Unit 1

UNIT 1
CS459- Internet of Things
ENA JAIN
Assistant Professor, SoC- CSE
1
IoT: Internet of Things
IoT
• Internet technology connecting devices, machines and

tools to the internet by means of wireless technologies.
• ‘Things’ connected to the Internet are projected to cross

30 billion in the near future.
• Unification of technologies such as low-power embedded

systems, cloud computing, big-data, machine learning, and
networking.
2
Origin of Terminology
• In the 2000s, we are heading into a new era of ubiquity,

where the “users” of the Internet will be counted in
billions and where humans may become the minority as
generators and receivers of traffic. Instead, most of the
traffic will flow between devices and all kinds of “things”,
thereby creating a much wider and more complex
Internet of Things.
(“The Internet of Things”, ITU Internet Report 2005) 3

Origin of Terminology
• The title of the report was “Internet of Things”
• Discussed the possibility of internet connected M2M
connectivity networks, extending to common household
devices.
• Some areas identified as IoT enablers:
✓ RFID,
✓ Nanotechnology,
✓ Sensors,
✓ Smart Networks.
Reference: International Telecommunications Union (ITU). (2005). The Internet of

4
Things. Executive Summary [Online]
Alternate Definition
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical

objects that contain embedded technology to
communicate and sense or interact with their internal
states or the external environment.
Reference: http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/internet-of-things/ 5
Characteristics
• Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the
capability to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take
actions based on their operating conditions, user‘s context or sensed
environment.
Eg: the surveillance system is adapting itself based on context and
changing conditions.
• Self Configuring: allowing a large number of devices to work
together to provide certain functionality.
• Inter Operable Communication Protocols: support a number of
interoperable communication protocols ans can communicate with
other devices and also with infrastructure.
• Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique
identifier(IP address).
• Integrated into Information Network: that allow them to
communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems.
Reference: http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/internet-of-things/ 6
IoT Market Share
Source: Intel 7
IoT Market Share
✓ Business/Manufacturing
▪ Real-time analytics of supply chains and equipment, robotic
machinery.
✓ Healthcare
▪ Portable health monitoring, electronic recordkeeping,
pharmaceutical safeguards.
✓ Retail
▪ Inventory tracking, smartphone purchasing, anonymous analytics of
consumer choices.
✓ Security
▪ Biometric and facial recognition locks, remote sensors.
Source: Intel 8
Evolution of Connected Devices
Source: Intel 9
✓ ATM
▪ These ubiquitous money dispensers went online for the first time way
back in 1974.
✓ WEB
▪ World Wide Web made its debut in 1991 to revolutionize computing
and communications.
✓ SMART METERS
▪ The first power meters to communicate remotely with the grid were
installed in the early 2000s.
✓ DIGITAL LOCKS
▪ Smartphones can be used to lock and unlock doors remotely, and
business owners can change key codes rapidly to grant or restrict
access to employees and guests
Source: Intel 10
✓ SMART HEALTHCARE
▪ Devices connect to hospitals, doctors and relatives to alert them of
medical emergencies and take preventive measures.
✓ SMART VEHICLES
▪ Vehicles self-diagnose themselves and alert owners about system
failures.
✓ SMART CITIES
▪ City-wide infrastructure communicating amongst themselves for
unified and synchronized operations and information dissemination.
✓ SMART DUST
▪ Computers smaller than a grain of sand can be sprayed or injected
almost anywhere to measure chemicals in the soil or to diagnose
problems in the human body.
Source: Intel 11
Modern Day IoT Applications

✓ Smart Parking
✓ Structural health
✓ Forest Fire Detection
✓ Smartphone Detection
✓ Traffic Congestion
✓ Radiation Levels
✓ Waste Management
✓ Smart Roads
✓ River Floods
✓ Smart Grid
✓ Tank level
✓ Explosive and Hazardous Gases
✓ Supply Chain Control
✓ Landslide and Avalanche Prevention
✓ Intelligent Shopping Applications
12
Expected!!
13
Domain Specific IoTs

