INME 526 ASSIGNMENT

THE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND HYDROGEN

ECONOMY IN BOTSWANA

MOTSHEGETSI GWERE 16000186

Beng MECHANICAL AND ENERGY
LEVEL 500
Abstract
This paper provides a perspective on hydrogen production in Botswana and the
hydrogen economy.Among creation and utilize any business item is dependent upon
the accompanying measures: bundling, transportation, stockpiling and move. The
equivalent is valid for hydrogen in a "Hydrogen Economy". Hydrogen must be
bundled by pressure or liquefaction, it must be shipped by surface vehicles or
pipelines, it must be put away and moved. Produced by electrolysis or science, the
fuel gas needs to go through propositions market systems before it can be utilized by
the client, regardless of whether it is delivered locally at filling stations. As there are
no ecological or enthusiastic benefits in delivering hydrogen from characteristic
gas or different hydrocarbons, we don't think about this alternative, despite the fact
that hydrogen can chemically synthesized at a very low cost.In the past, hydrogen
production and hydrogen use have been tended to by many, accepting that hydrogen
gas is simply one more vaporous energy transporter and that it very well may be
taken care of similar as gaseous petrol in the present energy economy. With this
study we present an investigation of the energy needed to work an unadulterated
hydrogen economy. High-grade power from sustainable or atomic sources is required
not just to create hydrogen, yet in addition for any remaining fundamental strides of a
hydrogen economy. But since of the sub-atomic design of hydrogen, a hydrogen
foundation is considerably more energy-intensive than a natural gas economy.
 THE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND THE HYDROGEN
ECONOMY IN BOTSWANA

INTRODUCTION............................................................3

LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................4

DISCUSSIONS................................................................5

CONCLUSIONS..............................................................6

REFERENCES............................................................................7
INTRODUCTION

Hydrogen is a good and incredible energy carrier. It can be manufactured by using

just electricity and water. When converted to heat or power it mostly environmentally
friendly and clean. When combusted with oxygen, hydrogen forms water. No
pollutants are generated or emitted. The water is returned to nature where it originally
came from. But hydrogen, the most common chemical element on the planet, does
not exist in nature in its pure form. It has to be separated from chemical compounds,
by electrolysis from water or by chemical processes from hydrocarbons or other
hydrogen carriers. The electricity for the electrolysis may eventually come from clean
renewable sources such as solar radiation, kinetic energy of wind and water or
geothermal heat. Therefore, hydrogen may become an important link between
renewable physical energy and chemical energy carriers. Hydrogen has fascinated
generations of people for centuries including visionary minds like Jules Vernes. A
"Hydrogen Economy" is projected as the ultimate solution for energy and
environment. Hydrogen societies have been formed for the promotion of this goal by
publications, meetings and exhibitions. But has the physics also been properly
considered? Both the production and the use of hydrogen have attracted highest
attention while the practical aspects of a hydrogen economy, Figure 1, are rarely
addressed. Like any other product hydrogen must be packaged, transported, stored
and transferred to bring it from production to final use. These ordinary market
processes require energy

Figure 1 Schematic Presentation of a pure "Hydrogen Economy"

The energy lost in the present energy economy adds up to about 10% of the energy
conveyed to the client. We might now want to introduce best guesses of the energy
needed to operate a "Hydrogen Economy".Truly, innovation for a hydrogen economy
exists or can be created. Truth be told, huge measures of hydrogen are produced,
dealt with, shipped and utilized in the chemical industry today. Yet, this hydrogen is a
synthetic substance, not an energy comodity. Hydrogen production and
transportation costs are retained in the cost of the incorporated synthetic substances.
The expense of hydrogen remains superfluous as long as the eventual outcomes
discover markets. Today, the utilization of hydrogen is represented by monetary
contentions and not by vigorous contemplations.But if hydrogen is utilized as an
energy transporter, lively contentions should likewise be considered . How much
high-grade energy is utilized to make, to bundle, to handle, to store or to ship
hydrogen? The worldwide energy issue can't be settled in an environmentally friendly
power climate, if the energy burned-through to make and convey hydrogen is of a
similar request as the energy substance of the conveyed fuel. In any case, how much
energy is burned-through for pressure, liquefaction, transportation, capacity and
move of hydrogen? Will there be just the hydrogen way in future? We have analyzed
the key market systems by actual thinking and reason that the future energy
economy is probably not going to be founded on unadulterated hydrogen alone.
Hydrogen will positively be the principle connect between inexhaustible physical and
compound energy, yet in all likelihood it will go to the buyer synthetically bundled

