COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING

MATERIAL

Sector: AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY SECTOR

Qualification Title: Animal Production (Ruminants) NC II

Unit of Competency: Raise Dairy Animals

Module Title: Raising Dairy Animals

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

Region XI

HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING

MATERIAL
 The unit of competency, “Raise Dairy Animals”, is one of the
competencies of ANIMAL PRODUCTION (Ruminants) NC II, a course which
comprises the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for a TVET trainee to
possess.
The module, Raising Dairy Animals contains training materials and
activities related to handling dairy animals, rearing calves and kids, rearing
dairy-breeder animals and complete the operations.
In this module, you are required to go through a series of learning
activities in order to complete each learning outcome. In each learning
outcome are Information Sheets, Self-checks, Operation Sheets, Task Sheets,
and Job Sheets. Follow and perform the activities on your own. If you have
questions, do not hesitate to ask for assistance from your facilitator.
Remember to:
 Read information sheet and complete the self-checks.
 Perform the Task Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Job Sheets until you
are confident that your outputs conform to the Performance Criteria
Checklists that follow the said work sheets.
 Submit outputs of the Task Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Job Sheets
to your facilitator for evaluation and recording in the Achievement
Chart. Outputs shall serve as your portfolio during the Institutional
Competency Evaluation. When you feel confident that you have had
sufficient practice, ask your trainer to evaluate you. The results of
your assessment will be recorded in your Achievement Chart and
Progress Chart.
You must pass the Institutional Competency Evaluation for this
competency before moving to another competency. A Certificate of
Achievement will be awarded to you after passing the evaluation.

You need to complete this module before you can perform the module
on Raise meat-type animals.

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 ANIMAL PRODUCTION (RUMINANTS) NC II
COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

LIST OF COMPETENCIES
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

1 MAINTAIN HOUSING, MAINTAINING HOUSING, AFF621901

FARM IMPLEMENTS AND FARM IMPLEMENTS AND
SURROUNDING AREAS SURROUNDING AREAS

2 PROVIDE FORAGE PROVIDING FORAGE AFF621902

3 PERFORM BREEDING OF PERFORMING BREEDING AFF621903

RUMINANTS OF RUMINANTS

4 RAISE DAIRY ANIMALS RAISING DAIRY ANIMALS AFF621903

5 RAISE MEAT-TYPE RAISE MEAT-TYPE AFF621904

ANIMALS ANIMALS

MODULE CONTENT

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: RAISE DAIRY ANIMALS

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MODULE TITLE: RAISING DAIRY ANIMALS

MODULE DESCRIPTOR:

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes in raising dairy
animals. It includes handling dairy animals, rearing calves and kids, rearing
dairy-breeder animals and completing the operations.

Nominal Duration: 40 hours

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this module, the trainee/students MUST be able to:

1. Handle dairy animals.

2. Rear calves and kids.
3. Rear dairy-breeder animals
4. Complete the operations.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

1. Pregnant animals are separated from the general herd and are kept in
maternity pen.
2. Assistance during calving/kidding is provided according to GAHP.
3. Lactating ruminants are fed according to standards.
4. Lactating ruminants are maintained following production objective.
5. Milk is collected and checked for quality based on the standard
procedures.
6. Collected milk are pasteurized and packaged following standard hygienic
procedures (HACCP)
7. Newly born calf /kid is reared according to developed rearing system.
8. Tools and materials are prepared according to work requirements.
9. Routine feeding is carried-out at prescribed feeding intervals.
10. Small and less vigorous calves and kids are identified and separated
from others for specialized feeding.
11. Calves and kids are separated as required for routine husbandry or
animal health procedures.
12. Progress and development of calves/kids is monitored regularly through
weighing and/or visual appraisal.
13. Welfare and health abnormalities are reported to the appropriate
authority.

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14. Dairy-breeder- animals-to-be are placed in appropriate housing
according to establish farm procedures and GAHP.
15. Animals are fed according to prescribed feeding intervals.
16. Welfare and health abnormalities are reported to the appropriate
authority
17. Monitoring of animals is done regularly through weighing and/or visual
appraisal.
18. Adult Breeder for dairy-type animals are selected for breeding purposes
according to breeds standard.
19. Male animals not intended for breeding are sold for meat.
20. Animal and financial records derived from dairy operations are kept and
updated according to industry standard.
21. Tools and materials are maintained and stored according to
manufacturer’s specification and enterprise protocol.
22. Area is cleaned-up according to enterprise protocol
23. Wastes are disposed following environmental regulations and enterprise
procedures.

