Lightning Induced Disturbances in Buried Cables-Part I: Theory
Lightning Induced Disturbances in Buried Cables-Part I: Theory
3, AUGUST 2005
Abstract—In this paper, we present a review of theoretical meth- both solutions to experimental waveforms obtained using triggered
ods to compute lightning induced currents and voltages on buried lightning.
cables. The evaluation of such induced disturbances requires the
calculation of the electric field produced by lightning along the ca- Index Terms—Buried cables, electromagnetic coupling,
ble path. We show that the Cooray’s simplified formula is capable lightning-induced voltages, modeling.
of predicting accurately the horizontal electric field penetrating
the ground, at distances as close as 100 m. Regarding the param-
eters of the buried cable, a comparison of several approximations I. INTRODUCTION
of the ground impedance is presented. We show that the Pollaczek
ENSITIVE electronic components have been increasingly
expression corresponds to the Sunde general expression, when the
displacement current is neglected. The analysis shows also that all
the proposed approximations provide very similar results for the
S used lately both in power and communication systems.
These components, compared to the electromechanical ones
considered range of frequencies (up to 30 MHz). Most of the ap- used in the past, may suffer logic upset or damage at signif-
proximate formulas neglect the contribution of the displacement icantly lower levels of induced electromagnetic interferences.
current and, therefore, predict values for the ground impedance
which tend to infinity at higher frequencies. This corresponds in
As a result, the evaluation of lightning induced disturbances
the time domain to a singularity of the ground transient resistance on buried cables has recently attracted considerable attention
at t = 0. By analogy to the Sunde approximation for the ground (e.g., [1], [2]). Typical examples are submarine fiberoptic ca-
impedance of overhead lines, we propose a logarithmic approxi- bles and buried telecommunication cables which include re-
mation for the ground impedance of a buried cable. In addition, peater power supply cables. Concerning submarine cables, long
unlike most of the considered approximations, the proposed for-
mula has an asymptotic behavior at high frequencies; therefore,
buried sections (up to 20 km) are running from the shore to the
the corresponding transient ground resistance in the time domain supply units and are exposed to lightning threat.
has no singularity at t = 0. It is also demonstrated that within the The aim of this paper is to present efficient calculation meth-
frequency range of interest, the wire impedance can be neglected, ods to estimate lightning induced disturbances on buried cables
due to its small contribution to the overall longitudinal impedance in both time and frequency domains.
of the line. The ground admittance, however, can play an impor-
tant role at high frequencies (1 MHz or so) especially in the case
The paper is organized as follows: In Section II, we will
of poor ground conductivity. The ground admittance needs to be consider the general expressions for the field penetrating in
taken into account in the calculation of lightning induced currents the ground [3] and we will discuss the approximate formula
and voltages on buried cables. This is in contrast with the case for the electric field below the ground surface recently pro-
of overhead lines in which its contribution is generally negligible, posed by Cooray [4]. In Sections III and IV, we will analyze
even in the MHz range.
We also investigate the time-domain representation of field-to-
the field-to-buried transmission line coupling equations in the
transmission line coupling equations. The coupling model includes frequency domains. In particular, we will discuss expressions
the effect of ground admittance which appears in terms of an proposed by different authors to describe the so-called ground
additional convolution integral. An analytical expression for the impedance. The relative importance of line parameters for the
ground transient resistance in the time domain is also proposed case of buried cable is then analyzed in Section V. Time do-
which is shown to be sufficiently accurate and nonsingular. Fi-
nally, we present a time domain solution of field-to-buried cable
main and frequency domain solutions of field-to-transmission
coupling equations using the point-centered finite difference time line coupling equations will be presented in Sections VI and
domain (FDTD) method, and a frequency domain solution using VII. Finally, a conclusion and recommendations will be given
Green’s functions. In our companion paper (Part II), we compare in Section VIII.
Manuscript received October 20, 2004. This work was supported in part by
Alcatel Submarine Network Division and by NSF Grant ATM-0346164.
II. LIGHTNING RETURN STROKE ELECTRIC FIELD
E. Petrache is with the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada IN THE GROUND
(e-mail: emanuel.petrache@ieee.org).
