Full-Wave Rectifier Reference Design

Collin Wells, Ting Ye
TI Designs – Precision: Verified Design

Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-
Wave Rectifier Reference Design
TI Designs – Precision Circuit Description

TI Designs – Precision are analog solutions created This small-signal optimized single-supply precision
by TI’s analog experts. Verified Designs offer the absolute value circuit can turn low-level alternating
theory, component selection, simulation, complete current (ac) signals to positive polarity signals. The
PCB schematic & layout, bill of materials, and circuit is designed to function up to 50 kHz and has
measured performance of useful circuits. Circuit excellent linearity at signal levels as low as 5 mVpp.
modifications that help to meet alternate design goals The circuit can be used in sensor acquisition or signal
are also discussed. strength indication applications that need to quantify
values of low-level input signals which have positive
and negative polarities.
Design Resources
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Design Archive All Design files WEBENCH® Design Center
TINA-TI™ SPICE Simulator TI Precision Designs Library
OPA350 Product Folder
LM7705 Product Folder
R1 R2
V+
V+
U2A
U2B R3 VOUT
+
+ -0.23V
-0.23V
VIN D1
V+
U3
+
An IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this TI reference design addresses authorized use, intellectual property matters and
other important disclaimers and information.
TINA-TI is a trademark of Texas Instruments
WEBENCH is a registered trademark of Texas Instruments
TIDU024-December 2014- Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier 1

Copyright © 2014, Texas Instruments Incorporated
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1 Design Summary
The design requirements are as follows:
 Supply Voltage: 5 V
 Input: +/- 2.5 mV to +/- 200 mV
 Output: 2.5 mV to 200 mV Full-Wave Rectified Signal
The goals of this design are to achieve accurate full-wave rectification of low-level signals at frequencies of
50 kHz and less. Figure 1 displays the measured input and output signals with a 1 kHz, 100 mVpp sine-
wave input. Channel 2 is the input voltage, Vin and Channel 1 is the output voltage, Vout
VIN
VOUT
Figure 1: Measured output transient waveform with 1 kHz, 100 mVpp input signal
2 Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier TIDU024-December 2014-

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2 Theory of Operation
A more complete schematic for the single supply full wave rectifier circuit is shown in Figure 2. This
topology was chosen to meet the design goals for signal levels as small as 5 mVpp. U2B is used to buffer
the input signal and prevents gain interactions between the feedback impedance of U 2A and the source
resistance of the signal source. With U2B in the circuit, the input impedance is set by R4, the source
termination resistor. U2B can be removed to allow bipolar input signals with a peak-to-peak voltage twice
as large as the supply voltage at the expense of decreased input impedance as described in Section 7.
This design differs from traditional single-supply rectifiers and allows for excellent linearity at low-level
signals by using the LM7705 negative bias generator. The LM7705 generates a -0.23 V output from the
+5V supply that is connected to negative supply pin of U2A and U2B. This allows a rail-to-rail input/output op
amp to accept signals and create outputs that are below the circuit ground (GND) potential of 0 V.
C1 4.7uF
U1 LM7705 C2
22uF
CFLY+ CFLY-
+5V VSS CRES -0.23V
SD VOUT
VDD VSS C8 C9 C10
C5 C6 C7 22uF 0.47uF 1000pF
10μF 0.1μF 100pF
R1 R2
1kΩ 1kΩ
C11
+5V
+5V
U2A
U2B R3 VOUT
+
+ -0.23V
-0.23V 1kΩ
VIN R4 D1 1N4148
C14
+5V
U3
+
Figure 2: Circuit schematic

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2.1 Simplified Circuit for Positive Input Signals

The circuit schematic and transfer function for positive input signals is shown in Figure 3 and (1. When the
input is positive, D1 becomes reverse biased and acts as an open circuit. This effectively removes U3 from
the circuit. In this configuration, U2B buffers the input signal into both the non-inverting and inverting nodes
of U2A making it act as a summing amplifier. The transfer function for positive inputs can be solved using
superposition and is simply the sum of the inverting and non-inverting gains. This creates a unity gain
output regardless of the values of R1 and R2.
R1 R2
1kΩ 1kΩ
+5V
+5V
U2A
U2B R3 VOUT
+
+ -0.23V
-0.23V 1kΩ
VIN R4 D1 1N4148
+5V
U3
+
Figure 3: Simplified circuit with a positive input signal
VOUT R R
 (  2 )  (1  2 )
v IN R1 R1 (1)
VOUT  VIN

