Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
Schools Division Office – Caloocan City

MATHEMATICS 8

Quarter 2 Week 8
Module
 MATH 8 QUARTER 2 Week 8

NAME: ____________________________________ YR & SEC: _____________________

Competency:
The learner illustrates the equivalences of: (a) the statement and its contrapositive; and (b) the
converse and inverse of a statement. M8GE-IIg-2

To the Learners:
Hello Learners! This module is self-instructional that will help you walk through the foundations of
reasoning in Mathematics. Activities and tests are provided to enhance and assess your
understanding of the topic being presented. Read the instructions below to successfully complete
the lessons at your own pace.

1. Take time to read the lessons and follow all the instructions carefully as indicated.
2. Use your notebook in taking important concepts about the lessons.
3. Write down points for clarifications. Discuss these points with your facilitator/subject teacher.
4. Answer all the activities and tests, including “Check your Understanding” to apply the skills and
knowledge acquired.
5. Let your guardian/facilitator assess your answers using the answer key card. Review and relearn
the lessons at your convenience time until you attain sufficient level of proficiency.
6. Make learning a part of your daily life. Relax and enjoy learning!

Expectations

From the previous lessons, you have learned the fundamental rules of converting or rewriting a
conditional statement into its converse, inverse, and contrapositive. This knowledge is the foundation
of the concept being presented in this learning module.

This module was designed to help learners develop mastery of the lessons on how to illustrate the
equivalences of: (a) the conditional statement and its contrapositive; and (b) the converse and inverse
of a statement.

Upon successful completion of this module, the learners are expected to:

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1. Recall fundamental rules in writing conditional statement into its converse, inverse, and
contrapositive.
2. Determine logically equivalent statements.
3. Illustrate the equivalences of: (a) the conditional statement and its contrapositive; and (b) the
converse and inverse of a statement.
4. Demonstrate appreciation of illustrating the equivalences of: (a) the conditional statement and its
contrapositive; and (b) the converse and inverse of a statement as an important skill needed in
writing mathematical or logical proof.

Pre-test

Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Select the statement that is the inverse of "If it rains, then I won't go to the mall."
A. If I don't go to the mall, then it rains.
B. If it doesn't rain, then I will go to the mall.
C. If I go to the mall, then it isn't raining.
D. Since it’s Monday I probably won't go to the mall, anyway.
2. Select the statement that is the contrapositive of “If the weather is nice, then I will wash the car.”
A. If I wash the car, then the weather is not nice.
B. If I don’t wash the car, then the weather is not nice.
C. If the weather is not nice, then I won’t wash the car.
D. If I wash the car, then the weather is nice.
3. Select the statement that is the converse of “If two angles are supplementary, then the sum of
their measures is 180°.”
A. If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180°, then they are supplementary.
B. If two angles are not supplementary, then the sum of their measures is not 180°.
C. If the sum of the measures of two angles is not 180°, then they are not supplementary.
D. If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180°, then they are not supplementary.
4. Which of the following statements is true?
A. If a number is a whole number, then it is an integer.
B. If a number is an integer, then it is a whole number.
C. If a number is not a whole number, then it is not an integer.
D. If a number is not a whole number, then it is an integer.
5. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to “If p, then q.”
A. If q, then p.
B. If not q, then not p.
C. If not p, then not q.
D. If not q, then p.
6. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to “If p, then q.”
A. If q, then p.

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 B. If p, then q.
C. If q, then p.
D. If q, then p.
7. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to "If it is raining, then we will play scrabble."
A. If we don't play scrabble, then it isn't raining.
B. If it isn't raining, then we will play scrabble.
C. If it rains, then we will not play scrabble.
D. It is raining, and we don't play scrabble.
8. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to "If today is Sunday, then school is closed."
A. If today isn't Sunday, then school isn't closed.
B. If school is closed, then today is Sunday.
C. If school isn't closed, then today isn't Sunday.
D. A, B, & C are all equivalent to the statement above.
9. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to “If a number is 5, then
it is a prime number.”
A. If a number is a prime, then the number is 5.
B. If a number is not 5, then it is not a prime number.
C. If a number is not a prime, then the number is not 5.
D. If a number is composite, then the number is 5.
10. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to “If a figure is
trapezoid, then it has 4 sides.”
A. If a figure doesn’t have 4 sides, then it is not a trapezoid.
B. If a figure doesn’t have 4 sides, then it is a trapezoid.
C. If a figure has 4 sides, then it is not a trapezoid.
D. If a figure has 4 sides, then it is a trapezoid.

Looking Back to your Lesson

From your previous lesson, you have learned that a conditional statement is a statement of the form
"If p, then q." The symbol for this "if...then" connective is the arrow: → that is, the statement "if p,
then q" is denoted as p→q. Generally, the hypothesis is associated with the “if” part of a conditional
statement, while the conclusion is associated with the “then” part of a conditional statement. The
table below shows the variation of the conditional statement.

