[DOCUMENT]: NOTES CHAPTER 5 PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER REDUCED SYLLABUS 2020
This chapter discusses the key gas laws including Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and the relationship between temperature, pressure, and boiling point. It differentiates between amorphous and crystalline solids, and summarizes the properties of solids like melting, freezing, and sublimation. The key points are:
1) Boyle's Law and Charles's Law describe the relationships between gas pressure, volume and temperature respectively.
2) Temperature and external pressure affect vapor pressure and boiling point.
3) Solids can be amorphous or crystalline, and undergo phase changes like melting
[DOCUMENT]: NOTES CHAPTER 5 PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER REDUCED SYLLABUS 2020
This chapter discusses the key gas laws including Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and the relationship between temperature, pressure, and boiling point. It differentiates between amorphous and crystalline solids, and summarizes the properties of solids like melting, freezing, and sublimation. The key points are:
1) Boyle's Law and Charles's Law describe the relationships between gas pressure, volume and temperature respectively.
2) Temperature and external pressure affect vapor pressure and boiling point.
3) Solids can be amorphous or crystalline, and undergo phase changes like melting
[DOCUMENT]: NOTES CHAPTER 5 PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER REDUCED SYLLABUS 2020
This chapter discusses the key gas laws including Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and the relationship between temperature, pressure, and boiling point. It differentiates between amorphous and crystalline solids, and summarizes the properties of solids like melting, freezing, and sublimation. The key points are:
1) Boyle's Law and Charles's Law describe the relationships between gas pressure, volume and temperature respectively.
2) Temperature and external pressure affect vapor pressure and boiling point.
3) Solids can be amorphous or crystalline, and undergo phase changes like melting
[DOCUMENT]: NOTES CHAPTER 5 PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER REDUCED SYLLABUS 2020
This chapter discusses the key gas laws including Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and the relationship between temperature, pressure, and boiling point. It differentiates between amorphous and crystalline solids, and summarizes the properties of solids like melting, freezing, and sublimation. The key points are:
1) Boyle's Law and Charles's Law describe the relationships between gas pressure, volume and temperature respectively.
2) Temperature and external pressure affect vapor pressure and boiling point.
3) Solids can be amorphous or crystalline, and undergo phase changes like melting
• After completing this lesson you will be able to
• Account for pressure volume changes in a gas using Boyle,s Law. • Account for Temperature volume changes in a gas using Charles,s Law. • Explain the effect of Temperature and External pressure on vapour pressure and boiling point. • Differentiate between amorphous and crystalline solids. • Summarize the properties of solids like melting, freezing and sublimation.
Q. What are gas laws? Name four variables on which these laws depend.
Ans. GAS LAWS
The relationship that expresses the influence of one variable on another with the two variables constant are called “ Gas Laws”.
Variables Affecting Gas Laws
1. Pressure (P)
2. Volume (V) 3. Temperature (T)
4. Number of moles of a gas (n)
Q. What is Boyles law? Prove mathematically that P* V= constant
Boyle’s law
Boyle’s law is a gas law which states that the pressure of given mass of a gas at constant temperature exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it.
In other words, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional to each other as long as the temperature and the given mass of a gas are kept constant.
For a gas, the relationship between volume and pressure (at constant mass and temperature) can be expressed mathematically as follows.
P ∝ (1/V)
Where
P is the pressure exerted by the gas and V is the volume occupied by it.
This proportionality can be converted into an equation by adding a constant, k.
P = k*(1/V) ⇒ PV = k Here K is (constant)
When volume is changed from V1to V2 pressure automatically changes from P1 to
P2
Then this law is mathematically written as:
P1V1 = P2V2
Where,
P1 is the initial pressure exerted by the gas
V1 is the initial volume occupied by the gas
P2 is the final pressure exerted by the gas
V2 is the final volume occupied by the gas
This expression can be obtained from the pressure-volume relationship suggested by Boyle’s law. For a fixed amount of gas(Specific no of moles of a gas) kept at a constant temperature, PV = k. Therefore,
P1V1 = k (initial pressure * initial volume)
P2V2 = k (final pressure * final volume)
∴ P1V1 = P2V2
Q. Verify the relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature
experimentally.
