COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING

MATERIAL

Sector: AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY SECTOR

Qualification Title: Animal Production (Ruminants)NC II

Unit of Competency: Raise Meat-Type Animals

Module Title: Raising Meat-Type Animals

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

Region XI

HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING

MATERIAL
 The unit of competency, “Raise Meat-Type Animals”, is one of the
competencies of ANIMAL PRODUCTION (Ruminants) NCII, a course which
comprises the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for a TVET trainee to
possess.
The module, Raising Meat-Type Animals contains training materials
and activities related to providing assistance in management of meat-type
animals, feeding animals, applying basic health care, performing work to
completion.
In this module, you are required to go through a series of learning
activities in order to complete each learning outcome. In each learning
outcome are Information Sheets, Self-checks, Operation Sheets, Task Sheets,
and Job Sheets. Follow and perform the activities on your own. If you have
questions, do not hesitate to ask for assistance from your facilitator.
Remember to:
 Read information sheet and complete the self-checks.
 Perform the Task Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Job Sheets until you
are confident that your outputs conform to the Performance Criteria
Checklists that follow the said work sheets.
 Submit outputs of the Task Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Job Sheets
to your facilitator for evaluation and recording in the Achievement
Chart. Outputs shall serve as your portfolio during the Institutional
Competency Evaluation. When you feel confident that you have had
sufficient practice, ask your trainer to evaluate you. The results of
your assessment will be recorded in your Achievement Chart and
Progress Chart.
You must pass the Institutional Competency Evaluation for this
competency before moving to another competency. A Certificate of
Achievement will be awarded to you after passing the evaluation.

You need to complete this module before you can take the national
assessment.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (RUMINANTS) NC II

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

LIST OF COMPETENCIES

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No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

1 MAINTAIN HOUSING, MAINTAINING HOUSING, AFF621901

FARM IMPLEMENTS AND FARM IMPLEMENTS AND
SURROUNDING AREAS SURROUNDING AREAS

2 PROVIDE FORAGE PROVIDING FORAGE AFF621902

3 PERFORM BREEDING OF PERFORMING BREEDING AFF621903

RUMINANTS OF RUMINANTS

4 RAISE DAIRY ANIMALS RAISING DAIRY ANIMALS AFF621903

5 RAISE MEAT-TYPE RAISING MEAT-TYPE AFF621904

ANIMALS ANIMALS

MODULE CONTENT

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: RAISE MEAT-TYPE ANIMALS

MODULE TITLE: RAISING MEAT-TYPE ANIMALS

MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
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This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes in raising meat-type
animals. It includes providing assistance in management of meat-type
animals, feeding animals, applying basic health care and performing work to
completion.

Nominal Duration: 40 hours

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this module, the trainee/students MUST be able to:

1. Providing assistance in management of meat-type animals

2. Feed animals.
3. Applying basic health care.
4. Performing work to completion.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

1. Assistance in pre-selection process of meat-type animals are provided

following instructions of authority and industry standards.
2. Meat-type animals are raised in complete/semi-confinement or under
grazing conditions
3. Fattening period is determined according to the target market weight.
4. Unproductive animals are managed according to the industry standards.
5. Assistance in animal husbandry practices are provided following GAHP.
6. Basal rations both for meat-type animals at various fattening periods are
identified and provided based on feeding standard.
7. Feed supplements like concentrates, minerals and vitamins are offered
according to animal requirements.
8. Feeding management for meat-type animals are identified and practiced
9. Grazing capacity of the pasture is determined based on established
pasture.
10. Sick animals are reported to appropriate authority.
11. Assistance is provided during implementation of medication program in
accordance with industry standards and instructions of authority.
12. Supplementation is done based on medication program.
13. Safety practices are observed according to Occupational Safety and
Health Standards (OSHS).
14. Breeder for meat-type animals are selected for breeding purposes
according to breeds standard.

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15. Animals are prepared for market disposal following instructions of
authority.
16. Animal and financial records derived from meat-type animals are
updated and kept according to industry standard.
17. Wastes disposal is done according to enterprise protocol and
environmental legislations.
18. Tools, materials and supplies are maintained and stored according to
enterprise procedures.
19. Reporting was done to immediate authority following enterprise
requirements

LEARNING OUTCOME #1 PROVIDING ASSISTANCE IN MANAGEMENT

OF MEAT-TYPE ANIMALS

CONTENTS:
 Unproductive animals
 Animal husbandry practices

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

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1. Assistance in pre-selection process of meat-type animals are provided
following instructions of authority and industry standards.
2. Meat-type animals are raised in complete/semi-confinement or under
grazing conditions
3. Fattening period is determined according to the target market weight.
4. Unproductive animals are managed according to the industry standards.
5. Assistance in animal husbandry practices are provided following GAHP.