LEARNING OUTCOME #1 HANDLE DAIRY ANIMALS

CONTENTS:
 Milk Quality

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ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Pregnant animals are separated from the general herd and are kept in
maternity pen.
2. Assistance during calving/kidding is provided according to GAHP.
3. Lactating ruminants are fed according to standards.
4. Lactating ruminants are maintained following production objective.
5. Milk is collected and checked for quality based on the standard
procedures.
6. Collected milk are pasteurized and packaged following standard hygienic
procedures (HACCP)

CONDITIONS: Trainees must be provided with the following:

 Learning modules

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Written Examination
 Demonstration with questions
 Oral evaluation

Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome 1

Handle dairy animals

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 4.1-1: This Learning Outcome deals with the
“Breed of Animals” development of the Institutional

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Answer Self-check 4.1-1 Competency Evaluation Tool which
trainers use in evaluating their trainees
after finishing a competency of the
qualification.

Go through the learning activities

outlined for you on the left column to gain
the necessary information or knowledge
before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the
evaluation tool.

The output of this LO is a complete

Institutional Competency Evaluation
Package for one Competency of Animal
Production (Ruminants) NC II. Your
output shall serve as one of your portfolio
for your Institutional Competency
Evaluation for Raise Dairy Animals.

Feel free to show your outputs to your

trainer as you accomplish them for
guidance and evaluation.

After doing all the activities for this LO,

you are ready to proceed to the next LO:
Raise meat-type animals.

Information Sheet 4.1-1

Milk Quality
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, the trainee must be able to know
the good quality of milk.

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Milk quality impacts on milk pricing, and therefore dairy farm profits.
Mastitis is the main threat to milk quality, and controlling the mastitis is
very important.

What is mastitis

Mastitis is inflammation of the cow’s mammary gland usually caused by

bacteria entering the teat canal and moving to the udder. The main types
are:

• contagious mastitis
• environmental mastitis

Cow-associated (or contagious mastitis)

The main bacteria causing contagious mastitis are Staph aureus and Strep
agalactiae. They mostly live inside udders or on teat skin and are spread
either by splashes of infected milk or sprays during stripping, on milkers’
hands or teat cup liners, and by cross flow of milk between teat cups.

Strep agalactiae bacteria tend to locate in duct areas of the udder where
antibiotics are effective. Strep agalactiae is very sensitive to penicillin, so
there are relatively high cure rates. However, Staph aureus forms pockets of
infection protected from antibiotics by scar tissue. A third organism, Strep
uberis is sometimes spread at milking.

Environmental Mastitis

Soil, manure, bedding, calving pads and water host bacteria that cause
environmental mastitis. They also occur on parts of the cow other than the
mammary gland. Housed cows tend to be more at risk than grazing cows.

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The main bacteria are Strep uberis which can sometimes persist, and can
spread at milking. The other culprit is E. coli which does not thrive in the
lactating udder and often the infections do not persist.

Transition and post-calving cows are very susceptible to these infections

because their natural defences are low. Large infections of environmental
mastitis bacteria can contaminate teats, especially if udders are wet and
exposed to mud and manure, such as when animals lie down during
calving.

Farm-Related Off-Flavors of Milk

Off-flavors and odors can be present in raw milk due to practices on the
farm. Some are minor and difficult to avoid, while others are due to poor
practices and can be reason for rejecting a milk load. Most flavor/odor
defects will be carried over into the finished product, although some of the
volatile defects can be partially removed. Defects in milk can be classified as:

Absorbed – cows breathing in odors in the air can transmit these to the milk
through the bloodstream, while some odors can be directly absorbed by the
milk during storage;

Bacterial – growth of spoilage microorganisms; or

Chemical – related enzymes, feed, and health of the cow as well as milk
handling procedures (e.g., cleaning chemicals).

Barny/Cowy: Associated with strong barn odors (e.g., poor barn aeration)
absorbed by the cow or the milk during storage. Some animals will produce
“cowy” milk that is related to poor animal health (e.g., ketosis).

Feedy: Associated with strong feed odors that are absorbed by the cow or
directly into the milk during storage. Feed flavors/odors most often mimic
the nature of the feed (e.g., silage, hay, soy). They are often present in low
levels not considered objectionable, although strong feed flavors/odors,
especially those related to poor-quality feeds, may be cause to reject milk.
Feed flavors can be minimized by not feeding immediately before milking.
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Related off-flavors include those of wild onion/garlic (especially in the
South).

Malty/Acid/Sour: Due to the growth of bacteria that produce acid, some of

which can produce a “malty” defect. Most often associated with poor cooling
of the milk (e.g., from a farm with a broken compressor).

Oxidized: Cardboardy or “old-oil” odor and flavor resulting from the

oxidation of milk fats in the presence of metals (such as copper
contamination). Feeds high in certain fats (e.g., soybeans) and/or low levels
of vitamin E in the cows’ diet may also increase the milk’s susceptibility to
oxidation.