OR
Describe experimental verification of Boyles law.
OR
Prove experimentally that P*V= Constant ( Product of pressure and volume
remains constant)
Relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature
1 0.500 4.00 2.00 2 1.00 2.00 2.00 3 2.00 1.00 2.00 4 4.00 0.500 2.00 So we can write P*V= Constant
This means that product of pressure and volume is constant.
SELF ASSESSMENT EX.5.1
A student obtained following data in an experiment at 20 degree Celsius.
P(atm) V (dm3) 0.350 0.707 0.551 0.450 0.762 0.325 0.951 0.261 1.210 0.205 Explain pressure – volume relationship using this data and the Boyle,s Law.
SOLUTION
P(atm) V (dm3) PxV=Constant
0.350 0.707 0.350x0.707=0.247 0.551 0.450 0.551x0.450=0.247 0.762 0.325 0.762x0.325=0.247 0.951 0.261 0.951x0.261=0.247 1.210 0.205 1.210x0.205=0.247 The product of pressure and volume remains constant, so
This data shows that product of pressure and volume is constant
experimentally.
Q2) Ammonia gas is used at refrigerant at 0.474atm. Pressure is required to
change 2000cm3 sample of ammonia initially at 1.0atm to 4.22dm3 at constant temperature. Show that this data satisfies Boyles Law.
Solution
P1=1atm
P2=0.474atm
V1=2000cm3=2dm3
V2=4.22dm3
P1V1=P2V2
1X2=0.474X4.22
2=2
LHS= RHS
So this data satisfies Boyles Law
Q.)What is Charles’s Law? Prove it mathematically.
Charles's Law Charles's Law states that the Volume (V) of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature (T). This law is valid as long as the pressure and the amount of gas are constant. The temperature must be an absolute temperature:
For a gas, the relationship between volume and temperature (at constant mass and pressure) can be expressed mathematically as follows.
V∝T
Or
V= KT (at constant pressure and no. of moles of a gas)
Where T is the temperature of a gas and V is the volume occupied by it. This proportionality can be converted into an equation by adding a constant, k.
V= KT
or
V /T = constant
When V changes from V1 to V2
Temp. automatically changes from T1 to T2
V1/T1= Constant
V2/T2= Constant
Where,
T1 is the initial Temperature exerted by the gas
V1 is the initial volume occupied by the gas
T2 is the final temperature exerted by the gas
V2 is the final volume occupied by the gas
This expression can be obtained from the temperature-volume relationship
suggested by Charles’s law. For a fixed amount of gas kept at a constant pressure, V/T = k. Therefore, V1 /T1 = k (initial temperature * initial volume)
V2 /T2 = k (final temperature * final volume)
∴ V1 /T1 = V2 /T2
Q.)Give experimental verification of temperature volume relationship
Since V/T in each case remains constant so it verifies Charles’s law
experimentally.
Q.) What is absolute temperature? Represent Charles’s law by a graph
absolute temperature.
Ans. Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature where nothing
could be colder and no heat energy remains in a substance. Absolute zero is defined as precisely; 0 K on the Kelvin scale, which is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale; and –273.15 degrees Celsius on the Celsius scale.
Absolute temperature is represented by T
T = toC +273
We can interpret this data by plotting a graph by putting values of volume
on Y-axis and absolute or Kelvin temperature on X-axis. Dependence of volume on absolute temperature.