CONDITIONS: Trainees must be provided with the following:

 Learning modules

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Written Examination
 Demonstration with questions
 Oral evaluation

Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome 1

Providing Assistance in Management of Meat-type Animals

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 5.1-1: This Learning Outcome deals with the
“Unproductive Animals” development of the Institutional
Competency Evaluation Tool which
Answer Self-check 5.1-1 trainers use in evaluating their trainees

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Read Information Sheet 5.1-2: after finishing a competency of the
“Animal husbandry practices” qualification.

Answer Self-check 5.1-2 Go through the learning activities

outlined for you on the left column to gain
the necessary information or knowledge
before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the
evaluation tool.

The output of this LO is a complete

Institutional Competency Evaluation
Package for one Competency of Animal
Production (Ruminants) NC II. Your
output shall serve as one of your portfolio
for your Institutional Competency
Evaluation for Raise Meat-type animals.

Feel free to show your outputs to your

trainer as you accomplish them for
guidance and evaluation.

After doing all the activities for this LO,

you are ready to proceed to the next LO:
Feed animals.

Information Sheet 5.1-1

Unproductive Animals
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, the trainee must be able to
identify the different characteristics of unproductive animals.

Flock management

In spite of its importance, the sheep sector has largely maintained an

exclusively extensive character. Livestock are still considered, particularly in

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private farms, a means of accumulating wealth. This explains the high rate
of unproductive animals sometimes found in the flocks.

Flock feeding is based essentially on natural vegetation resulting from

natural pastures and fallows. In summer, feed comes only from cereal
stubble and/or dry vegetation. As rainfall is irregular, these feed resources
are often quantitatively and qualitatively insufficient and animals often
suffer from chronic under nutrition. For this reason, farmers regularly rent
pasture areas, fallows and/or cereal stubble for their flocks, especially in
summer and autumn, the two most difficult seasons.

The addition of hay, straw and/or concentrates to the diet is often rare and
irregular. It is done only during the very dry periods to reduce mortality
rates.

Rams are always kept in the flock and the mating season is very long, from
April to November. Thus, lambings occur usually between September and
March with two peaks in October-November and February-March. Lambs
are weaned at 4 to 5 months of age with liveweight ranging from 20 to 30 g.
The fat-tail of ewes represents a natural obstacle to mating. Thus, the
intervention of the shepherd at this moment is essential to facilitate mating
by lifting the tail of oestrous females to one side.

The culling of animals is not always performed at the right time. In fact, old,
unproductive or low productive sheep can represent more than 35 percent of
many flocks. Further prophylactic measures are not systematically
undertaken. The main diseases encountered are gastrointestinal and
pulmonary strongylosis, enterotoxoemia and scabies.

Prolificacy

The prolificacy rate of these flocks ranged during the same period from 102
to 139 percent with a mean value of 117 percent. Although the Barbary is
not a highly prolific sheep, it has been demonstrated that prolificacy rate
can reach 144 percent in spring lambing ewes, 145 percent in well-flushed
ewes, 196 percent in ewes treated with 400 UI of PMSG and 172 percent
(160-181 percent) in females selected for prolificacy (Khaldi, unpublished
data).

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Birth weight and growth rate of lambs

Birth weight of Barbary sheep calculated during a period of 20 years at the

Experimental Station of Ousseltia in central Tunisia varied from 3.1 to 3.6 g
according to sex and litter size (Khaldi, 1980). On the other hand, growth
rate between the 10th and the 30th days of age ranged between 170 and
220 g/day and between 150 and 180 g/day (Table 1) for single males, single
females and twins (Khaldi, 1980).

Table 1: Birth weight (g) and growth rate (g/day) of Barbary lambs

  Single males Single females Twins

Birth weight (kg) 3.6 3.4 3.1

At 10-30 d (g) 220 200 170

At 30-90 d (g) 180 170 150

In a recent study, Khaldi et al. (1987) analysed the gentlc and phenotypic

variation factors of the growth parameters of Barbary lambs. These lambs
issued from the flock at Ousseltia Station during the period 1963-79. The
total number of lambs used was 3 653. The variables analized were birth
weight and weight at 10, 30 and 90 days of age and growth rate between 10
and 30 days and between 30 and 90 days.