F. Rachidi is with the Power Systems Laboratory, Swiss Federal Insti- The determination of lightning induced currents and volt-
tute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland (e-mail: farhad. ages in buried cables requires the knowledge of lightning return
rachidi@epfl.ch). stroke electromagnetic field below the ground surface. Consid-
M. Paolone and C. A. Nucci are with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40136 Italy (e-mail: mario. ering the lightning channel as a vertical antenna and the ground
paolone@mail.ing.unibo.it; carloalberto.nucci@unibo.it). as a uniform half-space characterized by constant conductivity
V. A. Rakov and M. A. Uman are with the Department of Electrical and σg and relative permittivity εr g , the general expressions in the
Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6200 USA
(e-mail: rakov@ece.ufl.edu; uman@ece.ufl.edu). frequency domain for the vertical dEz and horizontal dEr elec-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEMC.2005.853161 tric fields radiated by an elementary dipole located at height z
0018-9375/$20.00 © 2005 IEEE
PETRACHE et al.: LIGHTNING INDUCED DISTURBANCES IN BURIED CABLES—I 499
dI(x)
+ Y V (x) = 0 (14)
dx
where the longitudinal impedance is
where γw = jωµ0 (σw + jωε0 εr w ) is the propagation B. Other Expressions for the Ground Impedance Found in the
constant in the wire and the εr w relative permittivity of Literature
the wire. Vance formula [11]: Vance developed the following formula
— Zg and Yg are the per-unit-length ground impedance and for the ground impedance considering the ground as a lossy
ground admittance, respectively. These two quantities are cylindrical dielectric surrounding the cable
related through the following expression [13]:
(1)
ωµ0 H0 (jγg b)
γg2 Zg = (25)
Yg ∼
= (21) 2πbγg H (1) (jγg b)
1
Zg
(1) (1)
where H0 and H1 are Hankel functions.
where γg is the propagation constant
in the ground, which Semlyen and Wedepohl formula. The following expression
can be expressed as γg = jωµ0 (σg + jωε0 εr g ), and for the ground impedance was reported in [16]
equations for Zg are discussed in Section IV.
jωµ0 1
Zg = ln b + (26)
2π mb
IV. GROUND IMPEDANCE EXPRESSIONS
A. Pollaczek and Sunde’s Expressions where m = jωµ0 σg is the propagation constant of the
ground, neglecting the displacement current.
The best known model for the ground impedance was pro- Saad–Gaba–Giroux formula. Approximating the Pollaczek
posed by Pollaczek [14] in 1926 integral, Saad, Gaba and Giroux [17] obtained the following
expression:
jωµ0 b 2d
Zg = K0 − K0 +J (22) ρm2 2
2π p p Zg = K0 (mb) + · exp(−2du) (27)
2π 4 + m2 b2
where
where m is the same as in (26), K0 is the same as in (22) and ρ
+∞ exp −2d β 2 + p12 is the ground resistivity.
J= exp(jωb) dβ Bridges formula: Starting from the rigorous scattering so-
−∞ |β| + β 2 + p12 lution for a buried cable, Bridges [18] derived a frequency
domain integral equation for cable current and a general ex-
is the so-called Pollaczek Integral, in which K0 is the modified pression for the ground impedance. Using the transmission
Bessel function of second class and zeroorder, p is the complex line approximation and neglecting the displacement current,
depth of the skin effect layer p = 1/ jωµ0 σg , and d is the Bridges [18] derived the following approximate formula for the
depth of the cable. ground impedance:
Sunde [15] proposed an expression for the mutual inductance
jωµ0 Γ
of two buried cables located at the same depth d and separated Zg = − ln γg b (28)
by a distance y, which is given by 2π 2
where Γ = 1.7811 . . . and γg ∼
= jωµ0 σg .
jωµ0
jωL = K0 (γg y) − K0 (γg y 2 + 4d2 )
2π
∞
C. Proposed Logarithmic Approximation
exp(−2du) cos uy
+2 du (23) The Sunde’s general formula (24) being expressed in terms of
0 α+u Bessel functions and infinite integrals, we propose the following
logarithmic approximation for the ground impedance:
where α = u2 + γg2 .
jωµ0 1 + γg b
The ground impedance of a single buried cable can be ob- Zg = ln . (29)
tained using (23), by replacing y with b, the cable radius. This 2π γg b
yields This expression is proposed by analogy with overhead lines,
where it has been shown [7] that the Sunde’s logarithmic
jωµ0
Zg = K0 (γg b) − K0 (γg b2 + 4d2 ) approximation is in excellent agreement with the general ex-
2π pression for the ground impedance.