SELF ASSEMENT EXERCISE 5.2
A chemist obtained data shown in table 5.7 in an experiment at 1atm
25 298 117.5 117.5/298 = 0.394 30 303 119.4 119.4/303 =0.394 35 308 121.3 121.3/308 = 0.394 40 313 123.2 123.2/313 = 0.394 From V/T results, it is very much clear that V/T=Constant, So volume temperature relationship V/T=Constant is verified
Q2)A bacterial culture isolated from sewage produces 36.4cm3 of methane
(CH4) gas at 27oC and 760 mm Hg. This gas occupies 33.124 cm3 at 0oC and same pressure. Explain volume temperature relationship from this data.
So volume temperature relationship is verified by this data
Q3) A perfect elastic balloon filled with helium gas has a volume of 1.25x103dm3 at 1.00atm and 25OC on ascending to a certain altitude where temperature is 15oC the volume of the balloon becomes 1.208x103dm3. Show that this data satisfies the Charles’s Law.
SOLUTION
Volume (V1)=1.25x103 dm3
Temperature T1= 25 oC =25+273= 298K
V2=1.208x10 3 cm3 Temperature T2=15 o C = 15+273 =288 K
Formula:
V1/T1=V2/T2
1.25x103/298= 1.208x103/288
4.194= 4.194 LHS= RHS
So verified, this data satisfies the Charles’s Law.
Q. Define and explain evaporation.
Evaporation
Conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapour at all temperatures is called vaporization
or evaporation.
In evaporation, molecules with greater kinetic energy values than average in the liquid break away and enter the gas state. The molecules with greater kinetic energy escape the surface first and liquid molecules with less K.E are left, Hence liquids temperature decreases. So evaporation is a “Cooling process”
Effect of temperature:
Rate of evaporation increases on heating because K. E of the molecules increases.
This enables more molecules to overcome attractive forces keeping them in the liquid state and escape as vapours.
Surface area
Rate of evaporation is directly proportional to surface area. Rate of evaporation is
greater in a large vessel as compared to smaller vessel.
SELF ASSESSMENT EX.5.3
GIVE REASON
Q1)When you put nail polish remover on your palm, you feel a sensation of coldness.
Ans) Nail polish has organic liquid like acetone in it, when we put it on our palm it evaporates fastly because organic liquids evaporate with high speed as compared to inorganic liquids and evaporation causes cooling due to which we feel a sensation of coldness.
Q2) Wet clothes dry quickly in summer than in winter.
Ans) Rate of evaporation is proportional to temperature. Rate of evaporation
increases on increasing temp. because K. E of the molecules increases. This enables more molecules to overcome attractive forces keeping them in the liquid state and escape as vapours. As in summer temperature is more than in winter so wet clothes dry quickly in summer than in winter.
Q. Define and explain vapour pressure.
Vapour pressure
The pressure exerted by the vapours of a liquid in equilibrium with its liquid is called vapour pressure.
When a partially filled container is sealed , some of the liquid molecules vaporize, called evaporation and some of these molecules come back and collide with the walls of container which again change into a liquid state called condensation. At equilibrium rate of evaporation bocomes equal to condensation.
Evaporation
Liquid ⇌ vapours
Condensation Q. How does temperature effect vapour pressure of a liquid?
Ans: Effect of temperature on vapour pressure
As we know that vapour pressure is directly proportional to temperature.
For example vapour pressure of water is 2.33 KPa at 20oC which becomes 101.33KPa at 100 oC. This is because an increase in temp. of a liquid increases the K.E. of the molecules so when Temperature increases vapour pressure also increases.
Q.What is boiling point? Explain the effect of external pressure on boiling
point.
Ans: Boiling point
The temperature at which vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the external or atmospheric pressure is called boiling point.
Difference between vapour pressure and boiling point
Effect of external pressure on boiling point
As we know that boiling point is directly proportional to external pressure, so we can say that as
• External pressure increases boiling point increases.
• External pressure decreases boiling point decreases.
To understand this concept why water boils at 70oC on the top of Mount Everest and at 120oC in a pressure cooker , although the normal boiling point of water is 100oC.