The results of the study show that under the harsh conditions of central
Tunisia, all these parameters are closely related to the effect of the year
(Figures 5, 6, 7). Because of these harsh environmental conditions, lamb
growth is below their real potential since growth rates of 250 g/day are often
obtained under experimental conditions or in rainy years (Khaldi, 1984).

The growth potential of lambs is difficult to assess during the suckling

period as it is closely related to pregnancy and milk production of the ewe
for the first three months. Thus, selection for growth will depend on greatly
changed production methods (Khaldi, 1979, 1983, 1984).

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Mortality rates

The mortality rate of lambs in the study varied from 0 to 34 percent

according to year and management conditions. The mortality rate of adult
animals ranged between 0 and 21 percent. The mean mortality rate of all the
flocks was 8 and 5 percent for the two categories of animals respectively. It
is evident that these two parameters are significantly higher in dry years
than when rainfall does not represent a limiting factor.

Self-Check 5.1-1

True or False

1. The mortality rate of lambs in the study varied from 0 to 34 percent

according to year and management conditions.
2. Livestock are still considered, particularly in private farms, a means of
accumulating wealth.
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3. The mortality rate of adult animals ranged between 0 and 21 percent.
4. The variables analyzed were birth weight and weight at 10, 30 and 90
days of age and growth rate between 10 and 30 days and between 30
and 90 days.
5. Use either an ear punch or self-piercing ear tags, preferably the ear
punch because there would be more room around the tag after
healing.

Answer Key

Self-Check 5.1-1

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True
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 Information Sheet 5.1-2

Animal Husbandry Practices

Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, the trainee must be able to know
the different kinds of animal husbandry practices.

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:

There are management practices which are essential to the

successful operation of your goat project. It is important that you

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 carry them out properly and promptly so as to save time and labor,
as well as money. Here are some essential management practices in
raising goats.

1. MARKING

Each goat in the herd should be permanently marked in some manner for
these reasons:

a. To identify ownership
b. To distinguish each animal of the herd for record keeping purposes
c. To facilitate easy selection of the individual animal from the
herd in case you want to cull, dispose, medicate or segregate

Ear Tagging

Ear tags are usually of plastic or light metal and are numbered
consecutively. You can purchase ear tags from livestock supply houses
or make them yourself. The tag can be easily read if it is placed in the
middle of the ear, taking care however not to pierce the ear between
the visible cartilage ridges. Use either an ear punch or self-piercing ear
tags, preferably the ear punch because there would be more room
around the tag after healing. This makes the ear not so sensitive with
the tag. To prevent infection, put tincture of iodine on the wound
where the tag has been pierced through.

Tattooing

Making a tattoo is very simple. You can do it by using an ordinary

needle or a special tattoo instrument. If you prefer the latter, it is an
instrument, which looks like a pair of pliers into which numbers or
letters are inserted. It can be done in two ways.
a. In ears ( but extra careful not to hit the cartilage)
b. In the soft tissue on one side of the tail

Whichever of the above locations, you need to follow these

procedures: First, clean the part of the ear or soft tissue that has no

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veins or ridges. Then, print your tattoo code (be it numbered or letter)
by piercing through the area to be marked with a needle or tattoo
machine. After this, rub the tattoo ink into the pierced holes with your
finger.

2. Ear Notching

Notching the ears can be done with a sharp pair of scissors or knife.
Notches on certain parts of the ears indicate certain numbers, the
sum of the numbers represented by the notches being the number of
the goat.