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2.2 Simplified Circuit for Negative Input Signals

The circuit and transfer function for negative inputs are shown in Figure 4 and Equation 2. Negative input
signals forward bias D1 providing a closed-loop unity-gain feedback path for U3. Therefore, U3 will buffer
the GND voltage applied to its non-inverting input. With the non-inverting input of U2A set to GND, it acts as
a standard inverting amplifier. Setting R1 and R2 to equal values results in an exact inversion of the
negative input signals, achieving the full-wave rectified output.
R3 should be sized such that the current flowing through it while U 3 is holding the non-inverting input of U2A
to GND is not significant to cause output errors of either U2B or U3 due to current draw.
R1 R2
1kΩ 1kΩ
+5V R1 R2
+5V
U2A VOUT
U2B R3 1kΩ 1kΩ
+ VIN +5V
+ -0.23V
-0.23V 1kΩ U2A
VIN R4 D1 1N4148 VOUT
+
-0.23V
+5V
U3
+
Figure 4: Simplified circuit with a negative input signal
VOUT R
 ( 2 )
VIN R1
(2)
If R1  R2
VOUT   VIN
3 Component Selection
3.1 Operational Amplifier

Since transient waveform integrity is the primary concerns in this circuit, choose operational amplifiers (op
amps) with key specifications including low total-harmonic-distortion (THD), wide bandwidths, high
slew rate, high open-loop gain (AOL), and low noise. Rail-to-rail input (RRI) and rail-to-rail outputs
(RRO) are advantageous because they increase the circuit dynamic range. The OPA350 high-speed rail-
to-rail op amp has 0.0006% THD+N at 1 kHz, 38 MHz unity-gain bandwidth, slew rate of 22 V/μs, 122 dB
of open-loop gain, and 7 nV/ √Hz input noise at 10 kHz making it an excellent choice for a high
performance version of this circuit. Other amplifier options for this application include the OPA320,
OPA322, OPA354 or OPA356 as further discussed in Section 7.

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3.2 Diode
Important specifications of the D1 diode are low forward voltage (VF), fast switching speed (TT), low diode
capacitance (CD), and low leakage current (IR). Schottky diodes usually have fast transition time but lager
leakage current. Standard diodes have low reverse current. The diode used in this design is fast switching
diode 1N4148 based on its performance and cost. Table 1 compares several diode candidates.
Table 1. Diode Selection Parameters
1N4148 BAT42W BAS70
VF 720mV at IF=5mA 400mV at IF=10mA 410mV at IF=1mA
TT 4ns(max) 5ns(max) 5ns(max)
CD 4pF(max) at 1MHz, VR=0V 7pF(typ) at 1MHz, VR=1V 2pF(max) at 1MHz, VR=0V
IR 25nA at VR=20V 500nA at VR=25V 100nA at VR=50V
3.3 Passive Components

Resistors R1 and R2, which set the gain, are the most crucial passive components to ensure precise full-
wave rectification. The resistors were selected for 0.1% tolerance to achieve good gain accuracy.
Resistors R1 and R2 were chosen to be 1 kΩ to limit thermal noise and to prevent the leakage current of
the diodes from causing errors.
While they were not required for this version of the design with the OPA350, the compensation capacitors,
C18 and C19, should be selected as C0G/NP0 dielectrics with the proper voltage rating.
The tolerance of the other passive components in this circuit can be selected for 1% or above since the
components will not directly affect accuracy of this circuit.

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4 Simulation
TM
The TINA-TI schematic shown in Figure 5 includes the circuit values obtained in the design process.
Since currently there is no macro model for LM7705, it is not included and has been replaced with a -0.23
V voltage source, Vee. DC analysis displays a dc offset voltage of -219.06 μV and dc quiescent current of
5.2 mA per OPA350 channel.
Vcc Vee
C4 100n
C3 10u
Vcc 5 V1 -230m
R1 1k R2 1k
Vee
Vee
-
C15 100n
C14 100p
VOUT -219.06uV
+
+
U1 OPA350
-
R3 1k Vcc
D1 1N4148
+
+ U3 OPA350
+
Vcc
R4 49.9
VIN -
Iq 5.2mA
C12 100p
C13 100n
+
+ U2 OPA350
Vcc
C17 100n
C16 100p
TM
Figure 5: TINA-TI simulation schematic showing dc output offset and quiescent current
4.1 Transient Response

The transient response of the design with a 400 mVpp, 1 kHz sine-wave input signal is shown in Figure 6.
The output is precisely full-wave rectified.

