Computer Organization & Assembly Language: Lab Manual 5

Computer Organization & Assembly Language
Lab Manual 5
Lab Engineer: Maroof Kousar
Topic: MIPS Instruction Set Formats & MIPS Registers
Knowledge Unit of Systems and Technology

UMT Sialkot Campus Pakistan
MIPS Instruction Formats are sometimes called MIPS instruction encoding formats. Instruction
encoding means the MIPS instruction are translated into binary numbers and then bring back to
original format for human understanding(decoding). Encoding should be done in a way that decoding
is easy. MIPS ISA has a 32-bit fixed instruction encoding. MIPS instruction formats include:
 R-Format
 I-Format
 J-Format
 FI-Format
 FR Format
MIPS Instruction Format Table
Let's discuss MIPS instruction formats in details with tables:
NAME TOTAL 32-BITS DESCRIPTION
Field Size 6-bits 5- 5-bits 5- 5-bits6- total 32-bits

bits bits bits
R-Format opcod rd rs rt shamt funct Arithematic and Logic Instructions
e
I-Format opcod rd rs immediate value Branches, Immediate, Data Transfer
e
J-Format opcod Target Address Jump Instructions
e
FR- opcod fmt ft fs Fd funct Floating Point (R) Instructions
Format e
FI-Format opcod fmt ft immediate value Floating Point (I) Instructions
e
MIPS R-Format
General R-type instruction has the following form:
opcode $rd, $rs, $rt
MIPS Instruction R-Format is used for arithmetic and logical instruction. Encoding format used for
MIPS R-Formate is given below:
TOTAL 32-BITS
6-bits 5-bits 5-bits 5-bits 5-bits 6-bits
opcod rd rs Rt shamt funct

e
Opcode (bit 31-bit 26)

Opcode stands for "operational code". It is the machine representation of instructions. It's is 6-bit
long.
rs (bit 25-bit 21)
The first source register is rs. The source register contains a value for the operation. It's is 5-bit long.
rt (bit 20-bit 16)
This is the second source register. It's is 5-bit long.
rd (bit 15-bit 11)
The destination register is rd. It stores the result of operations performed or rs and rt. It's is 5-bit
long.
shamt (bit 10-bit 6)
Shamt stands for shift amount. It shows how many bits rs is shifted. It's is 5-bit long.
funct (bit 5-bit 0)
The function is used in addition to opcode to specify the operation. Its size is 6-bits.
R Type Instruction Format Example
Consider the following subtraction example to understand the use of R-type:
sub $t1, $t2, $t3
Where SUB is the opcode, $t1 is the destination register $rd, $t2 is the first source and $t3 is the
second source register.
MIPS I-Format
I stands for "immediate value". An immediate is a 16-bit value. The General form of an I-Type
instruction is as follows:
opcode $rt, $rs, immediate value
Encoding format used for MIPS I-Formate is given below:
TOTAL 32-BITS
opcod rd rs immediate value

e
It is operational code. It is the machine representation of instructions. It's is 6-bit long. i.e. add, sub
rs (bit 25-bit 21)
The first source register is rs. The source register contains a value for the operation. It's is 5-bit long.
rd (bit 20-bit 16)
Rt is the destination register. It contains the results.
immediate value(bit 15-bit 0)
Immediate value is a 16-bit value used with another source register.
I-type Instruction Format Example
Consider the following subtraction example to understand the use of I-type:
li $t2,30
sub $t1, $t2, 26
Where SUB is the opcode, $t1 is the destination register $rt, $t2 is the first source and 26 is the
immediate value.
MIPS J-Format
J stands for "JUMP.". J-type has a jump instruction and a target address. General representation of J-
Type is as follows:
jump Target_Address
TOTAL 32-BITS
opcod Target Address

e
In I-format opcode is a 6-bit jump instruction. They are usually j, jal, jar etc
Target Address (bit 25-bit 0)

The target address is 26-bit address in a program where the control is to be transferred.
J-type Instruction Format Example
Consider the following subtraction example to understand the use of I-type:
j addition
addition:
add $t1,$t2,$t3
Here we have a 26-bit target address "addition".
MIPS FR-Format
It's similar to R-type instruction, the only difference is that it is reserved for floating point numbers.
TOTAL 32-BITS
opcod fmt ft fs fd funct

e
MIPS FI-Format
It's similar to I-type instruction, the only difference is that it is reserved for floating point numbers.
TOTAL 32-BITS
opcod rs rt immediate value

e
Mips Registers
A Register is the smallest memory on a processor. There are multiple registers on a processor
assigned various tasks. In assembly language, we operate on data through a set of registers. There
are different registers for each architecture such as MIPS registers, X86 registers, and ARM
registers. It can be directly addressed or accessed.
A register is usually equal to the size of the processor. I.e., if a processor is 32 bit than the registers
will also be 32 bits.
Whereas there are some basic registers used for various operation on a processor. Some of the basic
registers are:
 Memory buffer register (MBR)
 Memory address register (MAR)
 Instruction register (IR)
 Instruction buffer register (IBR)
 Program counter (PC)
 Accumulator (AC) and multiplier quotient (MQ)
Mips Registers Table
General Purpose Registors Special Purpose Registors

