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    Rectifiers and It'S Types

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    Prem Kumar
    A rectifier converts alternating current to direct current through a process called rectification. There are different types of rectifiers including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. Half-wave rectifiers only pass one half of the AC waveform while full-wave rectifiers pass both halves to be more efficient. Rectifiers are used in power supplies to convert AC power to DC power needed for electronic devices and also in radio receivers for detecting radio signals.

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    Rectifiers and It'S Types

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    Prem Kumar
    67 views6 pages
    A rectifier converts alternating current to direct current through a process called rectification. There are different types of rectifiers including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. Half-wave rectifiers only pass one half of the AC waveform while full-wave rectifiers pass both halves to be more efficient. Rectifiers are used in power supplies to convert AC power to DC power needed for electronic devices and also in radio receivers for detecting radio signals.

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    A rectifier converts alternating current to direct current through a process called rectification. There are different types of rectifiers including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. Half-wave rectifiers only pass one half of the AC waveform while full-wave rectifiers pass both halves to be more efficient. Rectifiers are used in power supplies to convert AC power to DC power needed for electronic devices and also in radio receivers for detecting radio signals.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    67 views6 pages

    Rectifiers and It'S Types

    Uploaded by

    Prem Kumar
    A rectifier converts alternating current to direct current through a process called rectification. There are different types of rectifiers including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. Half-wave rectifiers only pass one half of the AC waveform while full-wave rectifiers pass both halves to be more efficient. Rectifiers are used in power supplies to convert AC power to DC power needed for electronic devices and also in radio receivers for detecting radio signals.

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    RECTIFIERS AND IT’S TYPES

    A rectifier is an electrical device that


    converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction,
    to direct current (DC), which is in only one direction, a process known
    as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components
    of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be
    made of solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and
    other components.

    A device which performs the opposite function


    (converting DC to AC) is known as an inverter.

    When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by


    blocking the negative or positive portion of the waveform), the difference
    between the term diode and the term rectifier is merely one of usage, i.e.,
    the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert AC to DC.
    Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement
    for more efficiently converting AC to DC than is possible with only one
    diode. Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum
    tube diodes and copper(I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.

    Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used


    a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to
    serve as a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector". Rectification may
    occasionally serve in roles other than to generate direct current per se. For
    example, in gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect
    presence of flame. Two metal electrodes in the outer layer of the flame
    provide a current path, and rectification of an applied alternating voltage will
    happen in the plasma, but only while the flame is present to generate it.
    Half Wave Rectifiers:

    In half wave rectification, either the positive or


    negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked.
    Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is very
    inefficient if used for power transfer. Half-wave rectification can be
    achieved with a single diode in a one-phase supply, or with three diodes in
    a three-phase supply.

    The output DC voltage of a half wave rectifier


    can be calculated with the following two ideal equations:
    Full Wave Rectifiers:

    A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of


    the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its
    output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform
    to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a
    non-center tapped transformer, four diodes are required instead of the one
    needed for half-wave rectification.Four diodes arranged this way are called
    a diode bridge or bridge rectifier.

     a full-wave rectifier using 4 diodes.

    Full-wave rectifier using a center tap transformer and 2 diodes.


    A very common vacuum tube rectifier
    configuration contained one cathode and twin anodes inside a single
    envelope; in this way, the two diodes required only one vacuum tube. The
    5U4 and 5Y3 were popular examples of this configuration.

    A three-phase bridge rectifier.

    3-phase AC input, half & full wave rectified DC output waveforms

    For three-phase AC, six diodes


    are used. Typically there are three pairs of diodes, each pair, though, is not
    the same kind of double diode that would be used for a full wave single-
    phase rectifier. Instead the pairs are in series (anode to cathode). Typically,
    commercially available double diodes have four terminals so the user can
    configure them as single-phase split supply use, for half a bridge, or for
    three-phase use.

    Disassembled automobile alternator, showing the six diodes that comprise a full-wave three-phase bridge rectifier.

    Most devices that generate alternating


    current (such devices are called alternators) generate three-phase AC. For
    example, an automobile alternator has six diodes inside it to function as a
    full-wave rectifier for battery charging applications.

    The average and root-mean-square output
    voltages of an ideal single phase full wave rectifier can be calculated as:

    Peak Loss:
    An aspect of most rectification is a loss from the peak input voltage to the
    peak output voltage, caused by the built-in voltage drop across the diodes
    (around 0.7 V for ordinary silicon p-n-junction diodes and 0.3 V for Schottky
    diodes). Half-wave rectification and full-wave rectification using two
    separate secondaries will have a peak voltage loss of one diode drop.
    Bridge rectification will have a loss of two diode drops. This may represent
    significant power loss in very low voltage supplies. In addition, the diodes
    will not conduct below this voltage, so the circuit is only passing current
    through for a portion of each half-cycle, causing short segments of zero
    voltage to appear between each "hump".

    Applications:
    The primary application of rectifiers is to
    derive DC power from an AC supply. Virtually all electronic devices require
    DC, so rectifiers find uses inside the power supplies of virtually all
    electronic equipment.

    Converting DC power from one voltage to


    another is much more complicated. One method of DC-to-DC conversion
    first converts power to AC (using a device called an inverter), then use a
    transformer to change the voltage, and finally rectifies power back to DC.

    Rectifiers also find a use in


    detection of amplitude modulated radio signals. The signal may be
    amplified before detection, but if un-amplified, a very low voltage drop
    diode must be used. When using a rectifier for demodulation the capacitor
    and load resistance must be carefully matched. Too low a capacitance will
    result in the high frequency carrier passing to the output and too high will
    result in the capacitor just charging and staying charged.

    Output voltage of a full-wave rectifier with controlled thyristors

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