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T 400.00m
200.00m
Voltage (V)
0.00
-200.00m
Vin
Vout
-400.00m
1.00m 1.50m 2.00m 2.50m 3.00m
Time (s)
A. Transient simulation with +/- 200 mV at 1 kHz sinusoid wave input
T 400.00m
200.00m
Voltage (V)
0.00
-200.00m
-400.00m
1.00m 1.50m 2.00m 2.50m 3.00m
Time (s)
B. Simulated output with +/- 200 mV at 1 kHz sinusoid wave input

TM
Figure 6: TINA-TI simulated transient waveform at 1 kHz with +/- 200 mV sine-wave input
As the input signal frequency increases, the transition edges of the full-wave rectified output begin to get distorted.
This design was created to allow for minimal distortion at the maximum input frequency of approximately 50 kHz
as shown in the simulation in Figure 7. The distortion is caused by the time it takes to transition from forward
biasing to reverse biasing D1. The limitations are caused by the junction capacitance (CJ) and transition time (TT)

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of the diodes, as well as the slew rate and output current limits of U2B.
T 400.00m
Voltage (V) 200.00m
0.00
-200.00m
Vin
Vout
-400.00m
500.00u 510.00u 520.00u 530.00u 540.00u
Time (s)
T 400.00m
200.00m
Voltage (V)
0.00
-200.00m
-400.00m
500.00u 510.00u 520.00u 530.00u 540.00u
Time (s)

Figure 7: TINA-TITM simulated transient waveform at 50 kHz with +/- 200 mV sine-wave input
The circuit performance with a low-level 5 mVpp, 1 kHz input signal is shown in Figure 8. Low-level input
signals have a limited useful bandwidth compared to larger amplitude signals because the distortion
dominates the output waveform easier at the low signal levels. Figure 9 shows how the distortion begins to
dominate the output with a low-level 5 mVpp input at just 5 kHz.

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T 4.00m
2.00m
Voltage (V)
0.00
-2.00m
Vin
Vout
-4.00m
1.00m 1.50m 2.00m 2.50m 3.00m
Time (s)
Figure 8: TINA-TITM simulated output at 1 kHz with 5mVpp sine-wave input
T 4.00m
2.00m
Voltage (V)
0.00
-2.00m
Vin
Vout
-4.00m
1.00m 1.10m 1.20m 1.30m 1.40m
Time (s)
Figure 9: TINA-TITM simulated output at 5 kHz with 5mVpp sine-wave input
4.2 Small-Signal Transitions

The small-signal transition time of the circuit was tested by applying a step response to the input that
caused the output changed by approximately 50 mV. Figure 10 shows that it takes a little over 1 μs for the
output to transition. The output will be distorted and not properly rectified during this transition time.
Smaller level input signals result in less overdrive of the input stage and will result in longer transition
times. The results in Figure 10 also indicate the design should suffer from limited overshoot or ringing and
is stable.

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T 80.00m
60.00m
40.00m
20.00m
Voltage (V)
0.00
-20.00m
-40.00m
Vin
-60.00m Vout
-80.00m
2.499m 2.500m 2.500m 2.501m 2.501m
Time (s)
TM
Figure 10: TINA-TI simulated output step response at input of 50 mVpp
4.3 Simulated Result Summary
The simulated results show the design functions well at the maximum input signal level up to the maximum
frequency of 50 kHz with limited distortion. Full-wave rectification of low-level signals is possible at speeds less
than 1 kHz with limited distortion.