∞
Fig. 5 presents a comparison between the various proposed
exp(−2du) cos ub
+2 du . (24) approximations for a cable of 2.4 cm diameter, buried 1 m below
0 α+u
the ground surface. Two different values for ground conductivity
Comparing (22) with (24), one can see that the Pol- have been considered, namely, σg = 0.01 S/m and σg = 0.001
laczek’s expression (22) corresponds to Sunde’s expression S/m. The ground relative permittivity is assumed to be εr g = 10.
(24),
when the displacement current is neglected.
Indeed, if It can be seen that for the considered frequency range,
γg = jωµ0 (σg + jωε0 εr g ) is replaced by γg ∼
= jωµ0 σg , 1 kHz–30 MHz, all the considered expressions for the ground
(24) reduces to (22). impedance provide similar results. Therefore, for the analysis
502 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 47, NO. 3, AUGUST 2005
B. Transverse Parameters
If one neglects the transverse conductance, the transverse
admittance per-unit-length becomes
jωC · Yg
Y = . (32)
jωC + Yg
The expression for the transverse admittance can be written
in a more convenient form as follows:
(jωC )2
Y = jωC + Yadd
,
where Yadd =− . (33)
jωC + Yg
Fig. 5. Comparison between different closed form approximations for ground
impedances and Sunde’s general formula (24), for a buried cable having an
external radius b = 1.2 cm placed at a depth d = 1 m. (a) σ g = 0.01 S/m, Fig. 7 presents a comparison between 1/|Yg | and 1/ωC as
εr g = 10. (b) σ g = 0.001 S/m, εr g = 10. a function of frequency, for two values of ground conductivity.
It can be seen that at low frequencies, the major contribution
of lightning induced disturbances, which are characterized by to the transverse admittance comes from the capacitance. On
significant frequency components not exceeding 10 MHz or so, the contrary, at higher frequencies the ground admittance con-
any of the above approximate formulas can be employed. How- tribution becomes more significant. For a ground conductivity
ever, the use of the logarithmic formula (29) is suggested for the of 0.001 S/m, for example, the effect of ground admittance
following reasons: becomes dominant at frequencies above 100 kHz. This is in
— It is in excellent agreement with the general Sunde’s ex- contrast with typical overhead lines in which the effect of the
pression. ground admittance can be neglected for the frequency range of
— Its implementation is very simple and does not require any interest [20].
numerical treatment.
— Finally, unlike most of the considered approximations, it
has an asymptotic behaviour at high frequencies. Hence, VI. TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF FIELD-TO-BURIED CABLE
COUPLING EQUATIONS
the corresponding transient ground resistance in time do-
main has no singularity at t = 0 [7], [19]. Indeed, it is easy A time domain representation of field-to-transmission line
to show (see similar developments for overhead lines in coupling equations is sometimes preferable because it allows
PETRACHE et al.: LIGHTNING INDUCED DISTURBANCES IN BURIED CABLES—I 503
GI (x, xs )
−γ (x −L )
e −γ L
e s
− ρ2 eγ (x s −L )
γx2Z c (1−ρ 1 ρ 2 e −2γ L )
· (e − ρ1 e−γ x ) , for x < xs
= e −γ L
−γ (x−L ) (43)
e − ρ2 eγ (x−L )
2Z c (1−ρ 1 ρ 2 e 2γ L )
γ xs
· (e − ρ1 e−γ x s ) , for x < xs therefore, the corresponding transient ground resistance in the
time domain has no singularity at t = 0.
GV (x, xs )
It is also demonstrated that within the frequency range of
−e −γ L
−γ (x −L )
e s
− ρ2 eγ (x s −L ) interest, the wire impedance can be neglected due to its small
γx2(1−ρ 1 ρ 2 e −2γ L )
· (e + ρ1 e−γ x ) , for x < xs contribution to the overall longitudinal impedance of the line.
