Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty Member: Muhammad Saqib Nazir Dated: 11 september,2023

Semester:first Section: BEE 15-B

EE-111: Linear Circuit Analysis

Lab1: INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

AND IDENTIFICATION OF RESISTOR COLOUR CODES
PLO4/CLO5 PLO5/CLO PLO8/CL PLO9/CL
6 O7 O8

Name Reg. No Viva /Quiz / Analysis Modern Ethics Individua

Lab of data in Tool Usage and l and
Performanc Lab Safety Team
e Report 5 marks
5 marks Work
5 marks 5 marks
5 marks

Shahmeer 48008
Rana
Taha 454573
Mahmood
Shamel 467948
Mujtaba
Lab1: INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LABORATORY EQUIPMENT and
IDENTIFICATION OF RESISTOR COLOR CODES

Introduction
1. The first laboratory exercise is to familiarize the students with the use of basic
laboratory equipment including the breadboard, power supply and the Digital multi-
meter (DMM). The students will be measuring the currents and voltages of the circuits
mentioned below using the DMM. To find the value of a resistor and its tolerance by
color coding and using multi-meter.
Objectives
2. The objectives of this lab are:
2.1. To use MULTIMETER as a voltmeter, Ohmmeter and Ammeter in order to
measure voltage and current respectively.
2.2. Learn the COLOUR CODES scheme to determine the values of resistances.
2.3. Learn to patch up/make simple circuits.
2.4. The student will be required to use the breadboard to plug in various resistor
combinations, calculate the expected voltages and currents and compare those
with the measured values. The differences between the calculated values and
measured values would be analyzed.
Conduct of Lab
3. The students are required to work in groups of three; each student must attempt to
understand and use the laboratory set-up and conduct at least one or two parts of the
requirement experimentation. The lab Engineer will be available to assist the students.
4. In case some aspect of the lab experiment is not understood the students are advised
to seek help from the teacher, the lab engineer.
Lab Equipment
5. The following equipment would be used in this experiment, the students are to
familiarize themselves with the equipment before its use:
5.1. Test bench (See Annexure 1)
5.2. The Multi-meter
 5.3. The Power Supply (See Annexure 2)
5.4 The Breadboard (See Annexure 1)
5.5 Resistors (See Annexure 2)

Laboratory Experiment
PART I
DISPLAY

Familiarization with Digital Multi-meter.

The two measuring leads of the

mulltimeter. The red pin is put at the
point of higher (or +ve) potential
Adjustment Buttons for while the black pin is put at points of
different parameters lower (or –ve) potential.

A meter is a measuring instrument. An ammeter measures current, a voltmeter measures

the potential difference (voltage) between two points, and an ohmmeter measures
resistance. A multi-meter combines these functions and possibly some additional ones as
well, into a single instrument.
Before going in to detail about multi-meters, it is important for you to have a clear idea
of how meters are connected into circuits. Diagrams A and B below show a circuit before
and after connecting an ammeter

to measure current, the circuit must be broken to allow the ammeter to be connected in
series. All the current flowing in the circuit must pass through the ammeter. Meters are
not supposed to alter the behavior of the circuit, or at least not significantly, and it follows
that an ammeter must have a very LOW resistance.

Diagram C shows the same circuit after connecting a voltmeter. To measure potential
difference (voltage) the circuit is not changed, the voltmeter is connected in parallel .This
time you do not need to break the circuit. The voltmeter is connected in parallel between
the two points where the measurement is to be made. Since the voltmeter provides a
parallel pathway, it should take as little current as possible. In other words, a voltmeter
should have a very HIGH resistance.

An ohmmeter does not function with a circuit connected to a power supply. If you want
to measure the resistance of a particular component, you must take it out of the circuit
altogether and test it separately, as shown in diagram D:

Ohmmeters work by passing a small current through the component and measuring the
voltage produced. If you try this with the component connected into a circuit with a
power supply, the most likely result is that the meter will be damaged.

