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    3rd Exp

    Uploaded by

    Nilotpaul Kundu Dhrubo
    1. The document describes experiments to verify the superposition theorem and Thevenin's theorem in electrical circuits. 2. For superposition, the currents in a circuit with multiple sources are calculated by considering each source individually and adding the results. 3. For Thevenin's theorem, a two-terminal circuit can be reduced to a voltage source in series with a resistor, with values equal to the open circuit voltage and short circuit resistance.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    3rd Exp

    Uploaded by

    Nilotpaul Kundu Dhrubo
    29 views19 pages
    1. The document describes experiments to verify the superposition theorem and Thevenin's theorem in electrical circuits. 2. For superposition, the currents in a circuit with multiple sources are calculated by considering each source individually and adding the results. 3. For Thevenin's theorem, a two-terminal circuit can be reduced to a voltage source in series with a resistor, with values equal to the open circuit voltage and short circuit resistance.

    Original Description:

    Verification of KVL,KCL and Super position theorem in Tinkercad

    Original Title

    1906060__3rd_exp

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    1. The document describes experiments to verify the superposition theorem and Thevenin's theorem in electrical circuits. 2. For superposition, the currents in a circuit with multiple sources are calculated by considering each source individually and adding the results. 3. For Thevenin's theorem, a two-terminal circuit can be reduced to a voltage source in series with a resistor, with values equal to the open circuit voltage and short circuit resistance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views19 pages

    3rd Exp

    Uploaded by

    Nilotpaul Kundu Dhrubo
    1. The document describes experiments to verify the superposition theorem and Thevenin's theorem in electrical circuits. 2. For superposition, the currents in a circuit with multiple sources are calculated by considering each source individually and adding the results. 3. For Thevenin's theorem, a two-terminal circuit can be reduced to a voltage source in series with a resistor, with values equal to the open circuit voltage and short circuit resistance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

    TECHNOLOGY

    Department of Electrical and Electronic


    Engineering

    Course No. : EEE 102


    Course Title: Electrical Circuits I Laboratory

    Experiment No. :3
    Name of the Experiment: Verification (Part-I) Superposition Theorem and (Part-
    II) verification of Thevenin's Theorem .

    Submitted by:
    Name: Nilotpaul Kundu Dhrubo
    Student ID : 1906060
    Department: EEE
    Section- A(2)
    Group No.- 15
    Group Partner’s ID:
    1.1906058
    2.1906059
    3.1906061

    Date of Performance : 07/11/2020


    Date of Submission : 20/11/2020
    THEORY: In a circuit (network) made up of linear elements (e.g. resistors) and
    containing two or more sources of emf, the current in any particular branch when
    all the emf sources are acting simultaneously may be found by considering the
    sources of emf to act one at a time, then finding the current in the specified branch
    due to each source and then superimposing, or adding algebraically, these
    component currents. While the current due to a particular source of emf is being
    found the other emf sources are rendered inactive and if any branch element is in
    series with those sources that remains intact.

    Superposition theorem: The superposition theorem states that the voltage across
    an element or current through an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of
    the voltages across that element or current through that element due to each
    independent sources acting alone.

    Thevenin’s theorem: The Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear two terminal
    circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source VTh
    in series with a resistor RTh ,where VTh is the open circuit voltage at the terminals
    and RTh is the equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent sources
    are turned off.

    Verification of Superposition theorem:

    APPARATUS:
    1. Two DC power supplies of suitable voltage and current ratings.
    2. Five resistors of suitable ratings.
    3. Five DC ammeter (0-5 amps) and five DC voltmeter (0-50 V).
    4. Two SPDT switches
    5. One breadboard .

    Circuit diagram:
    Circuit diagrams(From tinker cad):
    Setup-1:

    In setup –1,the two sources are acting together.

    Setup-2:
    In setup-2,only E1 is working.

    Setup-3:

    In setup-3,only E2 is working.
    Experimental Data Table:
    Step-1: Here the two switches are closed . As a result both the sources (E1 & E2)
    are supplying power to the circuit . Measuring the voltage of each resistor using
    voltmeter and current with ammeter , we find the following values (shown in
    Table 1).
    Table-1:
    E1 E2 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
    (1200 (220 (220 (220 (1500
    ohm) ohm) ohm) ohm) ohm)

    Voltage 20 10 15.2 -2.07 -3.08 4.85 6.92


    (V)
    Current 12.6 -14 12.6 -9.41 -14 22 4.61
    (mA)
    Power= -0.252 0.14 0.193 0.02 0.043 0.11 0.032
    VI=V2R (supplyi (absorbi
    =I2R ng ng
    (W)
    power) power)

    Manual mathematical solve:


    The manual calculation matches with the experimental data.

