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PHASE

Phase diagrams graphically summarize the conditions under which different states of matter exist in equilibrium and allow prediction of phases present at given temperature and pressure, showing curves for vapor pressure, sublimation, and melting that indicate boundaries between gas, liquid, and solid phases and points like triple points where three phases meet in equilibrium.

Uploaded by

Karl Siagan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
118 views

PHASE

Phase diagrams graphically summarize the conditions under which different states of matter exist in equilibrium and allow prediction of phases present at given temperature and pressure, showing curves for vapor pressure, sublimation, and melting that indicate boundaries between gas, liquid, and solid phases and points like triple points where three phases meet in equilibrium.

Uploaded by

Karl Siagan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHASE DIAGRAMS

PHASE DIAGRAM

a graphic way to summarize the conditions


under which equilibria exist between different
states of matter. It allows us to predict which
phase is present at given temperature and
pressure.
PHASE DIAGRAM

1. VAPOR PRESSURE CURVE OF LIQUID (RED CURVE)


equilibrium between liquid and gas phases.
Normal boiling point is where the vapor pressure at 1 atm
CRITICAL POINT- where the vapor pressure curve ends, corresponds to the
critical temperature and pressure.
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID- temp and pressure is beyond critical point, the
liquid and gas phase are indistinguishable from each other.
PHASE DIAGRAM
2. SUBLIMATION CURVE (GREEN CURVE)
separates solid phase from gas phase, represents the change in the vapor
pressure of the solid as it sublimes at different temp.
Each point in this curve is a condition of equilibrium between solid and
3.MELTING CURVE (BLUE CURVE)
separates solid phase from the liquid phase, represents the change in
melting point of the solid with increasing pressure.
Each point on the curve is an equilibrium between solid and liquid.
NORMAL MELTING POINT- the melting point at 1 atm
PHASE DIAGRAM

TRIPLE POINT (POINT T)


where all the three phases are in equilibrium.
PHASE DIAGRAM OF WATER

1. Look at the melting curve, what can


you say about the behavior of the
curve?
2. What happens to the melting point
as the pressure increases?
3. What is the cause of the unusual
behavior observed in the melting
curve?
PHASE DIAGRAM OF CARBON

DIOXIDE

1.What happens to the melting point as


the pressure increases?
2. Why does carbon dioxide sublimes
when heated instead of melting?
PHASE DIAGRAM OF METHANE

1. What are the approximate


temperature and pressure of the
critical point?
2. What are the approximate
temperature and pressure of the
triple point?
3. Is methane a solid, liquid or gas? at
1atm and 0 degree Celsius
PHASE DIAGRAM OF METHANE

4. If solid methane at 1 atm s heated


while the pressure is held constant, will
it sublimes or melt?
5.If methane at 1 atm and 0 C is
compressed until a phase change
occurs, in which state is the methane
when the compression is complete?
PHASE CHANGES
PHASE CHANGES

EXOTHERMIC PROCESS
process that absorbs heat/energy from the surrondings
ENDOTHERMIC PROCESS
process that gives off heat/energy to the surroundings
PHASE CHANGES
PHASE CHANGES

HEATING CURVE- graph showing change in temperature of substance


PHASE CHANGES

HEATING CURVE OF WATER


PHASE CHANGES

COOLING CURVE
PHASE CHANGES

During phase changes, two physical states exist t the same time.
When addition or removal of heat is stopped at certain temp, the
two physical states will interconvert from one state to another and
will be at equilibrium.
PHASE CHANGES
PHASE CHANGES

PHASE CHANGE
changes of state
every phase change is accompanied by a change in the energy the system

HEAT OF FUSION/ ENTHALPY OF FUSION- melting


HEAT OF VAPORIZATION/ ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION- liquid to
vapor
HEAT OF SUBLIMATION- solid to gas
Condensation
Freezing
PHASE CHANGES
MELTING AND FREEZING
ice ⇋ water @ 0C and 1atm for water
During transition, KE does not change, temp at constant.
Melting point and freezing point- temp at which solid and
liquid phases coexist at equil.
Stronger attractive force = higher melting point
Melting/ freezing point of a substance when the external P is
1 atm is the normal melting/ freezing point
PHASE CHANGES
MOLAR HEAT OF FUSION, (ΔHfus)
extensive property, expressed in terms of molar quantities.
influenced by attractive forces that holds the paricles.
the energy required to melt 1 mole of solid.
equal to the amt of energy released when 1 mol water freezes
at 0C to ice
Take note the molar heat of fusion and vaporization of water
PHASE CHANGES
PHASE CHANGES

HEAT CHANGE (q)


q = m ΔHfus
PHASE CHANGES

BOILING AND CONDENSING


water ⇋ steam @100 C and 1 atm dynamic equil of water
Normal BP @ 1atm presssure
Condensation point/ dew point- when liquid vaporizes to
gaseous state.
PHASE CHANGES