Table 1. Variations on the Conditional Statement

Name Symbolic Form English Translation

Conditional p→q If p, then q.

Converse q→p If q, then p.

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 Inverse p→q If not p, then not q.

Contrapositive q→p If not q, then not p.

In an if-then statement, the hypothesis and the conclusion are related so that the truth of the
hypothesis promises the truth of the conclusion.
An if-then statement is false only when the hypothesis is true and the conclusion is false. This is
summarized in the truth table for an if-then statement below.

Table 2.Truth Table for Conditional Statements

p q p→q

T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T

Introduction of the Topic

Lesson 1: Logical Equivalence of a Conditional Statement and

its Contrapositive

Equivalent conditional statements are made up of the same simple statements and have the same
corresponding truth values for all true-false combinations of these simple statements.

Example 1:
Determine the contrapositive of the given true statement and determine if it is still true.
a. “If the measure of angle A is 50°, then it is an acute angle.”
Contrapositive: “If angle A is not an acute angle, then its measure is not
50°.” (True)
b. “If a polygon is a square, then it has 4 sides.”
Contrapositive: “If a polygon doesn’t have 4 sides, then it is not a square.”
(True)
Table 3. Truth Table for Contrapositive
p q q p q→p

T T F F T

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 T F T F F

F T F T T

F F T T T

Since Column 3 of Table 2 is equivalent to Column 4 of Table 3, then

the conditional statement is equivalent to its contrapositive.

Lesson 2: Logical Equivalence of a Converse and Inverse of a

Statement

Example 2:
Determine the converse and inverse of the given true statement and determine if the converse and
inverse are still true.
a. If the measure of angle A is 50°, then it is an acute angle.”
Converse: “If angle A is an acute angle, then its measure is 50°.” (False)
Inverse: “If the measure of angle A is not 50°, then it is not an acute
angle.” (False)

b. “If a polygon is a square, then it has 4 sides.”

Converse: “If a polygon has 4 sides, then it is a square.” (False)
Inverse: “If a polygon is not a square, then it doesn’t have 4 sides.”
(False)

Table 4. Truth Table for Converse

q p q→p

T T T

F T T

T F F

F F T

Table 5. Truth Table for Inverse

p q p→q

F F T

F T T

T F F

T T T

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Since Column 3 of Table 4 is equivalent to Column 3 of Table 5, then
the converse of the statement is equivalent to the inverse.”

Example 3:
Construct the converse, inverse and contrapositive of the conditional statement, and classify each
as true or false. Which of these are equivalent statements?
a. CONDITIONAL: “If a figure is a square, then it is a quadrilateral.” True
b. CONVERSE: If a figure is a quadrilateral, then it is a square. False
c. INVERSE: If a figure is not a square, then it is not a quadrilateral. False
d. CONTRAPOSITIVE: If a figure is not a quadrilateral, then it is not a
square. True
*Since statements a and d are both true, then statement a is equivalent to statement d. Moreover,
since statements b and c are both false, then statement b is equivalent to statement c.

Activities

Activity 1.1: Find my equivalent!

Select the statement that is logically equivalent to the given statement. Choose the letter of the
correct answer and write on a separate sheet of paper.

1. If you live in Deparo, then you live in Caloocan City.

A. If you live in Caloocan City, then you live in Deparo.
B. If you don’t live in Caloocan City, then you live in Deparo.
C. If you don’t live in Deparo, then you don’t live in Caloocan City.
D. If you don’t live in Caloocan City, then you don’t live in Deparo.
2. If you are a guitar player, then you are a musician.
A. If you are not a musician, then you are not a guitar player.
B. If you are a musician, then you are a guitar player.
C. If you are not a guitar player, then you are not a musician.
D. If you are a guitar player, then you are not a musician.
3. If a figure is a rectangle, then it is a square.
A. If a figure is a square, then it is a rectangle.
B. If a figure is not a square, then it is not a rectangle.
C. If a figure is not a rectangle, then it is not a square.
D. If a figure is a square, then it is not a rectangle.
4. If a number is divisible by 4, then it is divisible by 2.
A. If a number is divisible by 2, then it is divisible by 4.
B. If a number is not divisible by 4, then it is not divisible by 2.
C. If a number is not divisible by 2, then it is not divisible by 4.
D. If a number is divisible by 4, then it is not divisible by 2.

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5. If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent.
A. If two angles are congruent, then they are vertical.
B. If two angles are not vertical, then they are not congruent.
C. If two angles are not congruent, then they are not vertical.
D. If two angles are not vertical, then they are congruent.

Activity 1.2: Check Your Progress

For questions 6-10, write “yes” if the statements are equivalent and “no” if they are not.