Rancid: Sour-like defect that occurs in milk due to excessive agitation and
other factors related to increasing the susceptibility of the milk fat to the
hydrolytic enzyme lipase. Lipase breaks down butterfat to free fatty acids
(such as butyric) that can result in rancid off-flavors (e.g., soapy, baby-
vomit, blue cheese).

Self-Check 4.1 True or False

1. Off-flavors and odors can be present in raw milk due to practices on the
farm.

2. Some animals will produce “cowy” milk that is related to poor animal
health (e.g., ketosis).

3. Feed flavors can be minimized by not feeding immediately before milking.

4. Soil, manure, bedding, calving pads and water host bacteria that cause
environmental mastitis.

5. The main bacteria causing contagious mastitis are Staph aureus and
Strep agalactiae.

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 Answer Key
Answer Key Self-Check 4.1-1

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True

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LEARNING OUTCOME #2 REAR CALVES AND KIDS

CONTENTS:
 Rearing System

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Newly born calf /kid is reared according to developed rearing system.

2. Tools and materials are prepared according to work requirements.
3. Routine feeding is carried-out at prescribed feeding intervals.
4. Small and less vigorous calves and kids are identified and separated from
others for specialized feeding.
5. Calves and kids are separated as required for routine husbandry or
animal health procedures.
6. Progress and development of calves/kids is monitored regularly through
weighing and/or visual appraisal.
7. Welfare and health abnormalities are reported to the appropriate
authority.

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CONDITIONS: The student/trainee must be provided with the following:

 Learning modules
 Video presentation

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Written Test
 Demonstration with questions
 Oral Evaluation

Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome 2

Breed ruminants

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 4.2-1: This Learning Outcome deals with the
development of the Institutional
“ Rearing System”
Competency Evaluation Tool which
Answer Self-check 4.2-1 trainers use in evaluating their trainees
after finishing a competency of the
qualification.

Go through the learning activities outlined

for you on the left column to gain the
necessary information or knowledge
before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the
evaluation tool.

The output of this LO is a complete

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 Institutional Competency Evaluation
Package for one Competency of Animal
Production (Ruminants) NC II. Your
output shall serve as one of your portfolio
for your Institutional Competency
Evaluation for Raise Dairy Animals.

Feel free to show your outputs to your

trainer as you accomplish them for
guidance and evaluation.

After doing all the activities for this LO,

you are ready to proceed to the next LO:
Rear dairy-breeder animals.

Information Sheet 4.2-1

Rearing System
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to select
poultry stocks.

System of Calf Rearing

1. Sucking method:

In this method, the calf is allowed to stay with its mother and allowed to
suckle only a little before and after of milking the cow. The calf gets whole
milk throughout lactation.

Advantages:

1.This is natural system of feeding.

2. The calf gets contamination free milk.

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3. No much care is required to take during feeding.
4. The mother-calf affection developed.

Disadvantages:

1. If calf dies, the cow refuses to let the milk.

2. It cannot be ascertained about over feed or under feeding of the calf.
3. If milk is infected the infection may be to calf.
4. The actual quantity of milk yield of cow cannot be calculated.
5. The postpartum heat is late.

2. Weaning method:

In this system, the calf is taken away from its mother either just after the
birth or after 2-3 days of birth, sometimes it is allowed till the period of
colostrum feeding. After that, the calf rearing is entirely by isolation system.

The immediate step, after weaning of the calf is to teach it to drink milk is
very important

1. Nipple system: Used for 3-4 days-aged calves. A pail containing milk
equipped with rubber nipple used which the calf sucks.
2. Hand fiddling: When the calf develops appetite insert two fingers of
right hand into the mouth while holding milk in left hand at
convenient height for the calf. While calf suckles the fingers, the
muzzle is gradually pressed down into milk pan. This way calf learns
to drink milk.

Advantage:

1.Cow continues to give milk whether calf is alive or not.

2. The calf can be culled at an early stage.
3. It can be fed scientifically as per requirements no problem of under
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feeding and over feeding.
4. The actual amount of milk produced by cow can be determined.
5. Milking without calf is more hygienic & sanitary.
6. Cow becomes regular breeder; the calving interval is less than the
unweaned calves.

3. Milk feeding schedule to the calf:

The calf after weaning from the Jam, it should be fed with the whole milk,
skim milk and re-constituted milk and also calf starters in gradual age. The
temperature of the milk must be body temp. I.e. 39°C, the utensils used
must be clean and sterilized; the milk should be fed twice a daily.

Calf age Colostrums (lire. Whole milk (liters Skim milk (liters
Body (days) Per body wt.) per body weight) per body wt.)
weight (kg)
Upto25 Upto5 1/10th - -
20-30 6 - 20 - 1/ 10th -
25-50 21-30 - l/15th 1/20th
30-60   31-60 - l/20th l/25th
40-75 61-100 - l/25th  l/25th

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 Self-Check 4.2-1 True or False

1. Milking without calf is more hygienic & sanitary.

2. A pail containing milk equipped with rubber nipple used which the calf
sucks is effective in weaning method.

3. In weaning method the calf is allowed to stay with its mother and allowed
to suckle only a little before and after of milking the cow.