3.Disbudding
Goats should be allowed to grow horns. Horns are not only dangerous to
other goats but also to human beings as well. It is advantageous,
therefore, that you will always disbud your kids when they reach about one
week old. However, not all goats have horns. Some are pooled and or
naturally hornless. You can determine whether your newly born kids will
grow horns by feeling the skin on the top of their heads. If the skin moves
freely, then no horns will grow. If the skin is attached, you will also feel
the small horn buds- then your goat will grow horns. Have someone hold
the kid firmly, either on the ground or in their lap. Clip the hair around the
horn bud with a pair of scissors to an area about the sixe of a five-centavo
coin. You will then be able to see the small, shiny horn bud. Then proceed
using the method below:

4. Hot Iron Cautery

Heat the disbudding iron until the end is cherry red. Place the red hot iron
over the horn bud and apply it with circular motion and light pressure.
Do this for six second or more, depending on the sixe and development
of the horn buds. Then use the side of the disbudding iron to flatten he tip of
the horn. Take care to keep the heat of the iron away the kid‟s eye. When the
disbudding is complete, a brown ring around the horn bud will be clearly
visible. If the area around the horn but is still charred black, then the
disbudding iron should be applied again. If the skin splits and the bone is
visible, then you have applied the iron too much pressure and / or too long.
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This is not a problem unless an infection develops. It is very important that
the iron can be cherry red hot. A lower temperature takes a longer time and
is more exhausting to the kid. Apply carbonated Vaseline or aloevera
(Cleopatra plant) mucilage to each disk immediately after disbudding.

5. Dehorning
It is the removal of the horns from the older goats. You can cut the horn
by using a small-toothed, very sharp saw. Cut the horn very close to the
skull and seal the wound with a hot iron cautery should there be bleeding.
Should bleeding continue dust the wound with iron sulfate until bleeding
stops. Continue to check the disbudde3d area for several weeks to be sure
there is no infection. If there is swelling and drainage, clean the area
carefully and apply antibiotic ointment. A disbudding iron may be made
with a ¾ inch steel pipe with a wooden handle or number 5 soldering irons
that has the tip sawed and hollowed out.

6. Castration

It is the removal of testicles of the male goat. All buck kids that will not be
kept or sold for breeding purposes should be castrated as early as possible.
By castrating them early in life, you can prevent accidental breeding and
also have chevon that is tender and without strong odor. The best time to
castrate the buck kid is when they are about one week old.

6. Hoof trimming
Overgrown hooves are painful to your goals. Instead of walking, you will
often see them lying down. Hoof Trimming, therefore should be practiced
regularly in your goat project. Do it every two to three months or as you see
it is needed.

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Weaning

This is another management practice in raising goats. Wean the kids at 4-5
months after birth. They should be taught to eat supplemental feeds at his
time. Separate the buck kids from the herd not later than 4-5 months. Or
else some of the kids will be bred too young thus stunting their growth.

Self-Check 5.1-2

1. It is the removal of testicles of the male goat.

a. dehorning b. castration c. hoof trimming d. weaning
2. It is the removal of the horns from the older goats.
a. dehorning b. castration c. hoof trimming d. weaning
3. Separate the buck kids from the herd not later than 4-5 months.
a. dehorning b. castration c. hoof trimming d. weaning
4. Notches on certain parts of the ears indicate certain numbers,
the sum of the numbers represented by the notches being the
number of the goat.
a. ear notching b. castration c. hoof trimming d. weaning

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5. Use either an ear punch or self-piercing ear tags, preferably the
ear punch because there would be more room around the tag
after healing.
a. ear notching b. castration c. weaning d. ear tagging

Answer Key

Self-Check 5.2-1

1. b
2. a
3. d
4. a
5. d

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LEARNING OUTCOME #2 FEED ANIMALS

CONTENTS:
 Basal Rations
 Feeding Management

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

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1. Basal rations both for meat-type animals at various fattening periods are
identified and provided based on feeding standard.
2. Feed supplements like concentrates, minerals and vitamins are offered
according to animal requirements.
3. Feeding management for meat-type animals are identified and practiced
4. Grazing capacity of the pasture is determined based on established
pasture.

CONDITIONS: The student/trainee must be provided with the following:

 Materials, Tools and Equipment

 Learning Modules

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Written Test
 Demonstration with questions
 Oral Evaluation

Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome 2

Breed ruminants

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 5.2-1: This Learning Outcome deals with the
development of the Institutional
“Basal Rations”
Competency Evaluation Tool which

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Answer Self-check 5.2-1 trainers use in evaluating their trainees
after finishing a competency of the
Read Information Sheet 5.2-2:
qualification.
“Feeding Management”
Go through the learning activities outlined
Answer Self-check 5.2-2 for you on the left column to gain the
necessary information or knowledge
before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the
evaluation tool.

