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1. A thick tube with closed ends, of inside and outside diameters 50 mm and 70
mm respectively, contains oil at a pressure of 1 MN/m 2. The oil is allowed to escape until
the pressure in the tube has fallen to 0.75 MN/m 2. Find how much oil has been released
per metre length of tube, if bending due to end effects is negligible.
E for steel = 200 GN/m2. K for oil = 2.75 GN/m2, v for steel = 0.25.
5. A thick walled cylinder, 0.2 m inside diameter, is to contain fluid at a pressure of
50 MN/m2. Find the necessary thickness if the maximum shearing stress is not to
exceed 100 MN/m2. What will then be the greatest and least values of the hoop
stress in the material?
If the inner surface becomes corroded and the cylinder has to re-bored, by how
much can the inside diameter be increased without raising more than 5 per cent
the maximum shearing stress induced by the same internal pressure.
6. A steel rod, 0.06 m diameter, is forced into a bronze casing having an outside
diameter of 0.1 m and thereby produces a hoop tension at the outer
circumference of the casing of 35 MN/m2. Determine (a) the radial pressure be
tween the rod and the casing, and (b) the rise in temperature which would just
eliminate the force fit.

For steel E = 200 GN/m2, v = 0.28, a = 12 x 10 -6/degree C. For bronze E = 110

GN/m2, v = 0.33, a = 19 x 10-6/degree C.
7. A steel cylindrical plug of 125 mm diameter is forced into a steel sleeve of 200
mm external diameter and 100 mm long. If the greatest circumferential stress in the
sleeve is 100 MN/m2. Find the torque required to turn the plug in the sleeve assuming
the coefficient of friction between the plug and the sleeve is 0.2.
8. In problem 7 find the axial force to drive the plug into the sleeve.
9. A gun metal cylinder, 150 mm external diameter and 99.925 mm internal
diameter is forced onto a steel cylinder 100 m external diameter and 50 mm internal
diameter. Calculate the maximum resulting stresses in the steel and gun metal.
E for steel = 200 GN/m 2 E for gun-metal = 100 GN/m 2 Poisson’s ratio = 0.35 for
both metals.
10. A steel cylinder 200 mm external diameter and 150 mm internal diameter has
another cylinder 250 mm external diameter shrunk on to it. If the maximum
tensile stress induced in the other cylinder is 80 MN/m 2 find the radial
compressive stress between the cylinders.

Determine the circumferential stresses at inner and outer diameter of both

cylinders and show by means of a diagram, how these stresses very with radius.
Calculate the necessary shrinkage allowance at the common surface. E = 200
GN/m2.
 11. A steel tube of 80 mm outside diameter is to be shrunk on another steel tube of
40 mm inside diameter and 60 mm outside diameter. Calculate the shrinkage
allowance if in the compound tube the final maximum stress in each tube is
same, when it is subjected to an internal pressure of 50 MN/m 2. Also find the value of
this stress and draw the stress distribution diagram. Take E = 207 GN/m 2.
12. A steel cylinder of outside diameter 300 mm and inside diameter 250 mm is
shrunk onto one having diameters 250 mm and 200 mm, the interference fit
being such that under and internal pressure p the inner tensile stress in both cylinders
= 84 MN/m2.
Find the initial difference in the nominal 250 mm diameters, and the value of p if
E = 1200 GN/m2.

1. A R.S.J. is of I-section of overall height 200 mm and flange width 125 mm. The
web thickness is 7 mm and the flange thickness is 11 mm. The standard taper on the
flanges may be neglected and all corners may be assumed sharp. The beam is subjected
to transverse loads acting parallel to the web, and at one section the shear force is 100
kN. Determine the maximum vertical shearing stress in the web at this section. What
proportion of the total shear force is carried by the web?
2. Calculate the ratio of maximum to mean shear stress in an I-beam, 200 mm wide
x 350 mm deep, having the flanges 25 mm thick and web 12.5 mm thick. Also find the
total shearing force carried by the web.
3. A T-section beam, symmetrical about the vertical axis has the flange 120 mm x
10 mm and the web 100 mm x 10 mm. What is the percentage of the shearing force
carried by the web?
4. Prove that for a hollow circular section the ratio of maximum shear stress to
mean stress lies between 4/3 and 2 for all values of R/r.
5. A rod of circular section is subjected to a shearing force on a plane perpendicular
to its axis. Find the maximum shearing stress in terms of the shearing force and the rod
diameter.
If the rod is used as a beam simply supported at its ends and having a central
concentrated load, find the ratio of the maximum bending stress to the
maximum shear stress in terms of the span and the rod diameter.
6. A beam of hollow square section with inner dimensions as 75 mm x 75 mm and
wall thickness of 37.5 mm is simply supported at its ends on supports 3 m apart.
Determine the greatest bending and transverse shear stresses in the beam at 37.5 mm
from the neutral axis due a point load of 100 kN applied at a point which is I m away
from one support. Find the principal stresses and the maximum shear stress at this
point.
7. A tube of hollow square section, 50 mm square outside and 6 mm uniform
thickness is subjected to a shearing force of 50 kN (5100 kg) acting in the direction of a
diagonal. Find the maximum shearing stress produced.
8. A beam has a symmetrical triangular section of breadth B and depth D and is
subjected at a certain section to a vertical shearing force S acting in the direction of the
axis of symmetry. Deduce in terms of B, D and S the shearing stress τ at any depth d
from the vertex of the triangular section. Plot a graph showing how τ varies over the
depth of the section and find the ratio of the average shearing stress over the section to
the maximum shearing stress.