LITERATURE REVIEW

The Physical properties of hydrogen as obtained from an article by Aylward(1999)

et.al . It is the littlest of all molecules. Therefore, hydrogen is the lightest gas, around
multiple times lighter than methane (addressing gaseous petrol). The gravimetric
higher warming worth "HHV" of a fuel gas are of little significance for functional
applications. When all is said in done, the volume accessible for gas tanks is
restricted, not just in auto applications. Moreover, the distance across of pipelines
can't be expanded voluntarily. Hence, for generally reasonable appraisals it is more
significant to allude the energy substance of fuel gases to a reference volume.
Additionally, it is appropriate to utilize the higher warming worth HHV (warmth of
arrangement) for this energy investigation, since it mirrors the genuine energy
substance of the fuel dependent on the energy preservation rule (first Law of
Thermodynamics). On the other hand, the lower warming worth LLV is a specialized
standard made in the nineteenth century by evaporator engineers defied with issues
of consumption in the fireplaces of coal-terminated heaters brought about by buildup
of sulfuric corrosive and other aggressive substances.Since the production of
hydrogen is governed by the heat of formation or the higher heating value, its use
should also be related to its HHV energy content.

Muller et.al(2012).,wrote about the challenges of hydrogen econony.Hydrogen as a

fuel source has a number of obstacles and challenges that currently limit its viability
as a serious replacement for fossil fuels. These include, but are not limited to,
hydrogen storage issues, the purity requirement for hydrogen (when used in fuel
cells), the infrastructure required, safety and environmental concerns.One of the
main challenges to hydrogen is the issue of storing it. If using it as a direct fuel to a
vehicle it must be stored on board and must be pressurized (in some cases to five or
ten-thousand psi) or liquefied to have an appropriate driving range. You can also
store hydrogen underground caves or depleted oil fields, which has largely been
done without incident by Imperial Chemical Industries for years. Another issue with
hydrogen is that when using it as part of a fuel cell, you require ultra high purity
hydrogen at levels up to 99.999%. One of the main challenges to the hydrogen
economy is the infrastructure needed to develop it. It has been theorized that a
hydrogen infrastructure would consist of industrial sized underground pipes and filling
stations across the country, which would form a so-called "Hydrogen Highway".
Those stations, which were not located near a pipeline, would have to receive their
hydrogen from delivery trucks and trailers or make their own hydrogen onsite.
Although there is already a well-established network of natural gas pipeline,
expensive treatments would have to be done in order to retrofit them for hydrogen.

Another of the main challenges to the hydrogen economy is the safety and
environmental concerns,[Thiesen et al(2005)]. Hydrogen is extremely flammable and
explosive when in the presence of air such that a hydrogen leak in the presence of
air will lead to an explosion when sparked or ignited. This makes hydrogen extremely
dangerous in enclosed areas such as underground tunnels or parking.Hydrogen
flames are almost invisible to the naked eye and hydrogen is also odorless which
further presents challenges for safety and detection. There have also been
environmental concerns because as of current technology hydrogen is made
primarily from fossil fuel reformation. This would lead to a higher rate of carbon
dioxide emissions than if the fossil fuels were used directly

An article by IEA (2019) studied the future of hydrogen,Hydrogen and energy have a
long shared history – powering the first internal combustion engines over 200 years
ago to becoming an integral part of the modern refining industry. It is light, storable,
energy-dense, and produces no direct emissions of pollutants or greenhouse gases.
But for hydrogen to make a significant contribution to clean energy transitions, it
needs to be adopted in sectors where it is almost completely absent, such as
transport, buildings and power generation.The Future of Hydrogen provides an
extensive and independent survey of hydrogen that lays out where things stand now;
the ways in which hydrogen can help to achieve a clean, secure and affordable
energy future; and how we can go about realising its potential.