4. In sucking method cow continues to give milk whether calf is alive or not.

5. If calf dies, the cow refuses to let the milk.

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 Answer Key to

Self-Check 4.2-1

1. True

2. True

3. False

4. False

5. True

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LEARNING OUTCOME #3 REAR DAIRY-BREEDER ANIMALS
CONTENTS:
 Dairy Breeder Animals

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Newly born calf /kid is reared according to developed rearing system.

2. Tools and materials are prepared according to work requirements.
3. Routine feeding is carried-out at prescribed feeding intervals.
4. Small and less vigorous calves and kids are identified and separated from
others for specialized feeding.
5. Calves and kids are separated as required for routine husbandry or
animal health procedures.
6. Progress and development of calves/kids is monitored regularly through
weighing and/or visual appraisal.
7. Welfare and health abnormalities are reported to the appropriate
authority.

CONDITIONS: The student/trainee must be provided with the following:

 Materials, tools and equipment
 Learning modules

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Written examination
 Oral evaluation
 Demonstration

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 Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome 3

Rear dairy-breeders animals

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 4.3-1: This Learning Outcome deals with the
“Dairy Breeder Animals” development of the Institutional
Competency Evaluation Tool which
Answer Self-check 4.3-1
trainers use in evaluating their trainees
Read Information Sheet 4.3-2: after finishing a competency of the
“Abnormalities in Ruminants” qualification.

Answer Self-check 4.3-2 Go through the learning activities outlined

for you on the left column to gain the
necessary information or knowledge
before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the
evaluation tool.

The output of this LO is a complete

Institutional Competency Evaluation
Package for one Competency of Animal
Production (Ruminants) NC II. Your
output shall serve as one of your portfolio
for your Institutional Competency
Evaluation for Raise Dairy Animals.

Feel free to show your outputs to your

trainer as you accomplish them for
guidance and evaluation.

After doing all the activities for this LO,

you are ready to proceed to the next LO:
Complete the operations.

Information Sheet 4.3-1

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 Dairy Breeder Animals
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, the trainee must be able to know
the different kinds of dairy breed animals.

Heifer

A young female cattle or buffalo.

Doelings
A female goat that has not given birth, usually less than one (1) year old.

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 Buckling
A young male breeder ruminant.

Junior bull
A male of a bovine animal, especially of thegenus Bos, with sexual organs 
intact and capable of reproduction.

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 Buck
A male breeder goat.

Bull
An adult male bovine mammal.

Self-Check 4.3-1

1. A male breeder goat.

a. kid b. buck c. lamb d. doe

2. A young male breeder ruminant.

a. buck b. bull c. buckling d. doelings

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3. A female goat that has not given birth, usually less than one (1) year old.

a. buck b. bull c. buckling d. doelings

4. A young female cattle or buffalo.

a. buck b. Heifer c. buckling d. doelings

Answer key
Self-Check 4.3-1

1. b

2. c

3. d

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4. b

Information Sheet 4.3-2

Abnormalities in Ruminants
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, the trainee must be able to know
the different abnormalities in ruminants.

Congenital defects can cause abortion or be present at time of birth.

They are uncommon but do occur in most breeds of cattle. Defects are
abnormalities in skeleton, body form, and body functions. Abnormalities
may result from genetic or environmental causes. When the environment
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is the cause, adjustments can reduce further economic losses. However,
genetic (inherited) causes are much more complex and difficult to
correct.

Environmental Causes

Environmental or non-genetic causes have the same economic results as

genetic causes but are far easier to rectify. Simply correcting the
environment will remove the problem. There are many environmental
factors, including disease and diet.

Certain conditions show that an abnormality is likely to be

environmental in nature:

1. The abnormality coincided with an environmental factor and

was absent upon removal of the factor.
2. The abnormality occurred in groups of non-related individuals.
3. The symptoms are similar to those of an abnormality known to
result from environmental factors.
Genetic Causes

Chromosomes inherited from parents determine an animal's genetic

make-up. There are many genes in each chromosome. Genetic
abnormalities occur when genes are missing, in excess, mutated or in
the wrong location (translocation). A few genes can directly cause an
abnormality, however, these are rare. Usually, these genes are recessive,
meaning two must be present to cause an abnormality. Both parents
must be carriers of the gene for a calf to be abnormal. In this case, only
one of every four offspring will be abnormal. Two will be carriers and one
will be normal.