1. A rectangular bar 50 mm wide by 75 mm deep is bent into a circular form with

the plane of the are parallel to its depth, the radius of curvature being 100 mm. if the
bar is now subjected to a bending moment of 37.5 Nm tending to decrease its
curvature, draw the stress distribution diagram for the section.
2. A round bar of steel 38 mm diameter is bent into a curve of mean radius 31.7
mm. if a bending moment of 4.6 Nm tending to increase the curvature, acts on the bar
find the intensities of maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
3. A crane hook has a symmetrical trapezoidal section 56 mm deep, the inner and
outer widths being 50 mm and 25 mm respectively. Estimate the extreme intensities of
stress when the hook carries a load of 12.5 KN, the load line passing 50 mm from the
inside edge of the section and the centre of curvature being in the load line.
4. A steel ring of rectangular cross-section 7.5 mm wide by 5 mm thick has mean
diameter of 300 mm. A narrow radial saw cut is made and tangential separating forces
of 5 N each are applied at the cut in the plane of the ring.
Determine the additional separation due to these forces. E = 200 GN/m 2.
5. A steel ring, having a narrow radial saw cut, is made of a flat steel strip 20 mm x
3 mm deep with the depth parallel to the radius. The mean diameter of the ring is 200
mm. a pull of 37.5 N acts along the diameter perpendicular to the diameter passing
through the point of saw cut.
Find the increase in the opening at the point of saw cut. Take E = 200 GN/m 2.
6. In question number 5, find the intensities of maximum tensile and compressive
stresses.
7. A proving ring is 250mm diameter, 40mm wide and 6 mm thick. The maximum
stress permitted is 550 MN/m 2. Find the load to cause this stress and the load to give 6
mm deflection of the ring in the direction of the loading.
Prove any formulae used which are particular to this problem.
E = 200 GN/m2
8. A ring of mean diameter of 250 mm is made of round steel of 20 mm diameter. A
pull of 4 kN acts on the ring. Draw the bending moment diagram estimate the
increase in the mean diameter of the ring along the load line and the decrease in
the diameter in the lateral direction.

Take E = 200 GN/m2.

 9. A chain link as shown in Fig. 14.11 is made of round steel rod of 6 mm diameter.
If R = 25 mm and I = 45 mm, calculate the ratio of the maximum tensile stress at
the section where load is applied to that at the section half way along the
straight portion.
10. A steel bar 65 mm diameter is bent to the shape shown in Fig. 14.16 and the
lower end is firmly fixed in the ground in a vertical position. A load of I kN kg is
applied at the free end. Calculate the vertical deflection of the free end.
E = 200 GN/m2
11. A steel spring is shown in Fig.14 .17. It is formed in a circular are subtending an
angle of 2700 at the centre. The lower end is rigidly fixed and a vertical force of 5
N is applied at the free end.
If the section of the spring is 12 mm wide and 3 mm thick, calculate vertical and
horizontal displacements at the free end.
E =- 200 GN/m2
12. Fig.14.14 shows a steel rod. 10 mm diameter, with one end firmly fixed to a
horizontal table. The remainder of the rod is bent into the from of three quarters
of a circle and the free end of the rod is constrained by guides to move in a vertical
direction. If the mean radius to which the rod is bent is 150 mm, determine the
vertical deflection of the free end when a 100 kN load is gradually applied there.
E = 200 GN/m2
13. A circular steel wire 10 mm diameter is bent as shown in Fig. 14.15. It is rigidly
held at the end A so that the centre line of the wire lies in the horizontal plane.
Calculate the vertical deflection at the free end B when a vertical load of 20 N is
placed there. Take
R = 150 mm, E = 200 GN/m2 and G = 80 GN m2