A September 2020 report by LucidCatalyst said that in addition to deployment of

renewables for power generation: “The only known way to address the ‘difficult-to-
decarbonize’ economic sectors is with the large-scale use of hydrogen as a clean
energy carrier and as a feedstock for synthetic fuels such as ammonia.” But clean
hydrogen needs to come from non-fossil sources, at a lower price – under $1/kg –
than is prospective today.

DISCUSSIONS

Hydrogen is an engineered energy transporter. It conveys energy created by some

other measures. Electrical energy is moved to hydrogen by electrolysis of water. Be
that as it may, high-grade electrical energy is utilized not exclusively to create
hydrogen, yet additionally to pack, condense, transport, move or store the medium.
Much of the time the electrical energy could be disseminated straightforwardly to the
end client. For all fixed application hydrogen rivals lattice power. Besides, fluid
manufactured hydrocarbons could likewise fill in as the overall energy transporter of
things to come. Carbon from biomass or CO2 caught from vent gases could turn into
the transporter for hydrogen iotas produced with electrical energy from sustainable or
atomic sources. There are earth considerate options in contrast to
hydrogen.Absolutely, the expense of hydrogen ought to be pretty much as low as
could really be expected. Be that as it may, the hydrogen economy can build up itself
just on the off chance that it bodes well vivaciously. Something else, better
arrangements will vanquish the market. Likewise, frameworks exist for practically any
engineered fluid hydrocarbon, while hydrogen requires an absolutely new circulation
network. The change to an unadulterated hydrogen economy will influence the whole
energy supply and conveyance framework. Along these lines, all parts of a hydrogen
economy ought to be talked about before speculations are made.The essential
inquiry: "How much energy is expected to work a hydrogen economy?" will be
investigated in detail. We think about the critical components of a hydrogen economy
like creation, bundling, transport, stockpiling and move of unadulterated hydrogen
and relate the energy devoured for these capacities to the energy substance of the
conveyed hydrogen. Our examination depends on material science and confirmed by
numbers got from the hydrogen business. All through the examination, as it were
agent specialized arrangements will be thought of.The project would augment the
bridge between SADC, ECOWAS and Germany, and further strengthen multi-lateral
cooperation towards sustainable development.Also sustainable production of
hydrogen could not be attained by one country, hence the need for global
partnerships. Hydrogen is the most important and fundamental future economic
recovery package.As the oil of the future, Green Hydrogen is a big game-changer in
the energy market .There is growing evidence of fossils being replaced by renewable
energies, the main drivers of such migration are climate mitigation, decarbonisation
and competitiveness of renewable energies.Botswana which relies heavily on fossil
fuels, is ideally positioned and would benefit from such a project as the global village
began to embrace renewable energies, in addition the availability of Green Hydrogen
could attract new investments in energy-intensive branches and create new jobs not
just within Botswana but also within the SADC region

CONCLUSION
Utilizing hydrogen as fuel source to lessen ozone depleting substance outflows is a
yearning and charitable thought. It isn't, notwithstanding, without its difficulties going
anyplace from the current innovation and cost, to framework and security. With the
increment and interest for oil, there has been a higher market and more prominent
premium in other option, less expensive, and more secure methods for hydrogen
creation. Examination is being done the whole way across the country and the world
to discover economical and safe approaches to create hydrogen to multiply the
fantasy of the hydrogen economy.
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