Certain conditions show that an abnormality is likely to have a genetic

origin:

1. The abnormality is more common in a group of related animals.

2. The symptoms are similar to those of an abnormality identified
through test matings. Study of an animal's chromosomes using
blood samples can identify several genetic defects.
Common Genetic Defects
Hypotrichosis (Hairlessness)

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Hairlessness occurs in several breeds of beef cattle. It expresses itself as
complete or partial loss of hair. Calves are often born with no hair but
will grow a short curly coat of hair with age. Affected individuals are
prone to environmental stress (cold and wet) and skin infections are
more prevalent. A recessive gene causes hairlessness.

Figure 1. Partial Hypotrichosis.

Figure 2. Complete Hypotrichosis.

Alopecia Anemia

This syndrome has recently been identified in the Polled Hereford breed.
At the time of birth, alopecia anemia may be mistaken for hairlessness.
Affected calves are often small at birth, have a dirty-faced appearance,
and have protruding tongue and eyes. Hair is wiry, tightly curled or
absent while wrinkled skin gives the appearance of advanced aging.
Calves are lethargic, cannot tolerate stress and are very prone to disease.
Few survive past six months of age. Malfunction of the skeletal structure
results in reduced red blood cell production (anaemia). Alopecia anaemia
occurs in families but the exact mode of transmission is unknown.

Figure 3. Three-day-old calf affected

with congenital alopecia and anaemia.
Note the appearance of the hair and skin
and the dirty face and protruding
tongue.

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Figure 4. Six-month-old calf, neck and shoulder. There is marked
wrinkling of the skin.

Translocations

A translocation occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and

attaches to another chromosome. The 1/29 translocation has been
identified in the Simmental, Charolais and Blonde D'Aquitaine breeds.
The 14/20 translocation occurs in most Continental breeds.
Translocations affect fertility but no other production traits. Carriers of
translocations have reduced conception rates and increased abortion
rates. Blood analysis allows easy identification of carriers.

Beta-mannosidosis (Beta-man)

The Beta-man disorder is due to a recessive gene that produces a

defective enzyme. The result is the birth of calves that never get up and
eventually die. The syndrome occurs in the Salers breed and a blood test
is available for identifying carriers.

Syndactyly (Mulefoot)

Syndactyly refers to the fusion of the two toes of the foot. Caused by a
recessive gene, mule foot most often affects the front feet. This condition
occurs in the Aberdeen Angus breed.

Figure 5. Syndactyly and normal hooves.

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Other genetic defects exist, most being of very low frequency.

What Should You Do?

When you suspect that you have a problem calf, consult your
veterinarian and OMAFRA extension specialist. Investigate all symptoms
and possible causes before concluding the problem is genetic or
environmental. When the cause is genetic, contact the breed association
and give them a full report of the findings. Progressive breed associations
are working to reduce the frequency of genetic abnormalities within their
breed.

To avoid further abnormalities in your herd without culling female

carriers, use non-carrier bulls unrelated to your herd. Practice no
inbreeding within the herd. Crossbreeding to a different breed is another
alternative.

Summary

Genetic abnormalities are not common. When they do occur, they cause
economic losses. Genetic and environmental factors cause abnormalities.
Environmental causes are quickly corrected while genetic causes require
longer term solutions. If an abnormality occurs on your farm, take
immediate action.

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 Self-Check 4.3-2

1. This caused by a recessive gene, it is most often affects the front feet.
a mule feet b. beta-man c. Translocations d. Hypotrichosis
2. This is due to a recessive gene that produces a defective enzyme.
a mule feet b. beta-man c. Translocations d. Hypotrichosis
3. This occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to
another chromosome.
a mule feet b. beta-man c. Translocations d. Hypotrichosis
4. It expresses itself as complete or partial loss of hair.
a mule feet b. beta-man c. Translocations d. Hypotrichosis

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 Answer key
Self-Check 2.4-1

1. a
2. b
3. c
4. d

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LEARNING OUTCOME #4 COMPLETE THE OPERATIONS

CONTENTS:
 Records

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Animal and financial records derived from dairy operations are kept and
updated according to industry standard.
2. Tools and materials are maintained and stored according to
manufacturer’s specification and enterprise protocol.
3. Area is cleaned-up according to enterprise protocol
4. Wastes are disposed following environmental regulations and enterprise
procedures.

CONDITIONS: The student/trainee must be provided with the following:

 Learning modules
 Visual aids

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Oral Evaluation
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  Written Examination
 Demonstration

Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome 4

Complete the operations

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 4.4-1: This Learning Outcome deals with the
“Records” development of the Institutional
Answer Self-check 4.4-1 Competency Evaluation Tool which
trainers use in evaluating their trainees
after finishing a competency of the
qualification.

Go through the learning activities outlined

for you on the left column to gain the
necessary information or knowledge
before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the
evaluation tool.

