The document explains the fundamental gas laws, including Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and the Ideal Gas Equation, detailing their mathematical representations and applications. It also covers the General Gas Equation and Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, providing examples and calculations for various scenarios involving gas behavior under different conditions. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of temperature conversions and standard conditions for accurate gas measurements.
The document explains the fundamental gas laws, including Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and the Ideal Gas Equation, detailing their mathematical representations and applications. It also covers the General Gas Equation and Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, providing examples and calculations for various scenarios involving gas behavior under different conditions. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of temperature conversions and standard conditions for accurate gas measurements.
The document explains the fundamental gas laws, including Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and the Ideal Gas Equation, detailing their mathematical representations and applications. It also covers the General Gas Equation and Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, providing examples and calculations for various scenarios involving gas behavior under different conditions. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of temperature conversions and standard conditions for accurate gas measurements.
The document explains the fundamental gas laws, including Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and the Ideal Gas Equation, detailing their mathematical representations and applications. It also covers the General Gas Equation and Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, providing examples and calculations for various scenarios involving gas behavior under different conditions. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of temperature conversions and standard conditions for accurate gas measurements.
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GAS LAWS 1
BOYLE’S LAW This states that the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure, provided the temperature is kept constant. Mathematically,
where V=volume, P= pressure, k= constant
Representation of Boyle’s law Since an increase in pressure of a given mass of gas is due to a decrease in volume and vice versa, at constant temperature, the equation of Boyle’s law can be written as; P1V1 = P2V2 Where P1 = initial pressure of gas V1 = initial volume of gas P2 = new pressure of gas V2 = new volume of gas Graphically
Boyle’s law and kinetic theory
When the volume of a given mass of gas is reduced, there will be more collision of the molecules of the gas per unit time on the walls of the container, thus, the pressure of the gas will increase. The reverse is the case when volume is increased. Examples 1. 375cm3 of a gas has a pressure of 770mmHg. Find its pressure if the volume is increased to 385cm3. Sol. P1V1 = P2V2 P1= 770mmHg P2 = (P1V1)/V2 3 V1= 375cm =(770 x 375)/385 P2=? = 750mmHg 3 V2= 385cm 2. At 20oc, oxygen has a volume of 500cm3 under a pressure of 700mmHg. What will be its volume in cm 3 at the same temperature if the pressure becomes 505mmHg? Sol. P1V1 = P2V2 P1= 700mmHg P2= 505mmHg 3 V1= 500cm V2= ? V2 = (P1V1)/P2 =(700 x 500)/505 = 693.1cm3
CHARLES' LAW This states that the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to its temperature in kelvin (absolute temperature), provided that pressure remains constant. Mathematically,
Where V= volume, T= kelvin temperature, k= constant
Representation of Charles’ law V1/T1 = V2/T2 Where V1= initial volume of gas T1=initial temperature (in kelvin) V2=new volume of gas T2= new temperature (in kelvin) Graphically,
Charles’ law and kinetic theory
If a gas is heated, the molecules acquire more kinetic energy, move faster and collide more often with the walls of the vessel, thereby increasing the pressure they exert. To maintain the same number of collisions on the walls per unit area of the vessel (i.e, to keep the pressure constant), the volume of the gas is increased. Temperature conversions The kelvin temperature is called the absolute temperature. Its scale has - 273oc as its starting point. The Celsius or centigrade temperature scale uses the freezing point of water 0oc as its starting point. N/B: All temperature readings must be converted to the kelvin scale before applying in our calculations. Thus, 0oc = 273k -273oc = 0k K = oc + 273 o c= K – 273