    Setup 2: The spdt switch , parallel to E2 has created a short circuit . So,no current
    is flowing through the source E2 .At present ,there is no effect of E2 source in the
    circuit and only E1 is acting.All the current passing through the resistors is for
    E1.The data we get from this setup is shown in Table 2.
    Table-2:
    E1 E2 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
    (1200 (220 (220 (220 (1500
    ohm) ohm) ohm) ohm) ohm)

    Voltage 20 10 17.9 1.14 .995 2.13 .995


    (V)
    Current 14.9 0 14.9 5.18 4.52 9.7 .663
    (mA)
    Power= -0.298 0 0.27 0.006 0.005 0.02 0.0007
    VI=V2R (supplyi
    =I2R ng
    (W)
    power)

    Manual mathematical solve:


    The manual calculation matches with the experimental data.

    Setup 3: The spdt switch,parallel to E1 has created a short circuit.So,no current


    flowing through the source E1 just like setup-2 for the E2 source . Again,there is
    no effect of E1 source in the circuit and only E2 is acting.All the current passing
    through the resistors is for E2.The data we get from this setup is shown in Table 3.
    Table-3:
    E1 E2 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
    (1200 (220 (220 (220 (1500
    ohm) ohm) ohm) ohm) ohm)

    Voltage 20 10 -2.71 -3.21 -4.08 2.71 5.92


    (V)
    Current 0 18.5 -2.26 -14.6 -18.5 12.3 3.95
    (mA)
    Power= 0 -0.185 0.006 0.05 0.08 0.03 0.023
    VI=V2R (supplyi
    =I2R ng
    (W)
    power)

    Manual mathematical calculation:


    The manual calculation matches with the experimental data.

    Table-4:Table-2+table-3
    E1 E2 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
    (1200 (220 (220 (220 (1500
    ohm) ohm) ohm) ohm) ohm)

    Voltage(V) 20 10 15.19 -2.07 -3.085 4.84 6.915


    Current 14.9 18.5 12.64 -9.42 -13.98 22 4.613
    (mA)
    Power=VI=V2R=I2R -0.298 -0.185 0.276 0.056 0.085 0.05 0.03
    (W)
    Now adding the data of table 2 and table 3 ,we have made table-4 which is almost
    similar to the data of table-1 in case voltage and current of the resistors whereas the
    power of the resistors completely mismatches.

    Discussion : It can be seen from the table-1 of experimental data and table-4 of
    calculation that values for the voltages and currents are almost equal .But the
    values for power,however,don’t match.This is pretty obvious since only voltage
    and current abide by the law of linearity and superposition in resistive dc circuits .
    Power is not a linear property (because power , P= V2R=I2R) for the square term ,
    present in its equation. Here , all the analysis is done through tinkercad . So,there
    almost zero percent error in the experimental values comparing to theroritical
    values . But if all the simulations are done in hardware lab , we will definitely find
    error due to resistance of wire and also due to voltage sources.

    Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem:

    APPARATUS:
    1. A breadboard.
    2. Two DC power supplies of suitable voltage and current ratings.
    3. Seven resistors of suitable ratings.
    4. One DC ammeter (0-5 amps) and one DC voltmeter (0-50 V).

    Circuit diagram:
    Circuit Diagram (from tinkercad):
    Setup-1:Voltage difference of R5 (Load resistance) resistor while it is connected
    to the circuit.
    Setup-2 : Voltage Difference of VA and VB when R5 is removed. Here VAB is
    called the Thevenin’s voltage(VTh).

    Setup-3: Here,R5 is removed and the short circuit current is measured to calculate
    Thevenin’s resistance RTh .
    Thevenin’s equivalnet circuit.

    Experimental data:
    Supply Supply V(R5 ) or VTh ISc RTh
    Voltage Voltage (VL ) (V) (mA) (ohm)
    V1(V) V2(V) (V) RTh
    = VTh / ISc
    20 10 0.415 1.9 5.32 357.14

    Supply Voltage RTh RL=R5 (ohm) VL (V)


    Vdc (V) (ohm)
    2 357.14 100 0.435
    Manual theoretical calculation:
    Calculation for setup-1:
    Calculation for setup-2.
    Calculation for setup-3.
    Error calculation:
    Discussion: Although the difference between the load voltage from theoretical
    calculation and from tinkercad analysis is little , it occurs due to the voltage source
    taken in the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit(For some problem of source we can’t
    bring the 1.9V in tinkercad .Instead we have to use approximate value 2V .And so
    we get error in load voltage in amount of 4%).But they are quite close to the
    original value . So , the circuit here supports Thevenin’s equivalent transformation.

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