1. A mild steel thin ring is I m in diameter. Neglecting the effect of spokes, find the
maximum speed in r.p.m. at which it can be rotated without the stress going beyond.
155 MN/m² in it. The steel weighs 7700 kg/m 3. Also find the increase in diameter of the
ring at this speed, if E = 200 GN/m².
2. Determine the greatest values of radial and hoop stresses for a rotating disc in
which the outer and inner radii are 0.3 m and 0.15 m. The angular speed is 150 rad/sec.
Take Poisson’s ratio as 0.304 and density 7700 kg/m3.
3. Solve the problem No. 2 if it were a long cylinder.
4. The disc of a turbine rotor is 0.5 m diameter. At the blade ring its thickness is 55
mm. It is keyed to a shaft of 50 mm diameter. If the uniform stress in the rotor disc is
limited to 200 MN/m² at 9000 r.p.m., find the thickness of the disc at the shaft. Take
density of the rotor material as 7700 kg/m3.
1. A leaf spring 750 mm long is required to carry a central point load of 8000 N. If the
central deflection is not to exceed 20 mm and the bending stress is not to exceed 200
N/mm2. Determine the thickness, width and number of plates.
Also compute the radius to which the plates should be curved. Assume width of plates
=12 times the thickness and E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.
2. A leaf spring is to be made of seven steel plated 65 mm wide and 6.3 mm thick.
Calculate the length of the spring so that it may carry a central load of 2750 N the stress
being limited to 160 N/mm2. Calculate also the deflection at the centre of the spring. E =
2.1 x102 N/mm2.
3. A laminated spring 1 m long is made up of plates each 50 mm wide and 10 mm thick. If
the bending stress in the plates is limited to 100 N/mm 2, how many plates would be
required to enable the spring to carry a central point load of 2000 N? If E = 2.1 x 10 5
N/mm2, what is the deflection under the given load of 2000 N?
4. A carriage spring 1.25 metres long is built up of plates 80 mm wide and 10 mm thick.
Find the number of plates required for the spring if a central point load of 6000 N is to
be carried and if the bending stress is not to exceed 140 N/mm 2. Find also the central
deflection Take E = 2 x 105N/mm2.
5. A laminated carriage spring is 800 mm long and is made of twelve leaves of the same
thickness and 40 mm wide. Find the thickness of leaves if the bending stress is to be
limited to 200 N/mm2, when the spring is subjected to a point load of 6000N at the
centre. Find also the central deflection. Take E = 2 x 105 M/mm2.
6. A leaf spring has 15 plates, each 50 mm wide and 5 mm thick. The longest plate is 650
mm long. Fing the greatest load on the spring so that the bending stress shall not
exceed 140 N/mm2 and the central deflection shall not exceed 1 mm. take E = 2 x10 5
N/mm2.
7. A carriage spring of span 1000 mm consists of plates 75 mm wide and 15 mm thick and
has to carry a central load of 10 kN the bending stress being limited to 160 N/mm 2. Find
the central deflection and also the initial radius to which the plates have to be bent in
order they straighten our under the action of the load. Take E = 2 x 10 5 N/mm2.

More Problems for Practice

1. A close-coiled helical spring is to have a stiffness of 70 kN/m and to exert a force

of 2.25 kN. If the mean diameter of the coils is to be 90 mm. and the working stress 230
MN/m2, find the required number of coils and the diameter of the steel rod from which
the spring should be made. Take the modulus of rigidity as 80 GN/m 2.
2. A closed coil helical spring made of round steel wire is required just to get over a
rod 30 mm diameter and to carry an axial load of 120 N without causing the deflection
to exceed 20 mm. the maximum allowable shearing stress is 200 MN/m 2 and G for the
steel is 80 GN/m2. Find the diameter of the wire, the mean diameter of the coil and the
number of turns.
3. A composite spring has two close-coiled helical springs connected in series; each
spring has 12 coils at a mean diameter of 25 mm. Find the diameter of wire in one of the
 spring if the diameter of the wire in the other springs is 2.5 mm and the stiffness of the
composite spring is 700 N/m.
Estimate the greatest load that can be carried by the composite spring and the
corresponding extension for a maximum shearing stress of 180 MN/m 2 G = 80
GN/m2.
4. An open coiled spring of 15 mm mean diameter has 10 coils of 12 mm diameter
wire, at a slope of 300to the horizontal when the coil axis is vertical. Find expressions for
the longitudinal extension and the rotation for the joint application of an axial load W
and an axial torque T. Hence find the axial load and torque necessary to extend the
spring 5 mm if rotation is prevented indicating whether torque tends to wind up or
upwind. E = 200 GN/m2; G = 80 GN/m2.
5. A helical spring has a mean diameter of 65 mm, and consists of 12 turns of 6 mm
diameter wire. Initially the inclination of the turns is 7 0. Calculate the axial and angular
deformations caused by an axial ‘winding up’ couple of 9 Nm. explain carefully any
approximations made. E = 200 GN/m2 G = 80 GN/m2.
6. A laminated spring, made of 12 plates, is 0.9 m l0ng. The maximum central load
is 7.2 kN. If the maximum allowable stress in steel is 230 MN/m 2 and the maximum
deflection approximately 38 mm, calculate the width and thickness of the plates E = 200
GN/m2.
7. Deduce an expression for the resiliance of a loaded carriage spring, the
maximum bending stress given. A carriage spring 1.35 m long has leaves of 100 x 12.5
mm section. The maximum bending stress is 150 MN/m 2 and the spring must absorb
125 J when straightened. Calculate the number of leaves and their initial curvature. E =
200 GN/m2.
8. A flat spring is made of steel 12 mm wide and o.5 mm thick. The end at greatest
radius is attached to a fixed point and the other end to a spindle. The length of the steel
is 6 m.
Determine: (a) the maximum turning moment which can be applied to the spindle
If the stress in the strip is not to exceed 550 MN/m2; (b) the number of turns
required to be given to the spindle ; (c) the energy then stored in the spring E =
200 GN/m2.