International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering Sessional
Course Code: CSE -1122

Experiment No: 01
Name of the Experiment: Familiarization with the Electrical circuit instruments and components.
Objectives:
• To observe the various parameter of the electrical circuit.
• To observe the different instrument which are usually needed for measurement?
• To understand the uses of instruments and components in Experiment.
Experiment Components:
1. Resistor,
2. DC power Supply or Voltage Source,
3. AVO Meter or Multi-meter (VOM),
4. Breadboard or Trainer Board.
Resistor or Resistance: Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is spell as an omega.
1 is quite small so resistor values are often given in kΩ and MΩ. 1 k = 1000Ω .1 M =1000000Ω.
Resistor values are normally shown using colored bands. Each color represents a number as shown
in the table.

Fig 1: Resistor
Most resistors have 4 bands: a) The first band gives the first digit. b) The second band gives
the second digit. c) The third band indicates the number of zeros. d) The fourth band is used to
shows the tolerance (precision) of the resistor.

Fig 2: Resistor with color code

This resistor has red (2), violet (7), yellow (4 zeros) and gold bands. So its value is 270000 =
270k.On circuit diagrams the Ω is usually omitted and the value is written 270K.
Tolerance of Resistors (Fourth Band of Color Code):

The fourth band of the color code shows the tolerance of a resistor. Tolerance is the precision of the
resistor and it is given as a percentage. For example, a 390 resistor with a tolerance of ±10% will
have a value within 10% of 390, between 390 - 39 =351 and 390 + 39 = 429 (39 is 10% of 390). A
special color code is used for the fourth band tolerance: silver ±10%, gold ±5%, red ±2%, and brown
±1%. If no fourth band is shown the tolerance is ±20%. Tolerance may be ignored for almost all
circuits because precise resistor values are rarely required.

Fig 3: Other types of Resistors

02. Breadboard:
A breadboard is a construction base for a one-of-a-kind electronic circuit, a prototype. In modern
times the term is commonly used to refer to a particular type of breadboard, the solder less breadboard
(plug board). A breadboard is used to make up temporary circuits for testing or to try out an idea. No
soldering is required so it is easy to change connections and replace components. Parts will not be
damaged so they will be available to re-use afterwards.
The photograph shows a typical small breadboard which is suitable for beginners building simple
circuits with one or two ICs (chips). Larger sizes are available and you may wish to buy one of these
to start with. Breadboards have many tiny sockets (called 'holes') arranged on a 0.1" grid. The leads
of most components can be pushed straight into the holes. ICs are inserted across the central gap with
their notch or dot to the left.
The diagram shows how the breadboard holes are connected:

The top and bottom rows are linked horizontally all the way across as shown by the red and black
lines on the diagram. The power supply is connected to these rows, +at the top and 0V (zero volts) at
the bottom. The other holes are linked vertically in blocks of 5 with no link across the center as
shown by the blue lines on the diagram.
03. Multimeter:
A multimeter also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic measuring instrument that
combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include features such
as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance i.e. An ammeter measures current, a voltmeter
measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points, and an ohmmeter measures
resistance. There are two categories of multimeters, analog multimeters) and digital multimeters
(often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.).
As ammeter: Diagrams below show a circuit before and after connecting an ammeter.

Think about the changes you would have to make to a practical circuit in order to include the ammeter.
To start with, you need to break the circuit so that the ammeter can be connected in series. All the
current flowing in the circuit must pass through the ammeter. Meters are not supposed to alter the
behavior of the circuit, or at least not significantly, and it follows that an ammeter must have a very
LOW resistance.
As voltmeter: Diagrams below show a circuit before and after connecting a voltmeter.
This time, you do not need to break the circuit. The voltmeter is connected in parallel between the
two points where the measurement is to be made. Since the voltmeter provides a parallel pathway, it
should take as little current as possible. In other words, a voltmeter should have a very HIGH
resistance.