The output of this LO is a complete

Institutional Competency Evaluation
Package for one Competency of Animal
Production (Ruminants) NC II. Your
output shall serve as one of your portfolio
for your Institutional Competency
Evaluation for Raise Dairy Animals.

Feel free to show your outputs to your

trainer as you accomplish them for
guidance and evaluation.

After doing all the activities for this LO,

you are ready to proceed to the next LO:
Rear dairy-breeder animals.

Information Sheet 5.2-1

Basal Rations
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to select the
basal rations

Basal ration is a minimal diet that contains only those things that are
essential or absolutely needed. This typically involves providing the body
with the energy it needs to function (in the form of sugars and starch) but it
is lacking in one or more vitamins. The term is not typically applied to
human diets but is used in reference to animal nutrition. A good example
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would be feeding cows with grains such as corn, oats, wheat, etc., or
products made from these grains. Other forms of basal rations include
fermented straw and alfalfa hay (separate). The amount of fiber in a basal
ration is not supposed to be greater than 18%. The protein content is greater
than 16%. Some farmers add supplements to the basal ration to meet the
nutritional needs of the animal.

A vitamin is one of a group of substances made up partly of carbon that are

essential in small amounts for normal bodily functioning and chemical
processes in the body to take place. If one does not get enough vitamins in
the diet, various types of diseases and deficiencies can occur in the body,
specific to the type of vitamin that is lacking. However, when the vitamin
that is lacking is administered to a person with a vitamin deficiency, the
symptoms associated with the lack of that vitamin usually improve. While
vitamin deficiency can be dangerous, vitamin toxicity (taking vitamins in
excess) can also be dangerous.

Fiber (sometimes writer as fibre) has several meanings in the field of

medicine but is most commonly used to refer to dietary fiber. Dietary fiber
is a term for chemical substances in the cells of plants that cannot be
digested by the human body. Each of the different types of dietary fiber has
different effects on functions of the digestive tract, such as water
absorption, and fat metabolism. Metabolism is a chemical process in the
body by which protein is any of a large group of naturally occurring complex
organic molecules containing nitrogen. A molecule is a combination of
atoms. An atom is the smallest part of a substance that can exist alone or
in combination with something else. The word "organic" means that the
compound contains carbon, a very common type of non-metallic element.
Nitrogen is a type of gaseous non-metallic element. Protein is about 75% of
the dry weight of most cell matter.

A ration of food is the amount provided over a 24-hour time period. It is

estimated that between 60 to 90% of animal feeds are basal rations. Unlike
other types of feeds, basal feeds contain sources of energy that are easily
digestible. Basal ration comes from the Latin word “basis” meaning
“foundation” and the Latin word “rationem” meaning “proportion.” Put the
words together and you get “foundation proportion.”

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 Self-Check 5.2-1

True or False

1. Basal ration is a minimal diet that contains only those things that are
essential or absolutely needed.

2. It is estimated that between 40% to 50% of animal feeds are basal rations.
3. Protein is any of a large group of naturally occurring complex organic
molecules containing nitrogen.

4. If one does not get enough vitamins in the diet, various types of diseases
and deficiencies can occur in the body, specific to the type of vitamin that is
lacking.
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5. Nitrate is a type of gaseous non-metallic element.

Answer Key to

Self-Check 5.2-1

1. True

2. False

3. True

4. True

5. False

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 Information Sheet 5.2-2

Feeding Management

Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to know the different
kinds of feeding management.

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Your system in raising goats will guide you in making the decision on
the design and dimension of the house you should provide for your
goats. There are several systems of raising goats, namely: zero grazing,
grazing and tethering or stacking.

CUT AND CARRY

The forage is cut and chopped in the field each day by a

farmer and hauled to the goat. The zero grazing system of

raising goats has several advantages:

1. Facilitate manure handling

2. Maintain uniform growth and quality
3. Goat / Sheep do not require management skills
4. The goats are less exposed to communicable diseases and worm
infestation for they do not come in contact with pasture
5. The animals are generally heavier in weight and higher in milk
production for they can conserve their energy due to their limited
movements.
6. The land space requirements is minimal, estimated to be ¼ a
hectare of improved pasture of six doe and a buck, but with good
varieties of forages, which are well managed, the number could reach
fifteen does and a buck.
7. Close attention can be given to animals because they can be easily
observed in pens.
8. The animals will eat more grasses for they will eat almost all
grasses they can find in the surroundings. As most people know, the
goat will not go out in the rain and graze.