1) Home Automation:
a. Smart Lighting: helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the
ambient conditions and switching on/off or diming the light when needed.
b. Smart Appliances: make the management easier and also provide status
information to the users remotely.
c. Intrusion Detection: use security cameras and sensors(PIR sensors and door
sensors) to detect intrusion and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the form of SMS or
email sent to the user.
d. Smoke/Gas Detectors: Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings
to detect smoke that is typically an early sign of fire. Alerts raised by smoke
detectors can be in the form of signals to a fire alarm system. Gas detectors can
detect the presence of harmful gases such as CO, LPG etc.,
Source: Internet of Things: A Hands-On Approach, Vijay Madisetti and Arshdeep Bahga, 1st
edition, VPT, 2014 14
2) Cities:
a) Smart Parking: make the search for parking space easier and convenient for
drivers. Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the no. of empty
parking slots and send information over internet to smart application backends.
b) Smart Lighting: for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving energy.
c) Smart Roads: Equipped with sensors can provide information on driving
condition, travel time estimating and alert in case of poor driving conditions,
traffic condition and accidents.
d) Structural Health Monitoring: uses a network of sensors to monitor the
vibration levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings.
e) Surveillance: The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in
cloud based scalable storage solution.
f) Emergency Response: IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage
detection can help in generating alerts and minimizing their effects on the
critical infrastructures.
3) Environment:
a) Weather Monitoring: Systems collect data from a no. of sensors attached and
send the data to cloud based applications and storage back ends, then the data
can analyzed and visualized by cloud based applications.
b) Air Pollution Monitoring: System can monitor emission of harmful gases
(CO2, CO, NO, NO2 etc.,) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and
meteorological sensors. The collected data can be analyzed to make informed
decisions on pollutions control approaches.
c) Noise Pollution Monitoring: IoT based noise pollution monitoring systems
use a no. of noise monitoring systems that are deployed at different places in a
city. The data on noise levels from the station is collected on servers or in the
cloud. The collected data is then aggregated to generate noise maps.
d) Forest Fire Detection: Forest fire can cause damage to natural resources,
property and human life. Early detection of forest fire can help in minimizing
damage.
e) River Flood Detection: River floods can cause damage to natural and human
resources and human life. Early warnings of floods can be given by
monitoring the water level and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring
system uses a no. of sensor nodes that monitor the water level and flow rate
sensors.
4) Energy:
a) Smart Grids: is a data communication network integrated with the electrical grids that
collects and analyze data captured in near-real-time about power transmission,
distribution and consumption. Smart grid technology provides predictive information
and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to
manage power. By using IoT based sensing and measurement technologies, the health of
equipment and integrity of the grid can be evaluated.
b) Renewable Energy Systems: IoT based systems integrated with the transformers at the
point of interconnection measure the electrical variables and how much power is fed
into the grid. For wind energy systems, closed-loop controls can be used to regulate the
voltage at point of interconnection which coordinate wind turbine outputs and provides
power support.
c) Prognostics: In systems such as power grids, real-time information is
collected using specialized electrical sensors called Phasor Measurement Units
(PMUs) at the substations. The information received from PMUs must be
monitored in real-time for estimating the state of the system and for predicting
failures.
5) Retail:
a) Inventory Management: IoT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory
using data collected by RFID readers.
b) Smart Payments: Solutions such as contact-less payments powered by
technologies such as Near Field Communication(NFC) and Bluetooth.
c) Smart Vending Machines: Sensors in a smart vending machines monitors its
operations and send the data to cloud which can be used for predictive
maintenance.
6) Logistics:
a) Route generation & scheduling: IoT based system backed by cloud can
provide first response to the route generation queries and can be scaled upto
serve a large transportation network.
b) Fleet Tracking: Use GPS to track locations of vehicles in real-time.
c) Shipment Monitoring: IoT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors
such as temp, humidity, to monitor the conditions and send data to cloud,
where it can be analyzed to detect food spoilage.
d) Remote Vehicle Diagnostics: Systems use on-board IoT devices for
collecting data on Vehicle operations (speed, RPM etc.,) and status of various
vehicle subsystems.
7) Agriculture:
a) Smart Irrigation: to determine moisture amount in soil.
b) Green House Control: to improve productivity.
8) Industry:
a) Machine diagnosis and prognosis
b) Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
9) Health and Life Style:
a) Health & Fitness Monitoring
b) Wearable Electronics
Physical Design of IoT

1. Things in IoT
✓ The things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and perform
remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
✓ IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices applications. It
collects data from other devices and process data either locally or remotely.
✓ An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for communication to other
devices both wired and wireless. These includes
▪ I/O interfaces for sensors,
▪ Interfaces for internet connectivity
▪ Memory and storage interfaces and
▪ Audio/video interfaces.
2. IoT Protocols
a) Link Layer
✓ Protocols determine how data is physically sent over the network‘s physical layer
or medium. Local network connect to which host is attached. Hosts on the same
link exchange data packets over the link layer using link layer protocols. Link layer
determines how packets are coded and signaled by the h/w device over the
medium to which the host is attached.
Protocols
✓ 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link
layer. Eg: 802.3 uses co-axial cable; 802.3i uses copper twisted pair connection;
802.3j uses fiber optic connection; 802.3ae uses Ethernet overfiber.
✓ 802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless LAN(WLAN) communication
standards including extensive description of link layer. Eg: 802.11a operates in
5GHz band, 802.11b and 802.11g operates in 2.4GHz band, 802.11n operates in
2.4/5GHz band, 802.11ac operates in 5GHz band, 802.11ad operates in
60Ghzband.
✓ 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless

