Chap4a OpAmp

 Early operational amplifiers (Op Amps) were used
primarily to perform mathematical operations such

as
☛ Addition
☛ Subtraction
☛ Integration
☛ differentiation
V-
inverting input
output
noninverting input
V+
 In most cases only the two inputs and the output are
shown for the op amp.
 However, one should keep in mind that supply
voltage is required, and a ground.
 The basic op amp symbol is shown below.
 A model of the op amp, with respect to the symbol,
is shown below.
V1
_
Ro Vo
Vd Ri
+
AVd
V2
 The op amp is designed to sense the difference
between the voltage signals applied to the two input
terminals and then multiply it by a gain factor A such
that the voltage at the output terminal is
A(V2 – V1)
Ro
V1
+
_
Vd Ri AVd Vo
+
V2 _
 The output from amplifier for a given pair of input
voltages depends on several factors:
☛ The gain of the amplifier
☛ The polarity relationship between V1 and V2
☛ The values of the supply voltage, +V and -V
A differential amplifier has an open-loop voltage gain of 1000.
The input signals, V+ = 2.5mV, and V- = 2.13 mV. Calculate the
output voltage of the amplifier.
v+
Non-inverting input + Ro vo
Rin +
v- -
Inverting input - A(v+ -v- )
 The voltage gain A is very large (ideally infinite). The gain A

is often referred to as the differential gain or open-loop gain.
 The input resistance Rin is very large (ideally infinite). The
output resistance Ro is very small (ideally zero).
Circuit model (ideal)
 We can model an ideal amplifier as a voltage-controlled voltage

source (VCVS)
 The input resistance is infinite. Ri    i  0, i  0
 The output resistance is zero. RO  0  vO  A(v  v )
 The gain A is infinite.
 The bandwidth is infinite
 An Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is an integrated
circuit that uses external voltage to amplify the input
through a very high gain.
 We recognize an Op-Amp as a mass-produced
component found in countless electronics.
 Very high voltage gain ( 200,000 for LM741 )
 Very high input impedance ( 2 MΩ for LM741 )
 Very low output impedance ( 75 Ω for LM741 )
 Very wide bandwidth ( 1 MHz )
Unity gain
 Input Offset Voltage
 Input bias current
 Common-mode rejection ratio
 Slew rate
 Ideal op amp produces zero volt out for zero volt in.
 In practical op amp, a small dc voltage, Vout(error)
appears at the output when no differential input
voltage is applied.
𝑽𝑶𝑼𝑻(𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓) = 𝑰𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝑪 − 𝑰𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝑪

 The input offset voltage, VOS is the differential dc
voltage required between the inputs to force the
differential output to zero volts.
𝑽𝑶𝑼𝑻(𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫) = 𝑰𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝑪 − 𝑰𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝑪

 The input currents are base currents.
 The input bias current is the dc current required by
the inputs of the amplifier to properly operate the
first stage.
𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝐼𝐵𝑖𝑎𝑠 =
2
 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
 It is a measure of an op amp’s ability to reject
common-mode signals.
 An infinite value of CMRR means that the output is
zero when the same signal is applied to both inputs.
𝐴𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 =
𝐴𝐶𝑀
 Differential Inputs
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
 Common Inputs
1
𝑉𝐶𝑀 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
2
 Output Voltage
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐴𝑑 𝑉𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑀 𝑉𝐶𝑀
Where Ad = differential gain of the amplifier

ACM = common-mode gain of the amplifier
 It is impossible for any waveform, input or output, to
change from one level to another in zero time.
 The maximum possible rate at which an amplifier’s
output voltage can change, in volt per second is
called its slew rate.
 For simplicity, we will assume that the change is
linear with respect to time, that is, it is a ramp-type
waveform as shown in next slide.
 The maximum rate of change of the output voltage in
response to the step input voltage.
Actual
output
∆𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝐒𝐥𝐞𝐰 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞, 𝑺𝑹 =
∆𝒕
 For example, if the slew rate is 106 V/s, we could not drive
an amplifier having unity gain with a signal that changes
from -5V to +5V in 0.1μs.
 Why?
 Because this system would require the output to change
at the rate
5 − (−5)
= 108 𝑉/𝑠
0.1𝜇
 Similarly, we could not drive an amplifier having gain of
10 with an input that changes from 0V to 1V in 1μs
because that would require the output to change from
0V to 10V in 1μs, giving SR = 107 V/s
Calculate the CMRR for the operational amplifier circuit, A1,
measurements shown in Figure E2.
+VS
0.5 mV
Vo = 8 V
- 0.5 mV
-VS +VS
1 mV
Vo = 16 mV
1 mV
-VS
The op-amp has a slew-rate specification of 0.5 V/µs. If the
input is the ramp waveform shown, what is the maximum
closed-loop gain that the amplifier can have without
exceeding its slew rate?
 The open-loop gain of typical op amp is very high,
therefore an extremely small input voltage drives the
op amp into saturation.
 With negative feedback, the closed-loop gain, Acl can
be reduced and controlled so the op amp can
function as a linear amplifier.
 The block diagram below represent the relationship
of feedback circuit (β) and input/output voltages of a
noninverting amplifier
Open-loop
Vd Gain
Vin Vo
Input Output
Vf
Feedback
 Notice that the actual input to the op amp is Vd,
which is determined by
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝛽𝑉𝑜
 The output voltage,

𝑉𝑜 = 𝐴𝑉𝑑 = 𝐴 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝛽𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑜
 Grouping the Vo terms and solve for the ratio :
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜 𝐴
𝐴𝑐𝑙 = =
𝑉𝑖𝑛 1 + 𝛽𝐴
 Provides a controlled, stable voltage gain
 Provides for control of the input and output
impedances
 Provides wider bandwidth
 We would like Op Amps to
☛ amplify the amplitude of input signal by a factor of
any arbitrary/inconsistent value.
 However, the open-loop gain is fixed and too large,
therefore some external circuits should be used to
make the system closed-loop;
 There are two configurations in terms of using the
negative feedback theory:
☛ Non-inverting
☛ inverting
Three basic op-amp circuits in our discussion today:
 Inverting amplifier
 Non-inverting amplifier
 Voltage follower
Because Ri is equal to ∞, the
voltage across Ri is 0V.
v1 = v2
i2 = 0 vd = 0 V
v2
i1 = 0
v1
For the non-inverting amplifier shown below, R1 = 4.7 kΩ and
R2 = 25 kΩ. If the input voltage is 0.4 V, determine the
(a) voltage gain
(b) output voltage
Vout = Vin
Isolates loading effects
A B
High output Low input

impedance impedance
1. The output voltage of a certain op-amp circuit
changes by 50 V in 0.25 ms. Calculate its slew rate
in V/μs.
2. A differential amplifier has an output of 1 V with
a differential input of 10 mV and an output of 5
mV with a common-mode input of 10 mV. Find
the CMRR in dB.
See You
Next Week

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 Early operational amplifiers (Op Amps) were used

primarily to perform mathematical operations such

 The voltage gain A is very large (ideally infinite). The gain A

 We can model an ideal amplifier as a voltage-controlled voltage

𝑽𝑶𝑼𝑻(𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓) = 𝑰𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝑪 − 𝑰𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝑪

𝑽𝑶𝑼𝑻(𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫) = 𝑰𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝑪 − 𝑰𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝑪

Where Ad = differential gain of the amplifier

 The output voltage,

High output Low input

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