As ohmmeter: An ohmmeter does not function with a circuit connected to a power supply. If you
want to measure the resistance of a particular component, you must take it out of the circuit
altogether and test it separately, as shown in diagram

Ohmmeters work by passing a small current through the component and measuring the voltage
produced. If you try this with the component connected into a circuit with a power supply, the most
likely result is that the meter will be damaged. Most multimeters have a fuse to help protect against
misuse.
DC power Supply or Voltage Source:

Fig 4: various types DC power supply

A battery is an alternative to a line-operated power supply; it is independent of the availability of
mains electricity, suitable for portable equipment and use in locations without mains power.
 Find the Answer of the following Question in your LAB Report
Q1) Peak a resistor from LAB and find the value of resistor by practically and using color coding
system and compare it?
Q2) Measure the voltage and current and record the data for the R1=2kΩ and R2= 1kΩ from the
specified diagram.
Q3) Find the value when two 1kΩ resistor connected in parallel?
Q4) Measure the voltage from DC power supply through voltmeter.
 International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering Sessional
Course Code: CSE -1122

Experiment No: 02
Name of the experiment: Study of Ohm’s law
Objective:
• To Introduce with Ohm’s law
• To verify the ohm’s law in Electrical circuit
• Investigate how to use a voltmeter to measure voltage across a circuit component
• Investigate how to use an ammeter to measure current flow in a circuit component
• Determine the relationship for voltage and current for constant resistance
Theory:
Ohm’s law: At any constant temperature the current through any conductor is directly proportional to
the voltage across it. If the voltage is represented by V and current by I then according to Ohm’s law:
IαV
Or, I = V/R
Where 1/R is a constant and R is called the resistance of the conductor.

Required Equipment:

1. Resistors: R = 470Ω, (1 Piece)

RL = 1 kΩ, (1 Piece)
2. Multimeter (2 Pieces).
3. Trainer Board (1 set).
4. Connecting Wires (as required).
5. One DC Power Supply.

Experimental Setup1:

Figure: 1
Procedures:
1. Construct the circuit as shown in figure-1 with R=470Ω, RL = 1 kΩ
2. Use the variable DC source as E. Set the value of E as 1volt.
3. Now measure the current IL, Voltage VL, and resistance RL and note down them in the table-1.
4. Varying DC source value from 1 V to 5 V by 1 volt step and every time the above three
variables as mentioned in procedure-3 and record them in data table-1 below.
Data Table-1:

SL E(V) VL(V) IL (mA) RL

1
2
3
4
5

Experimental Setup2:

Figure: 2

Procedures:
1. Construct the circuit as shown in figure-2 with R=470Ω, RL = 1 kΩ (Potentiometer)
2. Set the value of E as 5volt.
3. Now measure the current IL, Voltage VL, and resistance RL and note down them in the table-1.
4. Varying RL value from 100 ohm to 1k by 100Ω step and every time the above three variables as
mentioned in procedure-3 and record them in data table-2 below.
Data Table 2:
SL E(V) VL(V) IL (mA) RL
1
2
3
4
5

Report:
1. Verify whether your data agree with Ohm’s law.
2. Show calculation.
3. Plot Curves of VL vs I for the data of table-1 &2 and explain their shapes. What does the
shape of this line represent?
 Table 1: V-I plot

Table 2: V-I plot

1k
900
800
Resistance (RL)

700
600
500
400
300
200
100

IL (mA)

4. Discuss on your result.

5. How could you tell if the resistances are linear or not?
 International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering Sessional
Course Code: CSE - 1122

Experiment No: 03
Name of the Experiment: Verification of KVL & Voltage Divider Rule
Objective:
• To introduce with the Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) & Voltage divider rule.
• To verify these two rules with the help of a series circuit both experimentally and
analytically.
• To measurement Voltage and current in a dc circuit.
Theory:
KVL states that around any closed circuit the sum of the voltage rises equals the sum of the voltage
drops.
∑ VRISES = ∑ VDROPS
The voltage divider rule is given by

The equivalent (total) resistance of a series circuit is given by

Where X= 1 & 2
Required Equipment:
1. Resistors: R1 = 1 kΩ, (1 Piece)
R2 = 2 kΩ, (1 Piece)
2. Multimeter (2 pieces)
3. Trainer Board (1 set)
4. Connecting wires (as required)

Circuit Diagram:

Figure: 1
Procedures:
1. Construct the circuit as shown in figure-1 with R=1 kΩ, R2 = 2 kΩ.
 2. Use the variable DC source of the trainer board as E. Set the value of E as 1volt.
3. Connect ammeter in series and connect the voltmeter in parallel across the resistance which
voltage drop need to be measured. Also, measured the value of R1 and R2 using multimeter.
4. Note down the value of I, V1, V2, R1, R2 in the data table-1.
5. Varying DC source value from 1 V to 5 V by 1volt step and every time measured the above
three variables (I, V1, V2) as mentioned in procedure-4 and record them in data table-1
below.
6. Verify KVL (i.e., E = V1+V2). Find total resistance of the series circuit using the formula RS
= R1+R2. Compare this with experimentally obtained value of RS = E/I. Verify voltage
divider rule.
7. Repeat steps 1, 2 & 3 for E = 12 V DC
8. Calculate the percentage of error

𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

% 𝐄𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫 = | | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

Table - 1:
No of E I V1 V2 RT = RT = E/I V=V1+V2 V1 V2
Obs. Volts mA Volts Volts R1+R2 (By (By
Voltage Voltage
Divider Divider
Rule) Rule)
1
2
3
4
5

Table - 2:
V1 V2 Rs V I
Practical
value
Theoretical
value
% Error

Report Question: (Ans Q1 to Q5)

1. Show the results in tabular form.
2. Comment on the results obtained and discrepancies (if any).
3. If an ammeter is connected in parallel across an element what could be the possible danger.
4. “KVL is applicable for open circuit too”—verify.
5. Discuss on your result.
6. Write the conclusion which will be about future work.
 International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering Sessional
Course Code: CSE - 1122

Experiment No: 04
Name of the experiment: Verification of KCL & Current Divider Rule.
Objective:
• To introduce with the Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) & current divider rule.
• To verify these two rules with the help of a parallel circuit both experimentally and
analytically.
Theory:
The Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of all the currents at a node is zero
(current entering a node has opposite sign to the current leaving the node).
∑ Ientering = ∑ Ileaving
The current divider rule is given by

The equivalent (total) resistance of a parallel circuit is given by the formula

Required Equipment:
1. Resistors: R1 = 220Ω
R2 = 150Ω
R3 = 100Ω
R4 = 330Ω
(You can choose any value you like for R1, R2, R3, R4)
2. Multi meter (3 Piece),
3. Trainer Board (1 set),
4. Connecting wires (as required),

Circuit diagram:

Figure: 1
Procedures:
1. Connect two resistors R1 and R2 in parallel to a DC power supply as shown in figure:
1. Set E = 5 V DC from the trainer board.
2. Take readings of I1, I2 and I using three ammeters, E using a voltmeter and R1, R2, using a
multimeter.
 3.Verify KCL (i.e., I = I1+I2). Find the equivalent resistance of parallel circuit using by formula Rp =
R1R2/ (R1+R2). Compare this with experimentally obtained value Rp = E/I.Verify current divider
rule.
4. Repeat steps 1, 2 & 3 for E = 10V, 15V DC
5. Calculate the percentage of error
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
% 𝐄𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫 = | | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

Table - 1

No of E I I1 I2 RP= RP = I1+I2 I1 I2
Obs. Volts mA mA mA R1R2/(R1+R2) E/I (By (By
Current Current
Divider Divider
Rule) Rule)

Data Table-2:
I I1 I2 Rp
Practical
value
Theoretical
value
% Error

Report Question:
1. Show the results in tabular form.
2. Comment on the results obtained and discrepancies (if any).
3. Discuss on your result.
4. Write the conclusion which will be about future work.
 International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering Sessional
Course Code: CSE - 1122

Experiment No: 05
Name of the experiment: Equivalent Resistance of Series-Parallel Network
Objective:
➢ To introduce with the rules of finding the equivalent resistance of series and parallel circuit.
➢ To verify these two rules with the help of a series circuit both experimentally and
analytically.

THEORY:
The equivalent (total) resistance of a series circuit is given by
RS = R1 + R2 + R3
The equivalent (total) resistance of a parallel circuit is given by
1 1 1 1
= + +
R p R1 R2 R3
Required Equipment:
1. Resistors: 1kΩ, (5 Pieces),
2.2kΩ, (2 Pieces)
2. Multi meter (2 Pieces)
3. Trainer Board (1 set),
4. Connecting wires (as required)

Experimental Setup:

Figure: 1

Procedures:
1. Construct the circuit as shown in figure-1
2. Use the variable DC source of the trainer board as E. Set the value of E as 1volt.
3. First method: Disconnect the voltage source and connect the ohmmeter ohm meter to
measure the value of RT.
4. Secondly method: Now connect the voltage source. Also connect ammeter in series and
connect the voltmeter in parallel to measure the total current (I) and voltage (E) across RT.
5. Note down the value of RT, E and I in the data table-1.
6. Third method: Calculate the value of RT using formula.
 7. Varying DC source value from 1 V to 5 V by 1volt step and every time measured the above
three variables (RT, E and I) as mentioned in procedure-4 and record them in data table-1
below.