personal area network(LR-WPAN). Basis for high level communication protocols
such as ZigBee. Provides data rate from 40kb/s to250kb/s.
✓ 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G) to up
to100Mb/s(4G).
b) Network/Internet Layer:
✓ Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source n/w to destination n/w.
Performs the host addressing and packet routing. Datagrams contains source and
destination address.
Protocols
✓ IPv4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify the devices on a n/w using a
hierarchical addressing scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of 2**32addresses.
✓ IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address scheme and allows 2**128
addresses.
✓ 6LOWPAN: (IPv6overLowpowerWirelessPersonalAreaNetwork)operates in 2.4
GHz frequency range and data transfer 250 kb/s.
c) Transport Layer:
✓ Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the underlying
n/w. Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in UDP. Provides
functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control and congestion
control.
Protocols
✓ TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web browsers(along with HTTP and
HTTPS), email(along with SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented and stateless protocol.
IP Protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable transmission of
protocols in order. Avoids n/w congestion and congestion collapse.
✓ UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol. Useful in time sensitive
applications, very small data units to exchange. Transaction oriented and stateless
protocol. Does not provide guaranteed delivery.
Application Layer:
✓ Defines how the applications interface with lower layer protocols to send data
over the n/w. Enables process-to-process communication using ports.
Protocols:
✓ HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms foundation of WWW. Follow
request- response model Stateless protocol.
✓ CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-machine(M2M)
applications with constrained devices, constrained environment and constrained
n/w. Uses client- server architecture.
✓ MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight messaging protocol
based on publish-subscribe model. Uses client server architecture.
✓ AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open application layer protocol
for business messaging. Supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribe
model.
26
Source: Internet of Things: A Hands-On Approach, Vijay Madisetti and Arshdeep Bahga, 1st edition, VPT, 2014
Logical Design of IoT

1. IoT Functional Blocks
✓ Provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation,

communication and management.
Components
✓ Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation,
monitoring and control functions.
✓ Communication: handles the communication for IoT system.
✓ Services: for device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services
and services for device discovery.
✓ Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
✓ Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as authentication,
authorization, message and context integrity and data security.
✓ Application: IoT application provide an interface that the users can use to control
and monitor various aspects of IoT system.
2. IoT Communication Models

a) Request-Response Model:
✓ In which the client sends request to the server and the server replies to requests.
Is a stateless communication model and each request-response pair is
independent of others.
b) Publish-Subsciber Model
✓ Involves publishers, brokers and consumers. Publishers are source of data.
Publishers send data to the topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers
are not aware of the consumers. Consumers subscribe to the topics which are
managed by the broker. When the broker receives data for a topic from the
publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.
c) Push-Pull Model
✓ in which data producers push data to queues and consumers pull data from the
queues. Producers do not need to aware of the consumers. Queues help in
decoupling the message between the producers and consumers.
d) Exclusive Pair
✓ is bi-directional, fully duplex communication model that uses a persistent
connection between the client and server. Once connection is set up it remains
open until the client send a request to close the connection. Is a stateful
communication model and server is aware of all the open connections.
IoT Enabling Technologies
IoT is enabled by several technologies including-
1) Wireless Sensor Network (WSN): Comprises of distributed devices with sensors
which are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions. Zig Bee is
one of the most popular wireless technologies used by WSNs. WSNs used in IoT
systems are described as follows:
✓ Weather Monitoring System: in which nodes collect temp, humidity and other
data, which is aggregated and analyzed.
✓ Indoor air quality monitoring systems: to collect data on the indoor air quality
and concentration of various gases.
✓ Soil Moisture Monitoring Systems: to monitor soil moisture at various locations.
✓ Surveillance Systems: use WSNs for collecting surveillance data(motion data
detection).
✓ Smart Grids: use WSNs for monitoring grids at various points.
✓ Structural Health Monitoring Systems: Use WSNs to monitor the health of
structures(building, bridges) by collecting vibrations from sensor nodes deployed
at various points in the structure.
2) Cloud Computing: Services are offered to users in different forms.