The house for this system could be designed in such a way where the
goats could be classified according to their production of milk,
condition, age, etc. This is especially true when you have already a
quite large herd of animals.

GRAZING SYSTEM
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As term implies, the goats are allowed to graze in the pasture area for
at least 8 hours a day. They are only kept inside the house during
unfavorable hours of the day and during bad weather. This system can
be used for both milk and meat production.

These are the favorable points in the grazing

system of raising goat are:

1. The feeding in the pasture is more natural for the goats and will
provide them desirable exercise.

2. Feeding is not laborious as in zero grazing as the goats themselves

are the ones going to the pasture area to look for their feeds.
3. The building is less expensive to construct because you do not need
to provide partitions as in the case of zero grazing system.

These are the unfavorable points.

1. The goats will be more exposed to internal parasite infestation,
especially when they are allowed to continuously graze on
contaminated pasture areas.
2. Goats do not like rain, thus when there is rain for a day or two, the
goat goes hungry unless supplementary grasses are provided.
3. The space requirement will be larger, approximately ½ a hectare
for every 6 does and 1 buck.
4. If goats are being used for milk, the amount of milk produced is
lesser than with zero grazing.
5. Goats are exposed to dogs and are easily stolen
6. Fencing is very expensive

TETHERING or STAKING
When there are only one or two goats being raised, this system can be
utilized. Always to be moved for several times through-out the day and
should be given plenty of fresh water. Goats can be kept under the house
during rainy days. Also, goats that are tethered are more subject to injuries
or sudden deaths. Each year many goats are killed or injured by becoming
tangled in their rope.

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Intensive Feed Garden

It is the planting of forage and leguminous trees together on a piece of land

as potential nutritional source of animal feeds throughout the year. It
requires 200 sq. meters to feed cattle.

The concept of IFG aims at maximizing the production of a fodder in a

limited area (10 m x 20 m) through extensive cultivation of leguminous
trees, shrubs and other grasses. This technology is recommended
where compound farming is practiced and livestock has to be confined. It is
appropriate where feed is scarce and not readily available or for a cut and
carry system.
Self-Check 5.2-2

True or False

1. Goats do not like rain, thus when there is rain for a day or two, the goat
goes hungry unless supplementary grasses are provided.

2. The goats are allowed to graze in the pasture area for at least 8 hours a
day.

3. Goats that are tethered are more subject to injuries or sudden deaths.

4. The animals will eat more grasses for they will eat almost all grasses
they can find in the surroundings.

5. The advantages of zero grazing is that the goats are less exposed to
communicable diseases and worm infestation for they do not come in
contact with pasture

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 Answer Key to

Self-Check 5.2-2

1. True

2. True

3. True

4. True

5. True

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LEARNING OUTCOME #3 APPLYING BASIC HEALTH CARE
CONTENTS:
 Appearance of Healthy Animals
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Sick animals are reported to appropriate authority.

2. Assistance is provided during implementation of medication program in
accordance with industry standards and instructions of authority.
3. Supplementation is done based on medication program.
4. Safety practices are observed according to Occupational Safety and
Health Standards (OSHS).

CONDITIONS: The student/trainee must be provided with the following:

 Materials, tools and equipment

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Written examination
 Oral evaluation
 Demonstration

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 Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome 3

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 5.3-1: This Learning Outcome deals with the
“Appearance of Healthy development of the Institutional
Animals” Competency Evaluation Tool which
trainers use in evaluating their trainees
Answer Self-check 5.3-1
after finishing a competency of the
qualification.

Go through the learning activities outlined

for you on the left column to gain the
necessary information or knowledge
before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the
evaluation tool.

The output of this LO is a complete

Institutional Competency Evaluation
Package for one Competency of Animal
Production (Ruminants) NC II. Your
output shall serve as one of your portfolio
for your Institutional Competency
Evaluation for Raise Dairy Animals.

Feel free to show your outputs to your

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 trainer as you accomplish them for
guidance and evaluation.

After doing all the activities for this LO,

you are ready to proceed to the next LO:
Complete the operations.

Information Sheet 5.3-1

Appearance of Healthy Animals

Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, the trainee must be able to know
the health care in ruminants.

Appearance of the animal

The healthy animal is alert and aware of its surroundings. It is active and
holds its head up watching what is happening around it. It should stand on
all of its feet. The separation of an animal from the others in its group is
often a sign of a health problem.