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5 PCB Design
The PCB schematic and bill of materials can be found in the Appendix A.1 and A.2.
5.1 PCB Layout

An important PCB layout concern for this design is to avoid allowing the LM7705 output to capacitively
couple with signal traces. If the traces are routed too close together, the small switching noise of the
LM7705 will couple to the inputs and will appear on the output signal. Keeping the LM7705 output traces
short and providing good return paths will also help reduce noise. Additionally, follow standard precision
PCB layout guidelines including: using ground planes, proper power supply decoupling, keeping the
summing node as small as possible, and using short thick traces for sensitive nodes. The layout for the
design is shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11: Altium PCB Layout

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6 Verification & Measured Performance
6.1 DC Measurements
DC measurements were made for the offset voltage and the quiescent current for five units. The average
values are reported in Table 2.
Table 2. Measured DC result summary
Measured Value
Output Offset Voltage (μV) 68.15
Quiescent Current (mA) 14.17
6.2 Transient Measurements
The transient response of the design with a 400 mVpp, 1 kHz sine-wave input signal is shown in Figure 12.
The design creates a very accurate full-wave rectified output with minimal distortion.
Figure 12: Measured output with 400 mVpp at 1 kHz sine-wave input
Error! Reference source not found.

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Figure 13 displays the measured transient response with a 50 kHz, 400 mVpp input. The output waveform
achieves good performance with only slight distortion, conforming to the design goals.
Figure 14 and Figure 15 display the performance with low-level 5 mVpp signals at 1 kHz and 5 kHz
respectively. The distortion is minimal at 1 kHz but increases quickly as the input frequency increases. The
output waveforms match simulation results shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9.

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6.3 Small Signal Transition

The small-signal transition of the circuit was tested by applying a step response to the input that caused
the output changed by approximately 50 mV. The results are shown in Figure 16. The overshoot and
ringing can be reduced by increasing the values of the capacitors across R2 and the diode or using
smaller values for the resistors. Smaller values for R1 and R2 will also help improve the small-signal
response but the required output current will begin to cause the output voltage to decrease creating an
offset between the output and the desired rectified output.
Figure 16: Measured output step response at input 50 mVpp and 1 kHz

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6.4 Output Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

The FFT shown in Figure 17 was taken from 20 Hz to 10 kHz to view the output spectrum of the circuit
with a 400 mVpp and 1 kHz input signal. Since harmonics of a full wave rectifier are the double of base
frequency, the harmonic tones are even harmonics at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kHz with a 1 kHz, 400 mVpp input
signal.
Figure 17: FFT of output at 1 kHz with 400 mVpp sine-wave input
6.5 Measured Result Summary
The measured transient results show the maximum frequency is approximately 50 kHz with a +/- 200 mV
input sine-wave before distortion begins to affect the signal integrity. The design also succeeds in achieving
a low distortion full-wave rectified output with a 5 mVpp low-level input signal at frequencies below 1 kHz
with minimal distortion.
7 Modifications
An absolute circuit can be implemented by many op amps provided they have the proper bandwidth and
slew rate for the input signals. However, as mentioned in the component selection section, this circuit will
work best with a low noise, low THD, wide bandwidth, high slew rate, and high AOL op amp. Other single
supply amplifiers suitable for this design are described as follows. OPA320 and OPA322 are other
precision amplifiers with modest bandwidths but better low frequency performance. The OPA353, OPA354,
and OPA356 are high speed op amps which have high bandwidth and slew rate; however, due to their
offset and to obtain a higher dynamic range, they should be applied in the design without input buffer and
LM7705. These op amps’ performance is summarized in Table 3.
Table 3. Alternate Single Supply Amplifiers
Noise at Vos, IB, Iq per

GBW SR Aol THD+N Vos
Amplifier Channel 1kHz Max Max Channel,
(MHz) (V/us) (dB) (%) Drift(uV/C)
(nV/rtHz) (mV) (pA) Max (mA)
OPA320 1 20 10 132 8.5 0.0005 at 0.15 1.5 0.9 1.75

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fin=10kHz
0.0005 at
OPA322 1 20 10 130 8.5 2 1.8 10 1.9
fin=10kHz
0.0006 at
OPA350 1 38 22 122 15 0.5 4 10 7.5
fin=1kHz
0.0006 at
OPA353 1 44 22 122 15 8 5 10 8
fin=1kHz
0.0178 at
OPA354 1 250 150 106 70 8 4 50 6
fin=1MHz
0.0891 at
OPA356 1 450 300 92 80 9 7 50 11
fin=1MHz
This circuit was designed to optimize the full-wave rectification performance of low-level signals below
200mVpp. As a result the input buffer, U2B, was included to prevent the source impedance of the input
signal from creating a gain error that leads to an unbalanced output for the positive and negative cycles.
With a -230 mV negative supply, the output stage of U2B limits the negative input signal magnitude to
roughly -200 mV before the output stage begins to saturate. Without the input buffer this topology can
accept inputs that are double the supply voltage. So a +5V single-ended supply can handle +/-5V inputs
as shown in Figure 18 below.
Figure 18: Output at 1 kHz with 4.95 Vp sine-wave input of the circuit without input buffer
8 About the Author