6. If a shape is a square, then it is a polygon.

If a shape is not a polygon, then it is not a square.
7. If you are a Filipino, then you are Asian.
If you are Asian, then you are a Filipino.
8. If A and B do not form a linear pair, then they are not supplementary.
If A and B form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.
9. If a figure is a pentagon, then it is a polygon.
If a figure is a polygon, then it is a pentagon.
10.If a number ends with zero, then it is divisible by 5 and 10.
If a number is not divisible by 5 and 10, then it does not end with zero.

Remember

Equivalent conditional statements are made up of the same simple statements and have the same
corresponding truth values for all true-false combinations of these simple statements.
If a conditional statement is true, then its equivalent statement must also be true.
If a conditional statement is false, then its equivalent statement must also be false.

Table 6. Truth Table for Conditional Statements, Converse, Inverse and Contrapositive
p q p q p→q q→p p→q q→p

T T F F T T T T

T F F T F T T F

F T T F T F F T

F F T T T T T T

The conditional statement and contrapositive are equivalent statements.

The converse and inverse are equivalent statements.

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 Check your Understanding

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

I. Construct the converse, inverse and contrapositive of the conditional statement, and identify
which of the statements are equivalent.
(Refer to Example 3)
1. If a quadrilateral is a rhombus, then it has two pairs of parallel sides.
2. If a triangle is equilateral, then it is isosceles.
II. For questions 3-5, write an equivalent statement.
3. If a polygon is regular, then all its angles are congruent.
4. If a shape is not a quadrilateral, then it is not a kite.
5. If you are seventeen years old, then you are eligible to drive.

Post-test

Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Select the statement that is the inverse of "If it rains, then I won't go to the mall."
A. If I don't go to the mall, then it rains.
B. If it doesn't rain, then I will go to the mall.
C. If I go to the mall, then it isn't raining.
D. Since it’s Monday I probably won't go to the mall, anyway.
2. Select the statement that is the contrapositive of “If the weather is nice, then I will wash the car.”
A. If I wash the car, then the weather is not nice.
B. If I don’t wash the car, then the weather is not nice.
C. If the weather is not nice, then I won’t wash the car.
D. If I wash the car, then the weather is nice.
3. Select the statement that is the converse of “If two angles are supplementary, then the sum of
their measures is 180°.”
A. If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180°, then they are supplementary.
B. If two angles are not supplementary, then the sum of their measures is not 180°.
C. If the sum of the measures of two angles is not 180°, then they are not supplementary.
D. If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180°, then they are not supplementary.
4. Which of the following statements is true?
A. If a number is a whole number, then it is an integer.
B. If a number is an integer, then it is a whole number.
C. If a number is not a whole number, then it is not an integer.
D. If a number is not a whole number, then it is an integer.

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5. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to “If p, then q.”
A. If q, then p.
B. If not q, then not p.
C. If not p, then not q.
D. If not q, then p.
6. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to “If p, then q.”
A. If q, then p.
B. If p, then q.
C. If q, then p.
D. If q, then p.
7. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to "If it is raining, then we will play scrabble."
A. If we don't play scrabble, then it isn't raining.
B. If it isn't raining, then we will play scrabble.
C. If it rains, then we will not play scrabble.
D. It is raining, and we don't play scrabble.
8. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to "If today is Sunday, then school is closed."
A. If today isn't Sunday, then school isn't closed.
B. If school is closed, then today is Sunday.
C. If school isn't closed, then today isn't Sunday.
D. A, B, & C are all equivalent to the statement above.
9. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to “If a number is 5, then
it is a prime number.”
A. If a number is a prime, then the number is 5.
B. If a number is not 5, then it is not a prime number.
C. If a number is not prime, then the number is not 5.
D. If a number is composite, then the number is 5.
10. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to “If a figure is
trapezoid, then it has 4 sides.”
A. If a figure doesn’t have 4 sides, then it is not a trapezoid.
B. If a figure doesn’t have 4 sides, then it is a trapezoid.
C. If a figure has 4 sides, then it is not a trapezoid.
D. If a figure has 4 sides, then it is a trapezoid.

Additional Activities

To better understand the lesson, watch the video lesson on

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuheEIwJ1AA&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR1G4BGbU9wzrcSa
GrS2V7Cib0mfNjWw3-iyAnT8oKaKZtN8etYSA1Fkceg entitled “Equivalent Statements with the
Converse, Inverse and Contrapositive”.

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Reflection
In proving a certain statement in Geometry, you should deal with logical reasoning. In reasoning, you
need to learn how to reason correctly, to make your arguments valid.
Observe the set of pictures. Write a conditional statement based on the pictures, then state its
converse, inverse, and contrapositive.
Classify each as true or false and justify. Which of these are equivalent statements?

References :
Coronel, A.C. (2002). Geometry based on 2002 BEC. The Bookmark, Inc.
Oronce, O.A. and Mendoza, M.O. (2003). Exploring Mathematics Geometry.
Rex Bookstore, Inc.

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