An animal which is not interested in its surroundings and does not want to
move has health problems.

Movement (gait)

The healthy animal will walk easily and steadily with all of its feet taking its
weight. Steps should be regular. Irregular movement results from pain in
the feet or limbs.

Horses normally stand during the day. If you go near an animal that is lying
down it should stand up quickly otherwise it has health problems.

Eyes

The eyes should be bright and alert with no discharge at the corners.

Ears

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Most animals have erect ears which move in the direction of any sound. Ear
movements will also be quick to get rid of flies, he body temperature of the
pig can be checked by touching the ear when an unusually high
temperature will be noticed.

Nose and Muzzle

The nose should be clean with no discharge. In cattle and buffalo the muzzle
should be moist not dry. In sheep and goats the nose should be cool and
dry. Healthy animals frequently lick their noses with their tongues.

Nose and Muzzle

Mouth

There should be no saliva dripping from the mouth. If chewing is slow or

incomplete there must be a problem with the teeth.

The coat

In short-haired animals, e.g. goat and cattle, the hair or coat of the healthy
animal will be smooth and shiny. Healthy cattle, buffalo and their calves lick
their coat and the lick marks will show. Horses should not sweat when
resting.
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 The coat

In poultry the feathers should be smooth and glossy and not ruffled. In pigs
a curly tail is a sign of good health while a scaly skin points to health
problems.

Behavior

If a cow or buffalo keeps looking at its flanks or kicks at its belly it has a
pain in the stomach.

Breathing

Breathing should be smooth and regular at rest. Remember that movement

and hot weather will increase the rate of breathing. If the animal is resting
in the shade it should be difficult to notice the chest moving as it breathes.

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Pulse

Taking the pulse is important when examining an animal. In man the pulse
can be easily taken but in animals it is more difficult and requires practice.

· In sheep and goats you can feel the pulse on the inside of the top of the
back leg. The rate of the pulse is 70 - 130 per minute in the adult.

· The pulse of cattle is taken at a point on the underside of the base of the
tail, the normal rate is 40 - 80 per minute in the adult. In buffalo the pulse
rate is 40 - 60 per minute.

· The pulse of the horse is taken on the inside of the cheek. The normal rate
is 35 - 40 per minute.

· The pulse of the camel is taken at a point on the underside of the root of
the tail. The normal rate is 35 - 45 beats per minute.

Remember that the pulse will be higher in the young animal. To take the
pulse you should feel for it with the first two fingers of the hand.

In the llama, alpaca and the pig there is no point at which the pulse can be
taken. In these animals the beat of the heart itself must be felt for.

Droppings or dung

The droppings of the healthy animal will be firm. Very soft droppings
(diarrhea) is a sign of ill health. If the animal has difficulty in defecating
(constipation) this is also a bad health sign.

Urine

The urine should be clear and the animal show no signs of pain or difficulty
in urinating. Horses, mules and donkeys can have thick yellow urine which
is normal.

Appetite and rumination

The animal should eat and drink normally. Failure to eat is an obvious sign
of ill health. If feed is available the healthy animal will have a full belly. Pigs
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will naturally rush at their feed, if they do not something is wrong. Sheep,
goats, cattle, buffalo and camels chew the cud (ruminate) for 6 to 8 hours
each day. It is a sign of ill health when these animals stop ruminating.

Milk

In the milking animal a sudden change in the amount of milk produced can
mean a health problem. Any sign of blood or other matter in the milk points
to infection in the udder. There should be no swelling of the udder and no
sign of pain when it is touched. There should be no injury to the teat.

Body temperature

If you suspect that an animal is sick you should take its temperature.
Taking the temperature may show a higher than normal body temperature
which is sign of an infection.

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 Self-Check 5.3-1
True or False

1. In the milking animal a sudden change in the amount of milk produced

can mean a health problem.

2. The animal should eat and drink normally. Failure to eat is an obvious
sign of ill health.

3. The urine should be clear and the animal show no signs of pain or
difficulty in urinating.

4. If a horse, cow or buffalo keeps looking at its flanks or kicks at its belly it
has a pain in the stomach.

5. In cattle and buffalo the muzzle should be moist not dry.

Answer key

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 Self-Check 5.3-1

1. True

2. True

3. True

4. True

5. True

LEARNING OUTCOME #4 PERFORM WORK TO COMPLETION

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CONTENTS:
 Records
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Sick animals are reported to appropriate authority.