✓ Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS): provides users the ability to provision
computing and storage resources. These resources are provided to the users as a
virtual machine instances and virtual storage.
✓ Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): provides users the ability to develop and deploy
application in cloud using the development tools, APIs, software libraries and
services provided by the cloud service provider.
✓ Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): provides the user a complete software application
or the user interface to the application itself.
3) Big Data Analytics: Some examples of big data generated by IoT are
✓ Sensor data generated by IoT systems.
✓ Machine sensor data collected from sensors established in industrial and energy
systems.
✓ Health and fitness data generated IoT devices.
✓ Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking vehicles.
✓ Data generated by retail inventory monitoring systems.

4) Communication Protocols: form the back-bone of IoT systems and enable
network connectivity and coupling to applications.
✓ Allow devices to exchange data over network.
✓ Define the exchange formats, data encoding addressing schemes for device and
routing of packets from source to destination.
✓ It includes sequence control, flow control and retransmission of lost packets.
5) Embedded Systems: is a computer system that has computer hardware and
software embedded to perform specific tasks. Embedded System range from low
cost miniaturized devices such as digital watches to devices such as digital
cameras, POS terminals, vending machines, appliances etc.,
M2M
• Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to networking of
machines(or devices) for the purpose of remote
monitoring and control and data exchange without
human interfacing or interaction..
➢ Term which is often synonymous with IoT is Machine-
to-Machine (M2M).
➢ IoT and M2M are often used interchangeably.
• For example, an M2M-capable washing machine could
send alerts to the owners’ smart devices once it finishes
washing or drying
• An end-to-end architecture of M2M systems comprises of
M2M area networks, communication networks and
application domain (In next slide).
36
37
• An M2M area network comprises of machines (or M2M nodes)
which have embedded network modules for sensing, actuation and
communicating.
• Various communication protocols can be used for M2M LAN such as
ZigBee, Bluetooth, M-bus, Wireless M-Bus etc., These protocols
provide connectivity between M2M nodes within an M2M area
network.
• The communication network provides connectivity to remote M2M
area network. The communication network can use either wired or
wireless network(IP based).
• Non-IP based communication protocols, the communication network
uses IP-based network. Since non-IP based protocols are used within
M2M area network, the M2M nodes within one network cannot
communicate with nodes in an external network.
• To enable the communication between remote M2M are network,
M2M gateways are used.
38
• Figure shows a block diagram of an M2M gateway.
• The communication between M2M nodes and the M2M gateway is
based on the communication protocols which are naive to the M2M
are network.
• M2M gateway performs protocol translations to enable IP-
connectivity for M2M are networks.
• M2M gateway acts as a proxy performing translations from/to native
protocols to/from Internet Protocol (IP).
• With an M2M gateway, each mode in an M2M area network appears
as a virtualized node for external M2M area networks.
39
Differences between IoT and M2M
▪ Communication Protocols:
• Commonly uses M2M protocols include ZigBee,
Bluetooth, ModBus, M-Bus, Wireless M-Bustec.
• In IoT uses HTTP, CoAP, WebSocket, MQTT, XMPP,
DDS, AMQPetc.
▪ Machines in M2M Vs Things in IoT:
• Machines in M2M will be homogenous whereas
Things in IoT will be heterogeneous.
▪ Hardware Vs Software Emphasis:
• the emphasis of M2M is more on hardware with
embedded modules, the emphasis of IoT is more on
software.
40
Differences between IoT and M2M
▪ Data Collection &Analysis
• M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in
on-premises storage infrastructure.
• The data in IoT is collected in the cloud (can be public,
private or hybrid cloud).
▪ Applications
• M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be
accessed by on-premises applications such as
diagnosis applications, service management
applications, and on-premises enterprise applications.
• IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be accessed
by cloud applications such as analytics applications,
enterprise applications, remote diagnosis and
management applications, etc. 41

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UNIT 1

CS459- Internet of Things

• Internet technology connecting devices, machines and

• ‘Things’ connected to the Internet are projected to cross

• Unification of technologies such as low-power embedded

• In the 2000s, we are heading into a new era of ubiquity,

(“The Internet of Things”, ITU Internet Report 2005) 3

Reference: International Telecommunications Union (ITU). (2005). The Internet of

• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical

IoT Market Share

IoT Market Share

Evolution of Connected Devices

Evolution of Connected Devices

Evolution of Connected Devices

Modern Day IoT Applications

Domain Specific IoTs

Physical Design of IoT

✓ 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless

Logical Design of IoT

✓ Provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation,

2. IoT Communication Models

2) Cloud Computing: Services are offered to users in different forms.

✓ Data generated by retail inventory monitoring systems.

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