Ting Ye is a field application engineer based in Taipei who supports industrial and precision customers.
She performed a six month rotation working with the Precision Linear group where she supported op amp
and current loop products for industrial applications.
Collin Wells is an applications engineer in the Precision Linear group at Texas Instruments where he
supports industrial products and applications. Collin received his BSEE from the University of Texas,
Dallas.

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9 Acknowledgements & References

1. R. Elliott. (2010 Feb. 27) Precision Rectifiers. Available:
http://sound.westhost.com/appnotes/an001.htm
2. D. Jones and M. Stitt. (1997, Dec.). Precision Absolute Value Circuits. Available:
http://www.ti.com/lit/an/sboa068/sboa068.pdf

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Appendix A.
A.1 Electrical Schematic

The Altium electrical schematic for this design can be seen in Figure A.1.
Figure A-1: Electrical Schematic

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A.2 Bill of Materials

The bill of materials for this circuit can be seen in Figure 19.
Item # Quantity Designator Value Description Manufacturer Manufacturer Part Number Supplier Part Number
1 1 C1 4.7uF CAP, CERM, 4.7uF, 25V, +/-10%, X7R, 1206 TDK C3216X7R1E475K 445-1606-1-ND
2 2 C2, C8 22uF CAP, CERM, 22uF, 16V, +/-20%, X7R, 1210 TDK C3225X7R1C226M 445-3955-1-ND
3 1 C3 10uF CAP, TANT, 10uF, 50V, +/-10%, 0.4 ohm, 7343-43 SMD AVX TPSE106K050R0400 478-3361-1-ND
4 2 C4, C6 0.1uF CAP, CERM, 0.1uF, 50V, +/-10%, X7R, 0805 MuRata GRM21BR71H104KA01L 490-1666-1-ND
5 1 C5 10uF CAP, CERM, 10uF, 25V, +/-10%, X7R, 1206 MuRata GRM31CR71E106KA12L 81-GRM31CR71E106KA12
6 1 C7 100pF CAP, CERM, 100pF, 50V, +/-5%, C0G/NP0, 0805 MuRata GRM2165C1H101JA01D 490-1615-1-ND
7 1 C9 0.47uF CAP, CERM, 0.47uF, 16V, +/-10%, X7R, 0805 AVX 0805YC474KAT2A 478-1403-1-ND
8 1 C10 1000pF CAP, CERM, 1000pF, 100V, +/-5%, C0G/NP0, 0805 AVX 08051A102JAT2A 478-1290-1-ND
9 2 C11, C14 DNI DNI DNI DNI DNI
10 3 C12, C15, C17 100pF CAP, CERM, 100pF, 50V, +/-5%, C0G/NP0, 0603 Kemet C0603C101J5GACTU 399-1061-1-ND
11 3 C13, C16, C18 0.1uF CAP, CERM, 0.1uF, 25V, +/-10%, X7R, 0603 MuRata GRM188R71E104KA01D 490-1524-1-ND
12 1 D1 Diode, Ultrafast, 100V, 0.15A, SOD-123 Diodes Inc. 1N4148W-7-F 1N4148W-FDICT-ND
13 1 J1 Standard Banana Jack, Uninsulated, 5.5mm Keystone 575-4 575-4K-ND
14 1 J2 Standard Banana Jack, Uninsulated, 5.5mm Keystone 575-4 575-4K-ND
15 2 J3, J4 Right Angle BNC Connector TE Connectivity 1-1634612-0 571-1-1634612-0
16 3 R1, R2, R3 1.00k RES, 1.00k ohm, 0.1%, 0.1W, 0603 Yageo America RT0603BRD071KL 603-RT0603BRD071KL
17 1 R4 49.9 RES 49.9 OHM 0.20W 0.1% 0805 Vishay Thin Film PAT0805E49R9BST1 PAT49.9BCT-ND
18 1 TP1 Test Point, TH, Miniature, Red Keystone 5000 5000K-ND
19 4 TP2, TP3, TP4, TP5 Test Point, TH, Miniature, Black Keystone 5001 5001K-ND
20 1 TP6 Test Point, TH, Miniature, White Keystone 5002 5002K-ND
23 1 U1 IC REG SWITCHED CAP INV 8VSSOP Texas Instruments LM7705MME LM7705MME/NOPBCT-ND
24 1 U2 IC OPAMP GP R-R 38MHZ DUAL 8SOIC Texas Instruments OPA2350UA OPA2350UA-ND
25 1 U3 IC OPAMP GP R-R 38MHZ SGL 8SOIC Texas Instruments OPA350UA OPA350UA-ND
Figure 19: Bill of Materials
A.3 Additional Simulated Data