Concentrate on the definition of boiling point
“ A liquid boils when its vapour pressure is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by its surroundings.”
Examples of external pressure on boiling point
Pressure cooker is equipped with a valve that controls the pressure inside the pot up to 2atm. Therefore the valve does not allow watervapours to escape until the pressure inside the pot reaches 2atm and the temperature of corresponding pressure becomes 120oC.That,s why water boils at 120oC in a pressure cooker.
As we know that by increasing external pressure boiling point increases and by
decreasing external pressure b.p decreases. At Mount Everest at about 8850m above sea level atmospheric pressure reduces to only 34KPa which reduces the boiling point of water to 700C. So water boils at 700C.
Q) Water boils at 120oC in a pressure cooker, why?
Ans) Pressure cooker is equipped with a valve that controls the pressure inside the pot up to 2atm. Therefore the valve does not allow watervapours to escape until the pressure inside the pot reaches 2atm and the temperature of corresponding pressure becomes 120oC.That,s why water boils at 120oC in a pressure cooker. Q. Can you make water boil o at 70 C?
Ans) Yes, As we know that by increasing atmospheric pressure boiling point
increases and by decreasing atmospheric pressure b.p decreases. At Mount Everest at about 8850m above sea level atmospheric pressure reduces to only 34KPa which reduces the boiling point of water to 700C. So water boils at 700C.
SELF ASSEMENT EX.5.5
Q1) The boiling point of water on the top of mount Everest is 70oC,while at Murree is 98oC. Explain this difference.
Ans) As we know that by increasing external pressure boiling point increases and by decreasing external pressure b.p decreases. At Mount Everest at about 8850m above sea level atmospheric pressure reduces to only 34KPa which reduces the boiling point of water to 700C. So water boils at 700C.
While at Murree hills external pressure increases to almost 0.98atm which
increases the boiling point, so water boils at 98oC.
Q2)If you try to cook an egg in boiling water while camping at an elevation of 0.5Km in the mountain. You will find that it takes longer time than it does at home. Explain why? Ans) As we know that by increasing external pressure boiling point increases and by decreasing external pressure b.p decreases.At a height of 0.5Km the atmospheric pressure decreases from 1atm due to which boiling point of water also decreases so it takes more time to cook an egg than at sea level. Because when boiling point decreases it will take more time to cook an egg.
Q) What is solid state of matter?
Ans) Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter. The atoms in a solid are closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy. A solid is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to a force applied to the surface.
Q) Define and explain Sublimation.
Sublimation
Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state, without passing through the liquid state.
For example iodine, benzoic acid ,Ammonium chloride, naphthalein etc. sublime
Q) Differentiate the types of solids (amorphous and crystalline solids).
Types of Solids Crystalline and amorphous lids
Crystalline Solids:-
a) Crystalline solids are well ordered at the atomic level.
b) They have repeating three dimensional arrangements of particles. c) They have sharp melting and boiling points. Eg:- crystals of sodium chloride.
Amorphous Solids:-
a) Amorphous solids are disordered at the atomic level.
b) They have none repetitive arrays of particles. c) They melt over a wide range of temperature. Eg:-Glass, plastic etc
ARRANGEMENT OF PARTICLES IN CRYSTALLINE AND
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS Ex.Q.VI) Express the pressure 400mmHg in KPa.
Ans) SOLUTION
760mmHg pressure = 101.325KPa
1mmHg pressure = 101.325/760
400mmHg pressure = 101.325/760 X 400
=53.53KPa
Ex.Q.14) In auto mobile engine the gaseous fuel-air mixture enters the cylinder and is compressed by a moving piston before it is ignited. If the initial cylinder volume is 990cm3 after the piston moves the volume is 90cm3. The fuel air mixture initially has a pressure of 1.0atm and final pressure 11atm. Do you think this change occurs according to the Boyles Law?