32 Bits
$0 $s0 HI
$at $s1 LO
$v0 $s2
$v1 $s3
$a0 $s4
$a1 $s5
$a2 $s6
$a3 $s7
$t0 $t8
$t1 $t9
$t2 $k0
$t3 $k1
$t4 $gp
$t5 $sp
$t6 $fp
$t7 $ra PC (Program Counter)
In MIPS assembly each register is 32 bit. These registers are divided into the general purpose and
special purpose registers.
General Purpose Registers
There are 32 general purpose registers. General purpose means these all can be used as an operand
in the instructions but still there are limitations for some registers. i.e
 $0, termed $zero, always has a value of “0”.

 $31, termed $ra (return address), is reserved for storing the return address for subroutine
call/return.
Special Purpose Registers
There are three special purpose registers in MIPS ISA:
 HI/LO registers used to store the result from multiplication.

 PC register (program counter).
• Always keeps the pointer to the current program execution point; instruction fetching
occurs at the address in PC.
• Not directly visible and manipulated by programmers in MIPS
Task:
Write a program in which:
1- Use any 3 R-Type and I-Type instructions in your task.

2- Use j instruction inside your code to demonstrate its usage.
3- Use registers from $t0 to $t9 in your previous 2 tasks.
Mips Syntax is pretty similar to x86 and Arm syntax. Below is the basic syntax of MIPS instruction
set:
.data #Declare or initialize variables
.text
#Here main program goes (Instructions)
#End instruction to terminate the program
In data section variables are declared or initialize. See example below:
Example 1:
.data
welcome: .asciiz “\nWelcome to MIPS:”
In the above welcome is variable initialized with string data.
.text
li $v0,4 # output message

la $a0,msg1 # indicate the message!
syscall
li $v0,10 # exit program!

syscall
Example 2:
.data
msg1: .asciiz “\nSum of value and 100:”
In the above msg1 is variable initialized with string data.
.text
li $t0, 5
addi $t1,$t0,100 # $t1 = $t0 + 100
li $v0,4 # output message

la $a0,msg1 # indicate the message!
syscall
li $v0,1 # print integer!

move $a0,$t1 # value to print!
syscall
li $v0,10 # exit program!

syscall
Hope you understood the basic Syntax! If there any question let us know in the comment box.
Task:
Your task is to print your roll no, name, batch and subject.

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Computer Organization & Assembly Language

Lab Engineer: Maroof Kousar

Topic: MIPS Instruction Set Formats & MIPS Registers

Knowledge Unit of Systems and Technology

MIPS Instruction Format Table

Let's discuss MIPS instruction formats in details with tables:

NAME TOTAL 32-BITS DESCRIPTION

Field Size 6-bits 5- 5-bits 5- 5-bits6- total 32-bits

General R-type instruction has the following form:

opcode $rd, $rs, $rt

MIPS R-Formate is given below:

6-bits 5-bits 5-bits 5-bits 5-bits 6-bits

opcod rd rs Rt shamt funct

Opcode (bit 31-bit 26)

rs (bit 25-bit 21)

rt (bit 20-bit 16)

This is the second source register. It's is 5-bit long.

rd (bit 15-bit 11)

funct (bit 5-bit 0)

R Type Instruction Format Example

Consider the following subtraction example to understand the use of R-type:

sub $t1, $t2, $t3

opcode $rt, $rs, immediate value

Encoding format used for MIPS I-Formate is given below:

6-bits 5-bits 5-bits 5-bits 5-bits 6-bits

opcod rd rs immediate value

rs (bit 25-bit 21)

rd (bit 20-bit 16)

Rt is the destination register. It contains the results.

immediate value(bit 15-bit 0)

Immediate value is a 16-bit value used with another source register.

I-type Instruction Format Example

Consider the following subtraction example to understand the use of I-type:

sub $t1, $t2, 26

6-bits 5-bits 5-bits 5-bits 5-bits 6-bits

opcod Target Address

Opcode (bit 31-bit 26)

Target Address (bit 25-bit 0)

J-type Instruction Format Example

Consider the following subtraction example to understand the use of I-type:

Here we have a 26-bit target address "addition".

6-bits 5-bits 5-bits 5-bits 5-bits 6-bits

opcod fmt ft fs fd funct

6-bits 5-bits 5-bits 5-bits 5-bits 6-bits

opcod rs rt immediate value

General Purpose Registors Special Purpose Registors

General Purpose Registers

 $0, termed $zero, always has a value of “0”.

Special Purpose Registers

There are three special purpose registers in MIPS ISA:

 HI/LO registers used to store the result from multiplication.

1- Use any 3 R-Type and I-Type instructions in your task.

.data #Declare or initialize variables

#Here main program goes (Instructions)

#End instruction to terminate the program

In data section variables are declared or initialize. See example below:

In the above welcome is variable initialized with string data.

li $v0,4 # output message