The output of this LO is a complete

Institutional Competency Evaluation
Package for one Competency of Animal
Production (Ruminants) NC II. Your
output shall serve as one of your portfolio
for your Institutional Competency

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 Evaluation for Raise Dairy Animals.

Feel free to show your outputs to your

trainer as you accomplish them for
guidance and evaluation.

After doing all the activities for this LO,

you are ready to proceed to the next
competency: Raise meat-type animals.

Information Sheet 4.4-1

Records

Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to determine the
importance of recording in the farm.

What is it to 'keep records'?

To keep records is simply to collect relevant information that can help you to
take good decisions and to keep track of activities, production and
important events on a farm. Records can be about any performance of the
animals, economic development, or any activity of the farmer or
veterinarian. It is important to keep record keeping simple, and to keep
records systematic. If records should be of use for the farmer, than they
must be complete (none missing), they should be true (collected carefully).
When record cant be trusted because they are not complete or true, time
should not be spent on it at all.

The records can:

1. Be used in determining profitability of various techniques used at the

farm.

2. Be used to keep your memory on what you did and/or what happened

3. Be used in decision making, especially on a strategic level

4. Be used to compare the efficiency of use of inputs, such as land, labour

and capital, for example when implementing a new / alternative systems

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 5. Help the farmer / investor in improving the efficiency of farm's
operations.

The real value is to support the farmer and the advisors to keep track and
take decisions. Too often, records are only kept for the purpose of official
reporting, e.g. to the Ministry headquarters for the parasitical and not used
as a tool on the farm/ranch for making the decision in time.

The records should be simple, easy and quick to interpret, and then they
can be supplemented with remarks which can explain some unusual events
or findings.

What can records be used for?

If a farmer wants to build a financially successful livestock enterprise,
record keeping is a must. The records can be used to further develop the
farm and the herd, and thereby the sector in the country. For many farmers,
it helps to think of their farm as a business, and to see that good care and
good management actually also influences the production and profitability of
the farm.

Records are important in (animal) farming because:

1. To keep track of all animals (Identification records)

2. Evaluation of livestock for selection (breeding records; financial records;

production records)

3. Control of inbreeding and aid in breeding planning (breeding records)

4. Aid in selecting animals with the right characteristics for breeding

(production, health, feed efficiency) to improve the herd or flock

5. To rationalize labor.

6. Aids in feed planning and management.

7. Aids in disease management; keeping track about treatment (disease

records)

8. Aids in finding the effective treatments

9. To assess profitability/losses (financial records)

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10. Improves bargaining power on products, because you can see the
investment and the price of the production (financial records)

11.Credit/loan access (financial records)

Types of Records
The major types of records which are all described below:
1. Identification
2. Breeding
3. Production
4. Feeding
5. Disease and treatment records
6. Financial records

1. Identification Records
An identification method should be cheap, not harming the animal, reliable
to read at a distance of at least 2-3 meters and by preference be permanent.

Identification of the animals is of course not necessary if a farm has only

one animal of a certain species, sex and age group.

Identification of animals is usually through use of numbering, by marking of

the animal and by description of certain characteristics of the animal. The
latter is the most animal friendly, and can be done in practice by drawing
e.g. the different color spots of the animals, or certain cowlicks, or taking
photos. Giving the animals names and keeping a table with the
characteristics of the animal and link it to the name can work in many
cases.

Intrusive methods of identification can be subdivided into 2 categories:

permanent at the animal itself (which affect the animals most when doing it)
and non-permanent.

Permanent Identification
1. Tattooing (ear or under)
2. Brand (Hot iron, freeze and chemicals)
3. Ear-notching, Punching
4. Tags (Ear-tags, Flank-tags, tail-tags and Brisket-tags; permanent if they
do not fall off)

Non-Permanent identification
1. Collars or neck or leg straps (chains)
2. Paint and dyes (can be very animal friendly, but if the paint is full of
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chemicals it is not healthy and is not recommended, please check)

Link to specific advice on identification and cattle / pigs / etc.

2. Breeding Records
The importance of breeding records is to measure the productive efficiency
of the herd and to enable culling and selection. For example, many farmers
would like a cow or a goat which gives birth yearly, or a sow 2 litters per
year. Therefore, an accurate up-to-date breeding record of each individual
female is necessary. An indicator for fertility/efficiency of mating or
inseminations is e. g the number of mating or inseminations needed to get
an animal pregnant.

If many mating or inseminations are needed, it can indicate that there is a

problem with the female or the male, or it can indicate that the observation
of the heats is not efficient, or the semen, the technique of insemination is
insufficient, or the feeding is imbalanced. If the cow is taken to a bull, it can
be the cow or the bull which has a problem. Data for insemination or service
with a male also is needed to be reminded when the female should be
prepared before giving birth, e.g. like in the cow?s case, to be dried off in
time.