= −γ L (44) The ground admittance, however, can play an important role at
2(1−ρe ρ e −2γ L ) e−γ (x−L ) + ρ2 eγ (x−L )
γ xs 1 2 high frequencies (1 MHz or so), especially in the case of poor
· (e − ρ1 e−γ x s ) , for x < xs
ground conductivity. The ground admittance needs to be taken
√ into account in calculations of lightning induced currents and
where γ = Z Y is the line complex propagation constant
along the cable and Zc = Z /Y is the cable characteristic voltages on buried cables. This is in contrast with the case of
impedance. overhead lines in which its contribution is generally negligible
A frequency domain solution is particularly useful when one even in the megahertz range.
is interested in calculating the inner response of a shielded cable, We have also investigated the time-domain representation
which involves the cable transfer function, a highly frequency of field-to-transmission line coupling equations. The coupling
dependent quantity. model includes the effect of ground admittance which appears
in terms of an additional convolution integral. An analytical
expression for the ground transient resistance in the time do-
VIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS main has also been proposed which is shown to be sufficiently
A review of theoretical methods to compute lightning induced accurate and nonsingular.
currents and voltages on buried cables has been presented. The Finally, we presented a time-domain solution of field-to-
evaluation of such induced disturbances requires the calculation buried cable coupling equations using the point centered FDTD
of the electric field produced by lightning along the cable path. method, and a frequency-domain solution using Green’s func-
In Section II of the paper, we have shown that the Cooray’s tions. In our companion paper (Part II), we will compare both
simplified formula is capable of predicting accurately the hori- solutions to experimental waveforms obtained using triggered
zontal electric field penetrating the ground, at distances as close lightning.
as 100 m. Table I presents a summary of the approximate methods dis-
Regarding the parameters of the buried cables, a comparison cussed in the paper that we recommend for the determination of
of several approximations of the ground impedance has been the electric field and transmission line parameters in calculating
presented and discussed. We have shown that Pollaczek’s ex- lightning induced currents and voltages on buried cables.
pression corresponds to Sunde’s general expression, when the
displacement current is neglected. The analysis has also shown
that all the proposed approximations provide very similar results APPENDIX
for the considered range of frequencies (1 kHz–30 MHz). Most FDTD SOLUTIONS OF THE COUPLING EQUATIONS
of the approximate formulas neglect the contribution of the dis-
The coupling equations written in the time domain, taking
placement current, and therefore predict values for the ground
into account the transient ground resistance and conductance,
impedance which tend to infinity at higher frequencies. This
are reproduced here for convenience:
corresponds in the time domain to a singularity of the ground
transient resistance at t = 0. By analogy to the Sunde’s approx-
∂v(x, t) ∂i(x, t)
imation for the ground impedance of overhead lines, we have + R i(x, t) + L
proposed a logarithmic approximation for the ground impedance ∂x ∂t
t
of a buried cable. In addition, unlike most of the considered ap- ∂i(x, τ )
proximations, it has an asymptotic behavior at high frequencies; + ξg (t − τ ) dτ = Exs (x, −d, t) (A1)
0 ∂τ
506 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 47, NO. 3, AUGUST 2005
with
V s[(k − 1/2)∆x, n∆t] = V snk
n ∆t
∂i[(k − 1/2)∆x, τ ]
= ξg [n∆t − τ ] dτ.
0 ∂τ
Using the trapezoidal method for solving the integral, V snk can
be written as
n −1
1 n −m −1 m +1
V snk = ξ ik − im
k + ξ n −m im m −1
k − ik .
2 m =0
(A5)
Rearranging (A5), we get
n −1
1 n0
V snk = ξ ik − i−1
k + ξ n −m im m −1
k − ik
2 m =1
1
+ ξ 0 ink − ink −1 . (A6)
2
Fig. 10. FDTD 1st order integration scheme. (a) Schematic representation of Introducing (A6) in (A4), we obtain
the spatial discretization along the cable. (b) Time and spatial discretization.
vkn+1 − vkn in + ink −1 in − ink −1
+ R k + L k
∆x 2 ∆t
∂i(x, t) ∂v(x, t)
+ G v(x, t) + C n −m m
−1
1
n
∂x ∂t
t + ξ 0 ink − ink −1 + ξ ik − ijk−m = Ekn .
∂v(x, τ ) 2
ηg (t − τ )
m =1
+ dτ = 0. (A2)
0 ∂τ (A7)
To solve the transmission line coupling equations in the time The induced current can be expressed as
domain, we use the finite difference time domain (FDTD) tech-
nique (e.g., [21]). In the following, the FDTD 1st order point 1 v n − vkn
centered integration scheme (see Fig. 10), applied to the case of ik =
n Ekn − k +1
0
∆x
a buried cable, is presented.