THE MULTIMETRE CONNECTED AS AN AMMETRE

Press the button for the

required parameter value to
be measured.

e.g Press DCA button in order

to measure the DC Current
 Red and Black Probes are
connected as shown in the
diagram, for measuring the max
current of 2A

THE MULTIMETRE CONNECTED AS THE

VOLTMETRE

Press the button for the required

parameter value to be measured.

e.g Press DCV button in order to

measure the DC Voltage
 Red and Black Probes are
connected as shown in the
diagram, for measuring the max
voltage of 1000V

MEASURING RESISTANCE WITH DMM

The button is pressed

to measure resistance.
 Notice that for measuring both voltage
and resistance, the positive (red) pin is
connected in the same socket

Consider your DMM and the pictures given above. What is the range of voltage and
current that the DMM can measure?
Range of V: 0V to 1000V
Range of I: 0.01µA TO 2A

IDENTIFICATION OF RESISTOR COLOR CODES

Theory:
Resistor values are marked onto the body of the resistor using a series of colored
bands. These give the value of the resistor as well as other information including the
tolerance and sometimes the temperature coefficient. The band closest to the end of the
resistor body is taken to be Band 1.

In case of four color bands, the first two bands are the significant figures of the
value, the third band is a multiplier (number of zeros) and fourth band is the tolerance
band, i.e. red black brown gold would be 2 0 x 10 + 5% or 200+5% ohms.
 Figure : 4- band resistor

In case of five color bands first three bands are the significant figures of the value,
the fourth band is a multiplier and fifth band is the tolerance band.

Figure : 5-band resistor

In case of six color bands the sixth band is the temperature coefficient band.
Following tables give the values allocated to different colors to find the value of a
resistor through the color bands it has on it.

5-band Resistor Color Codes:

Color Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Multiplier

Black 0 0 0 1

Brown 1 1 1 10

Red 2 2 2 100

Orange 3 3 3 1000
 Yellow 4 4 4 10000

Green 5 5 5 100000

Blue 6 6 6 1000000

Violet 7 7 7 10-1

Grey 8 8 8 10-2

White 9 9 9

The resistance value of the resistor is not the only thing to consider when selecting a resistor
for use in a circuit. The "tolerance" and the electric power ratings of the resistor are also
important. The tolerance of a resistor denotes how close it is to the actual rated resistance
value. For example, a ±5% tolerance would indicate a resistor that is within ±5% of the
specified resistance value.

Tolerance:
Color: None Silver Gold Red Brown

Tolerance: 20% 10% 5% 2% 1%

Lab Exercise:
Select three resistors (5% tolerance) between 1Ω and 1MΩ. Verify the value of
resistance and tolerance of resistors using color codes, and complete the following table:

No. Value of Tolerance Value of Error

Resistance (%) Resistance (%)
through color measured by the
codes (Ω) DMM (Ω)

1. 1.0 k 5 0.99k 1
 2. 10k 5 9.9 k 1

3. 4.7k 5 4.8k 2.12

The circuits for this lab report are designed using simulation software. The following
legend details the symbols used to represent different electronic equipment.

Legend

Resistance

Power supply

Multimeter

Connecting Wires

PART II
MEASUREMENTS USING DMM

Simple Circuit using a known resistor / resistors

 FIGURE 1

I. Calculate the current passing through the resistor R1 (known as IR1), power
absorbed by resistor R1 (PR1) and the power delivered by the source (PS).

IR1:__________________________ 0.5 mA__________________________________

PR1:_________________________0.0025 W_________________________________

PS:_________________________- 0.0025 W_________________________________

II. Now connect the DMM as voltmeter in order to measure the voltage in the
circuit as shown in the configuration below. Here the voltmeter is shown
connected across points B and C. To measure voltage across a different set of
points you will have to disconnect the voltmeter and connect it between the
desired points. Fill in the required results in Table 1.