2. Assistance is provided during implementation of medication program in
accordance with industry standards and instructions of authority.
3. Supplementation is done based on medication program.
4. Safety practices are observed according to Occupational Safety and
Health Standards (OSHS).
5. Breeder for meat-type animals are selected for breeding purposes
according to breeds standard.
6. Animals are prepared for market disposal following instructions of
authority.
7. Animal and financial records derived from meat-type animals are updated
and kept according to industry standard.
8. Wastes disposal is done according to enterprise protocol and
environmental legislations.
9. Tools, materials and supplies are maintained and stored according to
enterprise procedures.
10. Reporting was done to immediate authority following enterprise
requirements

CONDITIONS: The student/trainee must be provided with the following:

 Learning modules
 Forms for Recording

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Oral Evaluation
 Written Examination
 Demonstration with question

Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome 4

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Perform work to completion

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 5.1-1: This Learning Outcome deals with the
“Records” development of the Institutional
Answer Self-check 5.1-1 Competency Evaluation Tool which
trainers use in evaluating their trainees
after finishing a competency of the
qualification.

Go through the learning activities outlined

for you on the left column to gain the
necessary information or knowledge
before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the
evaluation tool.

The output of this LO is a complete

Institutional Competency Evaluation
Package for one Competency of Animal
Production (Ruminants) NC II. Your
output shall serve as one of your portfolio
for your Institutional Competency
Evaluation for Raise meat-type animals.

Feel free to show your outputs to your

trainer as you accomplish them for
guidance and evaluation.

After doing all the activities for this LO,

you are ready to proceed to take the
national assessment.

Information Sheet 5.4-1

Records

Learning Objectives:

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After reading this information sheet, you must be able to determine the
importance of records in the farm.

Record keeping

Why do we keep records?

As a farm worker you may well know a lot about the animals kept in your
community. However keeping the information in your memory is not
enough, we can all easily forget something. You must be able to supply your
veterinary and livestock officers with written papers (records) about the
animals in your community.

You will need to keep records to tell you when animals were vaccinated,
dipped, given any medicine or castrated. You need to know how many
animals were treated, what was the problem and how often do some
diseases occur in your community.

If you want to breed your livestock to improve them then you will need to
keep records of the father and mother of every animal. You need to know
how good they and their young were.

Records

Papers for records may be given to you by the veterinarian, livestock or

agricultural officer for your area. They will want you to fill in the records
with information about livestock in your community.

If you do not have these record papers you can make your own. You only
need a pencil and paper. You should remember that you and your
community will gain the most from record keeping.

Types of records

These are examples of the types of records you need in your work:

· Recording your work in the community

It is important that you keep a register (note book) to write a record of your work:

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Date Name of owner Age & Type of animal Problem Action taken

· Vaccination record

You can keep this as a separate register or as a separate record in your notebook.

Date Vaccination Type of animal Number of animals Name of owner

· Records for the veterinary officer

You may have to give your veterinary officer records of what you have been
doing in your work.

Name of District or Community ..............................................................

Name ................................................... Date .......................

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Work done............................... to ..............................

1. Number of sick animals seen .............................................................

Details .......................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................

2. Drugs used:
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................

3. Number of animals vaccinated and vaccines used: ........................

....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................

4. Number and type of animals dying ....................................................

....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................

5. Other problems seen:

....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................

6. Other activities and comments: .........................................................

....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................

Signature ..............................................................................
Supervisor's comments ...........................................................................
....................................................................................................................

Records for the animal owner

You should encourage everyone who keeps animals to keep a record of their
animals. Encourage them to use numbers, names or ear tags to identify
their animals. If the owner keeps records of his animals he will be able to
identify the good animals and breed from them and similarly he can identify
the poor animals and get rid of them.

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 Self-Check 5.4-1
True or False

1. Recording is very important because you can identify the good animals
and breed from them and similarly he can identify the poor animals and get
rid of them.

2. Recording need to know how many animals were treated, what was the
problem and how often do some diseases occur in your community.

3. Keeping the information in your memory is not enough, we cant all easily
remember on something.

4. Separate the record to other document in the office.

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 Answer key
Self-Check 5.4-1

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True

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References:

CBLM

www.google.com

www.yahoo.com

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