Report Question:
1. Show the results in tabular form.
2. Comment on the results obtained and discrepancies (if any).
3. Write about the Problem Analysis and Problem Solution.
4. Discuss on your result.
5. Write the conclusion which will be about future work.
 International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering Sessional
Course Code: CSE - 1122

Experiment No: 06
Name of the experiment: Analysis of Delta-Wye network.
Objective:
• To introduce with the rules of finding the equivalent resistance of a complex electrical
network using delta-wye.
• To verify these two rules with the help of an electrical circuit both experimentally and
analytically.
Theory:
In case of converting a network from Δ to Υ or Υ to Δ if R1, R2 & R3 are resistances in Y form and
RA, RB & RC are resistances in Δ form then,

Fig: Star Delta connection

Required Equipment:
1. Resistors: 1 kΩ, (3 Pieces)
2.2 kΩ, (3 Pieces)
2. Multi meter (2 Pieces)
3. Trainer Board (1 set),
4. Connecting wires (as required)
Experimental Setup:

Procedures:
1. Construct the circuit as shown in figure-1
2. Use the variable DC source of the trainer board as E. Set the value of E as 1volt.
3. first method: Disconnect the voltage source and connect the ohmmeter to measure the value
of RT.
4. Secondly method: Now connect the voltage source. Also connect ammeter in series and
connect the voltmeter in parallel to measure the total current (I) and voltage (E) across RT.
5. Note down the value of RT, E and I in the data table-1.
6. Third method: Calculate the value of RT using formula.
7. Varying DC source value from 1 V to 5 V by 1volt step and every time measured the above
three variables (RT, E and I) as mentioned in procedure-4 and record them in data table-1
below.

8. Calculate the percentage of error

Report Question:
1. Show the results in tabular form.
2. Comment on the results obtained and discrepancies (if any).
3. Write about the Problem Analysis and Problem Solution.
4. Discuss on your result.
5. Write the conclusion which will be about future work.
 International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering Sessional
Course Code: CSE - 1122

Experiment No: 07
Name of the experiment: Verification of Superposition Theorem
Objective:
• To verify superposition principle.
• To verify the rules of superposition with hardwired components.
Theory:
If there is more than one source in an electric network, the response (voltage or current) can
be determined by considering one source at a time. The total response is the algebraic sum of
the individual responses. This is known as the superposition principle. While determining the
responses with a particular source, all other sources have to be deactivated (voltage sources
replaced by short circuits and current sources by open circuit).
Required Equipment:
1. Two DC power sources,
2. Resistors: R1 = 1kΩ, (1 Piece)
R2 = 220Ω, (1 Piece)
R3 = 100Ω (1 Piece)
R4 = 1.5Ω (1 Piece)
R5 = 330Ω (1 Piece)
3. Multi meter (3 Pieces),
4. Trainer Board (1 set),
5. Connecting wires (as required),

Circuit diagram:

Procedures:
1. Construct the circuit in Figure 1 on. Put the meters in the appropriate places to read voltages
across and currents through each resistor.
2. Record all the voltages and currents in the circuit and enter them in Table 1. You can use
ammeters for current measurements, voltmeter for voltage measurements or multimeter for
both.
 3. Note the current directions and voltage polarities shown in Figure 1.
4. Remove the 5-V source from the circuit. Replace it by a short circuit.
5. Measure the voltages and currents and record in Table 2.
6. Put the 5-V source back to the circuit. Remove the 10-V source and replace it by a short
circuit.
7. Record all the voltages and currents in the circuit. Enter them in Table 3.