L
+R +ξ
∆t 2 2
The point-centered FDTD representation of (A1) for the node
n −1
((k − 1/2)∆x, n∆t) is given by L R ξ0 . (A8)
+ − + ink −1 − ξ n −j ijk − ijk−1
∂ ∆t 2 2 j =1
v((k − 1/2)∆x, n∆t) + R i((k − 1/2)∆x, n∆t)
∂x
Now, let us consider the point centered FDTD representation of
∂i((k − 1/2)∆x, n∆t) (A2) for the node ((k − 1)∆x, (n − 1/2)∆t):
+ L
∂t
n ∆t ink −1 − ink −1
−1
v n + vkn −1 v n − vkn −1
i((k − 1/2)∆x, n∆t) + G k + C k
+ ξg (n∆t − τ ) dτ ∆x 2 ∆t
∂t
0
n
= Exs ((k − 1/2)∆x, −d, n∆t). (A3) + η n −j vkj − vkj −1 = 0. (A9)
j =1
Using the following notations,
After the similar mathematical developments as for (A4), we
vkn = v((k − 1)∆x, n∆t) obtain:
ink = i((k − 1/2)∆x, (n + 1/2)∆t) 1 in −1 − ink −1
−1
vkn = − k
ξ n = ξg (n∆t) C
+G +η
0
∆x
∆t 2 2
Ekn = E((k − 1/2)∆x, −d, n∆t).
n −1
C G η0
(A3) can be written more compactly in the following form: + − + vkn −1 − η n −j vkj − vkj −1 . (A10)
∆t 2 2 j =1
vkn+1 − vkn in + ink −1 in − ink −1
+ R k + L k + V snk = Ekn The boundary conditions for the case of resistive terminations
∆x 2 ∆t
(A4) R0 and RL (Fig. 11) are given by
PETRACHE et al.: LIGHTNING INDUCED DISTURBANCES IN BURIED CABLES—I 507
n
3inN seg − inN seg−1
vN seg+1 = RL (A19)
2
Introducing (A19) into (A18) yields the sought expression
Fig. 11. Schematic representation of the spatial discretization along the cable
1 RL n
with resistive terminations.
inN seg = EN n
seg + i
L 0
+ R + ξ + 3R L 2∆x N seg−1
∆t 2 2 2∆x
For x = 0
n
vN L R ξ0
−v1n inN−1
seg
+ + − +
in0 = (A11) ∆x ∆t 2 2 seg
R0
the current in0 can be determined using a linear extrapolation: n −1
− ξ n −j ijN seg − ijN−1seg . (A20)
3in − in2
in0 = 1 . (A12) j =1
2
Now, let us write (A8) for the spatial node 1
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508 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 47, NO. 3, AUGUST 2005
[20] C. A. Nucci and F. Rachidi, “Interaction of electromagnetic fields gen- Carlo Alberto Nucci (M’91–SM’02) was born in
erated by lightning with overhead electrical networks,” in The Lightning Bologna, Italy, in 1956. He received the engineering
Flash, G. V. Cooray, Ed., London, U.K.: IEE, 2003. degree with honors in electrical engineering in 1982
[21] A. Taflove, Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time from the University of Bologna, Italy.
Domain Method. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1995. He joined the same university in 1982 as a re-
searcher in the Power Electrical Engineering Insti-
tute, became an Associate Professor in 1992, and a
Full Professor in Power Systems in 2000. He is author
Emanuel Petrache (S’02–M’04) was born in Con- or coauthor of more than 160 scientific papers pub-
stanta, Romania, in 1975. He received the M.S. de- lished in reviewed journals or presented at interna-
gree in electrical engineering from the University tional conferences. He is member of the IEEE work-
Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania, in 1998, and the ing group “Lightning Performance of Distribution Lines,” the CIGRE Working
Ph.D. degree from the Swiss Federal Institute of Tech- groups C4.4.01 “Lightning” (of which he is also convener), and C4.4.07 “Power
nology, Lausanne, in 2004. Quality Indices and Objectives.” His research interests concern power systems
Currently, he is with the Lightning Studies Group transients and dynamics, with particular reference to lightning impact on power
of the University of Toronto, Canada. He is au- lines, voltage collapse, power station simulators, and the study of power com-
thor or coauthor of many scientific papers presented ponents including medium voltage capacitors and traction batteries.
at international conferences. His research interests Mr. Nucci is the Chair of the Central & South Italy/North Italy IEEE PES
include numerical computation of electromagnetic Joint Chapter PE31 in Region 8.
fields, lightning, and EMP interaction with transmission lines.