Examples 1. Convert to kelvin temperature (a) 25oc (b) -75oc Sol. K = oc + 273 (a) 25 + 273 = 298k (b) -75 + 273 = 198k 2. Convert to Celsius temperature (a)900k (b) 258k Sol. o c= K – 273 (a) 900 – 273 = 625oc (b) 258 – 273 = -15oc 3. The initial volume of a gas at 300k was 220cm 3, determine its temperature if the volume becomes 250cm3 Sol. V1/T1 = V2/T2 V1=220cm3 T2 = (V2T1)/V1 T1=300k = (250 x 300)/220 V2=250cm3 = 340.9k T2= ? 4. At 20oc, a sample of oxygen gas occupies 125cm 3. What will the volume be at 80oc, if the pressure remains constant? Sol. V1/T1 = V2/T2 V1=125cm3 V 2 = (V1T2)/T1 T1=20 + 273 = 293k = (125 x 353)/293 V2= ? = 150.6cm 3 T2= 80 + 273 = 353k
GENERAL GAS EQUATION
The general gas equation is a combination of Boyle’s and Charles’ laws. Here, PV/T = k Since pressure, volume and absolute temperature change, the general gas equation is written as P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (S.T.P) Since temperature can vary from country to country, it can affect the investigation of gases, making the gas volumes to differ between countries. Thus, a standard temperature and pressure have been adopted to be used in calculations involving gases. Thus, standard temperature (s.t) = 0oc or 273k standard pressure (s.p) = 760mmHg or 1atm or 1.01 x 105 Nm-2 Examples 1. The pressure of a gas which occupies 500cm3 at 27oc is 900mmHg. What would be the pressure of the gas at -48oc if the volume is reduced to 250cm3. Sol. P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 P1=900mmHg P2=? V1=500cm3 V2=250cm3 T1=27 + 273 = 300k T2= -48 + 273 = 245k
P2 = (P1V1T2)/(V2T1) =(900x500x245)/(300x250) =1470mmHg 2. A given mass of a gas occupies 850cm3 at 320k and 0.92x105Nm-2 pressure. Calculate the volume of the gas at s.t.p. Sol. P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 P1=0.92x105Nm-2 P2=1.01x105Nm-2 V1=850cm3 V2=? T1=320k T 2= 273k
V2 = (P1V1T2)/(P2T1) =(0.92x105x850x273)/(1.01x105x320) =660.5cm3 IDEAL GAS EQUATION The ideal gases are those gases that fulfill all the assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases. The equation for an ideal gas states that PV/T is a constant R. Thus, for one mole of a gas, the ideal equation is PV=RT For n mole of gas, the equation becomes PV=nRT Where P=pressure in atm V=volume in dm3 n=no. of moles R=molar gas constant T=temperature in kelvin At s.t.p, for 1mole of gas, molar gas constant R=0.0821atmdm3K-1mol-1 Examples 1. 2.0moles.of an ideal gas are at temperature of -17oc and pressure of 5atm. What volume in dm3 will the gas occupy at that temperature? (R=0.0821atmdm3K-1mol-1) Sol. PV=nRT P=5atm n=2.0mol T=-17+273=256k V=? V=nRT/P =(2x0.0821x256)/5 =8.41dm3 2. A given mass of a gas occupies 10.0dm3 at 3atm and 20oc. Calculate the number of moles present. (R=0.0821atmdm3K-1mol-1) Sol. PV=nRT P=3atm n=PV/RT n=? =(3 x10)/(0.0821x293) T=20+273=293k =1.25moles V=10.0dm3 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES This states that if there is a mixture of gases which do not react chemically together, then, the total pressure exerted by the mixture is the sum of the partial pressure of the individual gases that make up the mixture. Ptotal=P1+P2+P3+…. Where Ptotal=total pressure of the gas mixtures P1, P2, P3…= partial pressures of individual gases If the gas is collected over water, it is likely to be saturated with water vapour and the total pressure becomes; Ptotal=Pgas + Pwater vapour Pgas=Ptotal - Pwater vapour Examples 1. 272cm3 of carbon(IV) oxide were collected over water at 15oc and 782mmHg pressure. Calculate the volume of the dry gas at s.t.p (saturated vapour pressure, s.v.p of water at 15oc is 12mmHg) Sol. Pressure of dry gas=782-12=770mmHg P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 P1=770mmHg P2=760mmHg 3 V1=272cm V2=? T1=15+273=288k T2= 273k
V2 = (P1V1T2)/(P2T1) =(770x272x273)/(760x288) =262.2cm3 2. A certain mass of hydrogen gas collected over water at 6 oc and 765mmHg pressure has a volume of 35cm3. Calculate the volume when it is dry at s.t.p. (s.v.p of water at 6oc=7mmHg) Sol. Pressure of dry gas=765-7=758mmHg