The most important data in breeding records include:

- Pedigree/parentage (name or other identification of parents and grand
parents)
- Fertility (dates of all services (this also allows calculating the number of
services per conception), dates of giving birth (allows to calculate the age of
first calving/giving birth and the period between successive birth)
- Birth details (number and weight of newborns, was assistance necessary?
Stillborn / perinatal deaths / vitality score)

Link on suggestion to record form for dairy cattle

3. Production Records
These records are useful in measuring the performance of the animals and
the herd. It contributes greatly to the economic appraisal of the enterprise. It
can help farmers take decisions on investments, based on how many
animals produce how much on the farm, so how much surplus can the
family expect?

The records can also be used by the whole sector to improve the genetics of
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the animals in the country, with specific focus on the production.

Production records are kept of

- animal products like eggs per hen per week and milk per cow per day in
combination with milk quality data, and of
- the animals which are slaughtered, in terms of for example weight,
weaning age and weight, daily gain, production period, and how many
animals e.g. per litter reached slaughtering.

Production records are also necessary when farmers start selling products
together, to know how much is available every day or every week or in a
certain period.

Link on suggestion to production record for each animal species

4. Feeding Records
Feeding records give information about the amount, type and quality of the
feed.

Feeding records can be used both for day to day management and
adjustment of the feed ration. Together with the production data, it can for
example be used to adjust if a milking cow needs more concentrate, or help
in decisions about examining animals which seem to not grow, but still eat
very much. It can also be used for planning of activities related to feed
conservation and establishment of grazing areas in the following season.

The important feeding records are:

- Produced and available fodder on farm; quantity and if possible quality of
the different feeds. Including content of energy, protein and minerals
- A feeding plan which tells how much feed is required per day per animal in
different age groups (grown-ups, newborn, pregnant the first time etc.) or
per group of animals (hens):
Left-over feed if any (per head and per feed, if possible)
Spoilage (per batch)

Link on suggestion to record form

5. Disease and treatment records

Disease and treatment records are necessary to keep track of the disease
events in which each animal is involved during its lifetime. This can guide to
better management practices by leading the attention to repeated events or
certain vulnerable groups of animals over time (e.g. it can show how animals
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almost always need disease treatments during weaning). It provides
information about the health status of each individual animal and the whole
heard, and it can help ensuring important vaccinations given at the right
time.

On basis of the disease and treatment records, success of interventions both

for prevention and treatment can also be evaluated.

After treatment with dewormers, acaricides and antibiotics and other

medicines, milk, eggs and meat cannot be eaten by humans for some time.
The records are essential for keeping track of this, e.g. when this withdrawal
time is over. In organic animal husbandry, the withdrawal time is normally
longer than the ordinary withdrawal time (double, or three times)

Disease and treatment records can for example involve:

- Disease occurrence and date

- All handlings to cure diseases (also non chemical treatment)
- Vaccination
- Dipping/spraying
- Treatment
- De-worming
- Postmortem

Link on suggestion to record form

6. Financial Records
The records of the costs and earnings related to the animal farming be kept
for cash analysis and enterprise appraisal.

In most households, the most necessary records are simple overview over
the family cash flow, that is, the total economy in the household: what
comes in? and what do we buy?

In addition to this, keeping records of the animal enterprises is and

important part, because it can show whether it gives an income to the family
or not. If records are kept particularly for the animal herd as an income
generating commodities, it will help the family to see what they invest in it,
and what it costs to produce it. Also in relation to the animal farm, an
investment is more than an expenditure? an investment hopefully enables
and improves the production in the future. It is also important to count
approximately how many hours of work it has taken in the animal herd,
because it can help price setting.
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Economic records are of paramount interest in providing the farmer with
information concerning the profitability of his farm. Moreover they are of
great help in decision making at the right time. For example, is it profitable
to feed concentrates, is it advisable to apply for a loan or credit to invest in a
machinery or technology? Answering these questions is only possible if
adequate records are available. Moreover, for tax purposes and for the
purpose of getting loans or credit, economic records are required.

Link on suggestion to record form

Record keeping for Cattle production

Excellent records are the cornerstone of building a financially successful
beef/Dairy enterprise and they will be of great help in the development of
the Beef/dairy husbandry and beef/dairy industry of any country.
In summary, the importance of good record keeping include:
 Aids in efficient management of the herd
 Improves bargaining power on products

 Evaluation of livestock for selection

 Adding value to livestock

 Control of inbreeding and aid in breeding planning

 Aid in culling low performers

 To assess profitability/losses

 Aid in gross margin analysis

 Credit/loan access

 To rationalize labor

 Aids in disease management

 Aids in feed planning and management

Types of Records
The major types of records are:

 Physical (identification)
 Breeding

 Production (Performance)

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  Feeding

 Health

 Financial records

Identification Records
The needs are for an identification method that is cheap, not damaging to
the animal and reliable at a distance of at least 2-3 meters and by
preference permanent.
Identification of animals is usually through use of numbering, by marking of
the animal and by description of certain characteristics of the animal.
Methods of identification can be subdivided into 2 categories: permanent
and non-permanent.

