Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 105 views

    Diarrhea: DEFINITION-Diarrhea Is Define As The Passage of Loose, Liquid or

    Uploaded by

    Niharika Chauhan
    Diarrhea is defined as loose or watery stool more than 3 times per day. It is a major cause of death in children in developing countries. Diarrhea can be acute lasting 3-7 days or chronic lasting more than 3 weeks. It is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and transmitted through feco-oral route or contaminated food and water. Management involves rehydration therapy with oral rehydration solution and continued feeding to prevent dehydration and malnutrition. For severe cases intravenous fluids may be needed. Nursing care focuses on restoring fluid and electrolytes, preventing spread of infection, providing nutrition, and giving health education.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Diarrhea: DEFINITION-Diarrhea Is Define As The Passage of Loose, Liquid or

    Uploaded by

    Niharika Chauhan
    105 views6 pages
    Diarrhea is defined as loose or watery stool more than 3 times per day. It is a major cause of death in children in developing countries. Diarrhea can be acute lasting 3-7 days or chronic lasting more than 3 weeks. It is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and transmitted through feco-oral route or contaminated food and water. Management involves rehydration therapy with oral rehydration solution and continued feeding to prevent dehydration and malnutrition. For severe cases intravenous fluids may be needed. Nursing care focuses on restoring fluid and electrolytes, preventing spread of infection, providing nutrition, and giving health education.

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    Diarrhea

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Diarrhea is defined as loose or watery stool more than 3 times per day. It is a major cause of death in children in developing countries. Diarrhea can be acute lasting 3-7 days or chronic lasting more than 3 weeks. It is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and transmitted through feco-oral route or contaminated food and water. Management involves rehydration therapy with oral rehydration solution and continued feeding to prevent dehydration and malnutrition. For severe cases intravenous fluids may be needed. Nursing care focuses on restoring fluid and electrolytes, preventing spread of infection, providing nutrition, and giving health education.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    105 views6 pages

    Diarrhea: DEFINITION-Diarrhea Is Define As The Passage of Loose, Liquid or

    Uploaded by

    Niharika Chauhan
    Diarrhea is defined as loose or watery stool more than 3 times per day. It is a major cause of death in children in developing countries. Diarrhea can be acute lasting 3-7 days or chronic lasting more than 3 weeks. It is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and transmitted through feco-oral route or contaminated food and water. Management involves rehydration therapy with oral rehydration solution and continued feeding to prevent dehydration and malnutrition. For severe cases intravenous fluids may be needed. Nursing care focuses on restoring fluid and electrolytes, preventing spread of infection, providing nutrition, and giving health education.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    UNIT IV- DISORDERS AND HEALTH PROBLEMS OF A CHILD

    DIARRHEA
    DEFINITION- Diarrhea is define as the passage of loose , liquid or
    watery stool more than 3 times per day.

    Diarrheal diseases rank among the top 3 causes of childhood death in


    the developing countries.
    Acute diarrhea is term as an attack of loose motion with sudden
    onset which usually last for 3-7 days and may last up to 10-14days .
    Chronic diarrhea is term when the loose motion is occurring for 3
    weeks or more.
    Diarrhea with watery stool and visible blood in the stool is termed as
    dysentery.

    EPIDEMIOLOGY- Diarrhea is a major public health problem in India


    among children below the age of 5year.
    About 1/3 or total hospitalized children are due to diarrheal diseases
    and 17% of all deaths in pediatric patient are related to this
    condition.
    AGENT/FACTORS-
    • The infectious agents causing diarrhea with enteric infection
    include viruses(rotavirus), bacteria(salmonella, cholera vibrio),
    parasites(e.histolytica, malaria etc) and fungi (candida albicans)
    • Environmental factors include – bacterial diarrhea is more
    common in summer and rainy season whereas viral diarrhea is
    found in winter. Diarrheal diseases are commonly seen
    unhygienic environment.
    • Host factors- the disease is most common in children specially
    those between 6months to 2year.the incidence is highest
    during weaning period that is 6-11 months of age.
    Malnourished children are more prone to diarrhea.

    MODE OF TRANSMISSION- It is mainly feco-oral route, oral route,


    water borne, food borne disease or may transmit via flies, dirt.