FIGURE 2a

Now connect the DMM as ammeter in order to measure the current in the
circuit as shown in the configuration on the following page. Here the ammeter
is shown connected between points A and B. To measure current at different
 points you shall have to disconnect the ammeter and connect it between the
desired points. Fill in the required results in Table 1

FIGURE 2b

SNo Value Calculated Measured Difference

0V 0V 0V
1 Voltage A-B

5V 4.93V 0.07V
2 Voltage B-D

5V 4.987V 0.0127V
3 Voltage A-C

500µA 418.3µA 81.7µA

4 Current A-C

500µA 418.3µA 81.7µA

5 Current C-D

6 500µA 418.3µA 81.7µA

Current A-B

TABLE 1
Comment on any variations observed between the measured and the calculated values
of the voltages and currents.
The measured values are less then the calculated values because of tolerance of resistor
and instrumental errors
Vary the voltage from 0 to 5 V in 5 steps of 1V each and note down the values of voltage
and current. Use these values to plot a graph below. From the slope of the graph calculate
the resistance and compare against the given value.

Value of R: _________________________10.8 kΩ___________________________

%age Deviation: _____________________8%___________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

III. Repeat the method employed in part II for the following configurations and note
down the results in the table 2.

FIGURE 3a
 SNo Value Calculated Measured Difference
8.25V 8.33V 0.08V
1 Voltage A-B

0V 0V 0V
2 Voltage C-D

1.75V 1.73V 0.02V

3 Voltage B-C

1.667mA 1.68mA 0.013mA

4 Current A-B

1.667mA 1.68mA 0.013mA

5 Current B-C

TABLE 2

Comment on any variations observed between the measured and the calculated values
of the voltages and currents.
The measured values are less then the calculated values because of tolerance of resistor
and instrumental errors

Comment on any variations observed between the measured and the calculated values
of the voltages and currents.
The measured values are less then the calculated values because of tolerance of resistor
and instrumental errors
Figure A Figure B

Consider Figure A and B above. Utilizing what you have learned in this lab and in class
about nodes, explain in which configuration the resistor is short or active. Explain.
(Refer to Annexure 2 for further help)
In figure A, the resistor A is short this is due to the both leads of the resistor being in the
same node so when the power supply is connected, the current will take the path of
least resistance and short it. While in figure b, the resistor is active, because the second
lead is across the middle so the only path is through the resistor when the power supply
is connected.

In your own words, summarize what you have learned in the lab and explain any
difficulties you encountered.
I learn many things like how to measure current, voltage and resistance, color coding,
resistance in parallel , resistance in series
I hadn’t face any difficulties
EE-109: Linear Circuit Analysis & EE-113: Engineering Circuit Analysis-I Page 17
NODES OF A BREADBOARD

THE HORIZONTAL
NODES

The Vertical
Nodes

EE-111: Linear Circuit Analysis Page 18

ANNEXURE 2
RESISTORS
CONNECTED IN SERIES
WITH POWER SUPPLY
ACROSS THEM

RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
WITH POWER SUPPLY ACORSS
THEM

EE-111: Linear Circuit Analysis Page 19

THE POWER SUPPLY IS SET TO DELIVER A VOLTAGE OF 4.9Volts

NOTICE THAT THE CURRENT KNOB IS TURNED A LITTLE UP. IF IT WERE SET TO ZERO, THE
POWER SUPPLY WOULD NOT SUPPLY ANY VOLTAGE

Voltage CURRENT
DISPLAY Knob KNOB

EE-111: Linear Circuit Analysis Page 20

TWO RESISTORS CONNECTED IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

Notice that the left end of

the 1st resistor is
connected at node #7
while the right end is
connected at node #16 and
INthe left hand end of the
2nd resistor is connected at
node #16 and the right end
at node #28. Hence the
resistors share one
common node i.e. node
#16.

EE-111: Linear Circuit Analysis Page 21