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION, ΔHvap


extensive prop.
energy required to vaporize 1 mole of liquid at given temp.
influenced by attractive force
PHASE CHANGES

SOLID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM
solid ⇋ vapor @equil.
Sublimation
Deposition
PHASE CHANGES

MOLAR HEAT OF SUBLIMATION, ΔHsub


amt of energy that must be added to a mole of solid @
const P to turn it directly to gas, w/o passing throung the
liquid phase.
ΔHsub > ΔHvap
PHASE CHANGES
PHASE CHANGES
PHASE CHANGES

HEAT CHANGE WITH CHANGE IN TEMP


specific heat- amount of heat received or removed from the
system to effect a given change in temp.
heat lost by 1 gram of subst when the temp drops by 1C

q = m S ΔT
S = specific heat of the sample in the appropriate physical state
T = change in temperature
PHASE CHANGES

Sample Problem:
You found a piece of copper metal weighing 3.10 g imbedded in an
ice block. How much heat is absorbed by the piece of metal as it
warms in your hand from the temperature of the ice block at 1.5 oC
to your body temperature of 37.0 C? The specific heat of copper is
0.385 J/g-C. Assume that the metal is pure copper.
q = m S ΔT
PHASE CHANGES

Sample Problem:
q = m S ΔT
q = m S ΔT
= (3.10 g)(0.385 J/g-C)(37.0 oC – 1.5 C)
= 42.4 J
PHASE CHANGES
Sample Problem:
How much energy is required to change 2600 gram of ice at 0°C
into water at the same temperature?

Solution: Since the problem indicates no change in temperature


and involves a solid phase, then the formula to be used is
q = m ΔHfus
= (2600 g) (6.01 kJ)
= 15,626 kJ
PHASE CHANGES
Sample Problem:
Calculate the amount of energy (in kJ) needed to heat 346 gram of
liquid water from 0 C to 182 C. Assume that the specific heat of
water is 4.184 J/g OC over the entire liquid range and the specifi
heat of steam is 1.99 J/g C.

Solution: The overall energy required is given by


qT = q1 + q2 + q3
PHASE CHANGES

Sample Problem:
Heating of water from 0 C to 100 C
q1 = m S Δt
= (346 g) (4.184 J/g C) (100 C – OC)
= 1.45 x 105 J
= 145 kJ
PHASE CHANGES

Sample Problem:
Evaporating 346 g of water at 100 C (a phase change)
q2 = m ΔHvap
= (346 g) (40.79 kJ)
= 783 kJ
PHASE CHANGES

Sample Problem:
Heating steam from 100 C to 182 C.
q3 = m S Δt
= (346 g) (1.99 J/g C) (182 C – 100 C)

qT = q1 + q2 + q3
= 145 kJ + 783 kJ + 56.5 kJ
= 985 kJ
PHASE CHANGES

Sample Problem:
Calculate the heat released when 68.0 gram of steam at 124 C is
converted to water at 45 C
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Study the following


solvent-solvent interaction
solute-solute interaction
solvent-solute
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Concentration is the amount of solute present in a given


amt of solution.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

A sample of 0.892 g of potassium chloride (KCl) is dissolved


in 54.6 g of water. What is the percent by mass of KCl in the
solution?

Percent of mass is unitless


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Calculate the molality of a sulfuric acid solution containing


24.4 g of sulfuric acid in198 g of water. The molar mass of
sulfuric acid is 98.09 g.
The density of a 2.45 M aqueous solution of methanol
(CH3OH) is 0.976 g/mL. What is the molality of the solution?
The molar mass of methanol is 32.04 g.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

PERCENT BY MASS / PERCENT COMPOSITION BY MASS


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Determine the mass percent of each element in Al2(SO4)3.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Nitric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide in solution to give


sodium nitrate and water
HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) —> NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

How many moles of water are formed when 25.0 mL of 0.100 M


HNO3 completely reacts with NaOH?
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

What volume of a 0.470M HCl reacted with enough Zn


metal to produce 1.50g ZnCl2 based on the following
reaction?
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) —> ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Molar mass of ZnCl2 = 136.29 g/mol
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

PLEASE STUDY
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SOLUBILITY
SOLID SOLUBILITY AND TEMP
GAS SOLUBILITY AND TEMP
EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON SOLUBILITY OF GASES
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
BY GROUP: (E-MAGAZINE GROUPINGS)
DESIGN A SIMPLE INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT ON
BOILING POINT OR FREEZING POINT WHEN A SOLID IS DISSOLVED IN
WATER.

EXAMPLE: SALT DISSOLVED IN WATER, THERE WAS A BOILING POINT


ELEVATION.

DEADLINE: APRIL 17, 2021 5:00 PM

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