Permanent Identification
1. Tattooing (ear or under)
2. Description (diagrams, sketches and photographs)
3. Ear-notching/Punching
4. Brands (Hot iron, freeze and chemicals)

Non-Permanent identification
1. Tags (Ear-tags, Flank-tags, tail-tags and Brisket-tags)
2. Collars or neck straps (chains)
3. Paint and dyes
4. Hair Braiding
5. Naming

Breeding Records
The importance of breeding is to measure the productive efficiency of the
herd and to enable culling and selection exercise to be carried out for
breeding and genetic improvement. A good farmer would like a cow which
gives a calf yearly. Therefore, an accurate breeding record of each individual
cow which is up-to-date is needed and also a breeding record for the total
herd. An indicator for that is e. g the number of inseminations needed to get
a cow in calf. In addition to this, the data for the breeding record provides
information about when certain cows have to be dried off and when certain
cows are due to calve while others need to be insemination for proper herd
management. The important data in breeding records include:
 Pedigree/parentage (Dam name, grand dam, sire name,
grand sire)

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  Growth (Date of birth, birth weight, date of weaning,
weaning weight, sale weight, sale date)

 Fertility (Age at first service, age at first calving, date of

calving, number of services per conception)

Production (Performance) Records

These records are useful in measuring the performance of the herd/flock
and for the economic appraisal of the enterprise. Production and breeding
records will give the farmer direct profit but also indirect profit by using
progeny tested bulls from Artificial Insemination (AI) stations. Progeny
testing is only possible if production and breeding figures of daughters are
available. At the moment many farmers in Africa are importing semen of
purebred and progeny tested bulls from Western Europe, North America,
New Zealand, and Australia to improve the genetic ability of their cattle. This
would have been impossible if those countries did not have a highly
developed recording system. Breeding recording system would be a great
help in selecting the bulls for the National AI services and would make
imports of often very expensive semen superfluous.
Records however, are worth the most when they are used the most. For
dairy industry, the important records are:
 Daily milk yield
 Milk content (Butter fat content, protein, Solid Non Fat)

 Lactation length

 Milk fed to calves

 Milk consumed at home

 Milk sold

 Milk spoilt

Feeding Records
These should indicate the amount of feeding given as well as the type of
feed. Feeding records should be used the most for day-to-day management,
evaluating pasture management practices and for planning of activities in
the future. The day to day management decisions which are to be made are
for instance, which cows need concentrates and how much, cows to be
culled and why etc. Thus the important records are:
 Available fodder on farm
 Quantity fed

 Concentrate supplemented
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  Minerals

 Left-over ( per head and per feed, if possible)

 Spoilage (per batch)

Health records
Health records are needed to do the required vaccinations at the right time
and to prevent disasters like foot and moth epidemic. They also provide
information about the health status of each individual animal and the whole
heard. Only with the breeding and health records can a good and wise
decision be made.
 Vaccination
 Dipping/spraying

 Treatment

 De-worming

 Postmortem

Financial Records
The records of the expenditure and revenue should be kept for cash analysis
and enterprise appraisal. Economic records are of paramount interest in
providing the farmer with information concerning the profitability of his
farm. Moreover they are of great help in decision making at the right time.
For example, is it profitable to feed concentrates, is it advisable to apply for
a loan or credit to invest in a machinery or technology, is it more economic
to raise the calves with whole or skimmed milk? Answering these questions
is only possible if adequate records are available. Moreover, for tax purposes
and for the purpose of getting loans or credit, economic records are
required.

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 Self-Check 4.4-1

1. Light controls valuable tool for_______?

a controlling sexual maturity
b. ensuring maximum egg production
c. increasing egg size
d. all of these
2. Debeaking or beak trimming is most effective method of______.
a. preventing feather-picking
b. avoid cannibalism
c. minimizing feed wastage
d. all of these
3. Which is a sign of good layer?
a. late-molter
b. eyes are dull and somewhat cloudy
c. vent-small dry and round
d. comb shrunken and dull red
4. How do you catch laying hens during culling?
a. Use a catching create to confine the birds.
b. Run after the birds inside the poultry house until they get tired.
c. Feed the birds to facilitate catching.
d. catch them at middle of the night.
5. What factors should be considered when culling?
a. rate of laying

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 b. rate of molting
c. length of time in production
d. all of these

Answer key
Self-Check 2.4-1

1.D
2.D
3. A
4. A
5.D

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References:

CBLM

www.google.com

www.yahoo.com

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