T 400.00m
200.00m
Voltage (V)
0.00
-200.00m
Vin
Vout
-400.00m
500.00u 550.00u 600.00u 650.00u 700.00u
Time (s)

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T 400.00m
200.00m
Voltage (V)
0.00
-200.00m
-400.00m
500.00u 550.00u 600.00u 650.00u 700.00u
Time (s)

Figure 20: TINA-TITM simulated transient waveform at 10 kHz with +/- 200 mV sine-wave input
A.4 Additional Measured Data

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Full-Wave Rectifier Reference Design

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Collin Wells, Ting Ye

TI Designs – Precision: Verified Design

TI Designs – Precision Circuit Description

TIDU024-December 2014- Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier 1

 Input: +/- 2.5 mV to +/- 200 mV

 Output: 2.5 mV to 200 mV Full-Wave Rectified Signal

2 Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier TIDU024-December 2014-

Figure 2: Circuit schematic

TIDU024-December 2014- Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier 3

2.1 Simplified Circuit for Positive Input Signals

Figure 3: Simplified circuit with a positive input signal

4 Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier TIDU024-December 2014-

2.2 Simplified Circuit for Negative Input Signals

Figure 4: Simplified circuit with a negative input signal

3.1 Operational Amplifier

TIDU024-December 2014- Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier 5

1N4148 BAT42W BAS70

VF 720mV at IF=5mA 400mV at IF=10mA 410mV at IF=1mA

TT 4ns(max) 5ns(max) 5ns(max)

CD 4pF(max) at 1MHz, VR=0V 7pF(typ) at 1MHz, VR=1V 2pF(max) at 1MHz, VR=0V

IR 25nA at VR=20V 500nA at VR=25V 100nA at VR=50V

3.3 Passive Components

6 Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier TIDU024-December 2014-

4.1 Transient Response

TIDU024-December 2014- Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier 7

A. Transient simulation with +/- 200 mV at 1 kHz sinusoid wave input

B. Simulated output with +/- 200 mV at 1 kHz sinusoid wave input

8 Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier TIDU024-December 2014-

Voltage (V) 200.00m

A. Transient simulation with +/- 200 mV at 50 kHz sinusoid wave input

B. Simulated output with +/- 200 mV at 50 kHz sinusoid wave input

TIDU024-December 2014- Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier 9

Figure 8: TINA-TITM simulated output at 1 kHz with 5mVpp sine-wave input

Figure 9: TINA-TITM simulated output at 5 kHz with 5mVpp sine-wave input

4.2 Small-Signal Transitions

10 Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier TIDU024-December 2014-

4.3 Simulated Result Summary

TIDU024-December 2014- Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier 11

5.1 PCB Layout

Figure 11: Altium PCB Layout

12 Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier TIDU024-December 2014-

6 Verification & Measured Performance

6.2 Transient Measurements

Error! Reference source not found.

TIDU024-December 2014- Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier 13

Figure 14: Measured output with 5 mVpp at 1 kHz sine-wave input

14 Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier TIDU024-December 2014-

Figure 15: Measured output with 5 mVpp at 5 kHz sine-wave input

6.3 Small Signal Transition

TIDU024-December 2014- Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier 15

6.4 Output Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

6.5 Measured Result Summary

Noise at Vos, IB, Iq per

16 Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier TIDU024-December 2014-

8 About the Author

TIDU024-December 2014- Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier 17

9 Acknowledgements & References

18 Single-Supply Low-Input Voltage Optimized Precision Full-Wave Rectifier TIDU024-December 2014-

A.1 Electrical Schematic

Figure A-1: Electrical Schematic