    CAUSES-
    • It may occur from other infections like UTI, pneumonia etc.
    • Overfeeding, food allergy
    • Food poisoning
    • Antibiotics
    • Mal absorption syndrome
    • Inappropriate used of laxatives
    • Emotional stress

    TYPES OF DIARRHEA-
    1. SECRETORY DIARRHEA- It is caused by external or internal
    secretagogues(hormones, drug sand poisons) . There is
    decrease absorption and increased secretion.
    2. OSMOTIC DIARRHEA – It is due to ingestion of poorly absorb
    solute or maldigestion. It tends to be watery and acidic.
    3. MOTILITY DIARRHEA- It is associated with increase or delayed
    motility of the bowel.

    CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS-
    • Dehydration
    • Loose or watery stool
    • Low grade fever
    • Thirst
    • Vomiting
    • Irritability
    • Weakness
    • Lethargy
    • Restlessness
    • Loss weight
    • Poor skin turgor
    • Dry lips
    • Sunken eyes
    • Dry mucus membrane
    • Low BP
    • Rapid respiration
    • Low or absent urinary output
    • Convulsions or loss of consciousness in rare cases.

    DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION-
    • History collection
    • Physical examination
    • Assessment of degree of dehydration
    • Stool examination
    • Blood examination

    MANAGEMENT-
    • REHYDRATION THERAPY- The management of diarrhea is best
    done with ORS and continued feeding . Replacement of fluid by
    rehydration therapy is the principle measure.
    It can be provided by ORT or IV fluids.
    The standard formulation of ORS as recommended by WHO is
    Nacl-3.5g, KCL-1.5g , Sodium citrate-2.9g, Glucose- 20g/L
    INSTRUCTIONS-
    1. To be diluted in 1litre of portable water.
    2. Mix entire content of the packet in 1litre of water.
    3. ORS to be use with 24hrs of preparation.
    • ORT-It means drinking of solution of portable water , sugar and
    mineral salts to replace the water and salt lost from the body
    during diarrhea specially when accompanied by vomiting .
    ORT is beneficial in 3 stages of diarrheal disease i.e. prevention
    of dehydration.
    1. Rehydration of the dehydrated child
    2. Maintenance of hydration after severely patient has been
    rehydrated with IV fluid therapy.
    3. ORT is provided with ORS and home available fluids i.e. fruit
    juices, coconut water, dal soup, sherbet ect.

    MANAGEMENT OF CHILD HAVING NO DEHYDRATION-


    • The child with loose motion having no dehydration can be
    treated at home.
    • Give the child more fluids than usual to prevent dehydration
    until the diarrhea stops.
    • Give the child plenty of fluid to prevent undernutrition.
    continue breast feeding, frequently offer food at least 6 times a
    day.
    • Take the child to the health worker if the child does not get
    better.
    MANAGEMENT OF CHILD HAVING DIARRHEA WITH SOME
    DEHYDRATION-
    • Management should be done under supervision of health
    worker with ORS.
    • After 4hrs of rehydration therapy the child should assessed for
    degree of dehydration.
    • If the signs of severe dehydration have appear the child should
    be admitted in the hospital for IV therapy.
    • During ORS therapy if the child is having puffy eyelids than ORS
    should be stop and plane water and breast feeding to be given.
    MANAGEMENT OF CHILD WITH SEVERE DEHYDRATION-
    • The child with severe dehydration should be treated quickly.
    • IV fluids to be started immediately with RL solution or if not
    available NS to be used.
    • The patient should be reassessed every 1-2hrs.
    • More rapid IV fluid to be given if hydration is not improving.
    DIETARY MANAGEMENT-
    • Diet to be plan to prevent malnutrition and allow normal
    nutritional requirement.
    • Food items may include energy rich foods with rice, potatoes,
    pulses, wheat, vegetables, fish, fruits.
    • Breast feeding to be continued during diarrheal episodes along
    with ors.
    • Mixtures like rice milk, dahlia saag or khichri can be given to the
    infants more than 6months of age.
    • Hygienic measures to be followed during preparation and
    serving of fruits and foods.
    • Feeding to be given in small quantity every 2-3hrs.
    NURSING MANAGEMENT-
    • Restoring fluid and electrolyte imbalance by ORS, IV fluid
    therapy, intake and output recording and checking of vital
    signs.
    • Prevention of spread of infection by good handwashing
    practices, hygienic disposal of stools , care of dipper, and follow
    universal precautions.
    • Preventing skin breakdown by frequent change of diaper,
    keeping the perineal area dry and clean and the use of
    protective barrier cream.
    • Providing adequate nutritional intake by appropriate dietary
    mgmt..
    • Reducing fear and anxiety by explanation , reassurance and
    providing necessary information.
    • Giving health education for prevention of diarrhea , home
    mgmt. , importance of ORS , hygienic practices.

    You might also like