Table-1: Experimental results with both the sources

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

Table-2: Experimental results with 20-V source only

Table-3: Experimental results with 10-V source only

Report Question:
1. Show the results in tabular form.
2. Superposition theorem applies for only certain types of circuit. State what is the type?
3. Superposition applies to only some variables or quantities like current and voltage. It does
not apply to, for example, power. State why not.
4. Discuss on your result.
5. Write the conclusion which will be about future work.
 International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering Sessional
Course Code: CSE - 1122

Experiment No: 08
Name of the experiment: Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem
Objective:
• To introduce with the Thevenin theorem.
• To verify Thevenin's theorem with reference to a given circuit theoretically and
experimentally.
Theory: A two terminal network resistive network can be replaced by a voltage source in series with
an equivalent resistor. The value of the source voltage equals the open circuit voltage of the two
terminals under consideration. The value of the equivalent resistor equals the resistance measured
between the open terminals when all the sources of the circuit are deactivated (voltage source shorted
and current source opened). This is termed as the Thevenin’s theorem. The voltage source is called
Thevenin’s voltage (ETH) and the equivalent resistor, the Thevenin’s resistance (RTH).

There are several methods for determining Thevenin resistance RTH. An attractive method for
determining RTH is: (1) determine the open circuit voltage, and (2) determine the short circuit current
ISC as shown in the figure; then

Another method for finding Rth is shorting the voltage source or removing the voltage source. Then
setting Ohmmeter terminal at point A and B we can find the Thevenin’s resistance Rth.

Required Equipment:
1. Resistors: 2.2 kΩ, 0.5 W ratting (1 Pieces),
3.3 kΩ, 0.5 W ratting (2 Pieces),
5.5 kΩ, 0.5 W ratting (2 Pieces),
2. Variable resistor: 5 kΩ, 0.5 W ratting (1 Pieces),
3. Multi meter (2 Pieces),
4. Trainer Board (1 set),
5. Connecting wires (as required)
Experimental Setup:

Figure: 1
PROCEDURE:
For Original Circuit:
1. Arrange the original circuit as shown in figure 2. Keep the rheostats R1, R2 & R3 at a given
value. Apply 5 V dc from dc power supply.
2. Measure VL, IL for five different values of RL & record the data in the table.

FIG 2: Original Circuit

FINDING VTh & RTh:
3. Remove the load resistance RL and find the open circuit voltage between terminals A & B.
This voltage is Thevenin voltage i.e., VTH=VOC.

FIG.3: Circuit for finding VTh

 4. Remove the Battery source and set the Ohmmeter at the end point.

FIG.4: Circuit for finding ISC

For Thevenin Equivalent Circuit:
5. Construct the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as shown in figure 4 setting the power supply at
VTH volts and the rheostat at RTH ohms. Now measure the load current IL and the load voltage
VL for the values of RL determined in step 2. Compare these values with previous values.

FIG.5: Thevenin Equivalent Circuit of figure 1.

Report Question: (answer Q1 to Q4)

1. Find theoretically the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the values of R1, R2, R3 & E recorded
in table. Also find IL, VL.
2. Define unilateral, bilateral & equivalent circuit.
3. Describe other methods for determining Thevenin resistance.
4. Mention the advantages of using Thevenin Theorem.
5. Show the results in tabular form.
6. Comment on the results obtained and discrepancies (if any).
7. Discuss on your result.
8. Write the conclusion which will be about future work.
 International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering Sessional
Course Code: CSE - 1122

Experiment No: 09
Name of the experiment: Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Objective:
• To introduce with the Maximum Power Transfer theorem.
• To verify Maximum Power Transfer theorem with reference to a given circuit theoretically
and experimentally.
Theory: A two terminal network resistive network can be replaced by a voltage source in series with
an equivalent resistor. The value of the source voltage equals the open circuit voltage of the two
terminals under consideration. The value of the equivalent resistor equals the resistance measured
between the open terminals when all the sources of the circuit are deactivated (Voltage source shorted
and current source opened). This is termed as the Thevenin’s theorem. The voltage source is called
Thevenin’s voltage (ETH) and the equivalent resistor, the Thevenin’s resistance (RTH). The maximum
power output to a variable output resistance occurs when the value of the output resistance equals the
Thevenin’s

Figure 1: Maximum power transfer condition

Required Equipment:
1. Resistors: 100Ω, 0.5 W ratting (1 Pieces),
1kΩ, Potentiometer (1 Pieces),
2. Set of wires.
3. DC Power supply
4. Digital A.V.O. meter
Experimental Setup:

Figure: 2

Report Question:
1. Plot the curve of the power against the load resistance and determine the maximum power.
2. Compare between the theoretical and practical results.
3. Find RL for the maximum power transfer in the circuit shown.
4. Show the results in tabular form.
5. Comment on the results obtained and discrepancies (if any).
6. Discuss on your result.
7. Write the conclusion which will be about future work.