data.
1
Ex:
Marks No. of students
20 – 30 5
30 – 40 15
40 – 50 25
A student whose mark is between 20 to 29.9 will be included in the 20 – 30

class.
Better way of expressing is
20 to les than 30 5
(More than 20 but les than 30)
30 to les than 40 15
40 to les than 50 25
Total Students 50
b) Inclusive method (non-overlaping)

Ex:
20 – 29 5
30 – 39 15
40 – 49 25
A student whose mark is 29 is included in 20 – 29 class interval and a student

whose mark in 39 is included in 30 – 39 class interval.
 Class Frequency
The number of observations falling within class-interval is called its class
frequency.
2
Ex: The class frequency 90 – 100 is 5, represents that there are 5 students scored
between 90 and 100. If we add all the frequencies of individual classes, the total
frequency represents total number of items studied.
 Magnitude of class interval

The magnitude of class interval depends on range and number of classes. The
range is the difference between the highest and smallest values is the data series. A
class interval is generally in the multiples of 5, 10, 15 and 20.
Sturges formula to find number of classes is given below
K = 1 + 3.322 log N.
K = No. of class
log N = Logarithm of total no. of observations
Ex: If total number of observations are 100, then number of classes could be
K = 1 + 3.322 log 100
K = 1 + 3.322 x 2
K = 1 + 6.644
K = 7.644 = 8 (Rounded off)
NOTE: Under this formula number of class can’t be less than 4 and not greater than
20.
 Class mid point or class marks
The mid value or central value of the class interval is called mid point.
(lower limit of class  upper limit of class)
Mid point of a class =
2
 Sturges formula to find size of class interval

Range
Size of class interval (h) =
1  3.322 log N
Ex: In a 5 group of worker, highest wage is Rs. 250 and lowest wage is 100 per day.
Find the size of interval.
Range 250  100
h= = = 55.57  56
1  3.322 log N 1  3.322 log 50
Constructing a frequency distribution

The following guidelines may be considered for the construction of frequency
distribution.
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a) The classes should be clearly defined and each observation must belong to one
and to only one class interval. Interval classes must be inclusive and non-
overlapping.
b) The number of classes should be neither too large nor too small.
Too small classes result greater interval width with loss of accuracy. Too
many class interval result is complexity.
c) All intervals should be of the same width. This is preferred for easy
computations.
Range
The width of interval =
Number of classes
d) Open end classes should be avoided since creates difficulty in analysis and
interpretation.
e) Intervals would be continuous throughout the distribution. This is important
for continuous distribution.
f) The lower limits of the class intervals should be simple multiples of the
interval.
Ex: A simple of 30 cars speed of a particular street are as follows with accuracy of 1
km/hr . Construct a frequency distribution for the given data.
62 58 58 52 48 53 54 63 69 63
57 56 46 48 53 56 57 59 58 53
52 56 57 52 52 53 54 58 61 63
 Steps of construction
Step 1
Find the range of data (H) Highest value = 69
(L) Lowest value = 46
Range = H – L = 69 – 46 = 23
Step 2
Find the number of class intervals.
Sturges formula
K = 1 + 3.322 log N.
K = 1 + 3.222 log 30
K = 5.90 Say K = 6
 No. of classes = 6
Step 3
Width of class interval
Range 23
Width of class interval (W) = =  3.883  4  W=4
Number of classes 6
4
Step 4
Conclusions the class limits and all frequencies belong to each class interval
and assign this total frequency to corresponding class intervals as follows:
For first class the limits will collected as follows:
L.C1(lower limit of class) = (L) = 46
U.C1(upper limit of class) = L.Ci + width of class (W) – acc. (accuracy)= 46+4-1= 49
For the rest of the classes(i=>2):
L.Ci(lower limit of class) = U.Ci-1 + acc. = 49 +1 = 50
U.Ci(upper limit of class) = L.Ci + width of class (W) – acc. (accuracy)= 50+4-1 =53
Class interval Tally bars Frequency

46 – 49 ||| 3
|||| |||
50 – 53 8
|||| |||
54 – 57 8
|||| |
58 – 61 6
62 – 65 |||| 4
66 – 69 | 1

Technical of Formulated FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

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Lecture 3

TECHNICAL OF FORMULETED A FREQUENCY

 Methods of forming class-interval

A student whose mark is between 20 to 29.9 will be included in the 20 – 30

b) Inclusive method (non-overlaping)

A student whose mark is 29 is included in 20 – 29 class interval and a student

 Magnitude of class interval

 Sturges formula to find size of class interval

Constructing a frequency distribution

Class interval Tally bars Frequency

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