Power BI

Power BI Query Editor

 Type Operations Example
Statistics: Performs statistical Sum, Minimum, Maximum, Median,
operations Average, Standard Deviation, Count
Values, Count District Values
Standard: Perform basic math Add, Multiply, Subtract, Divide, Integer-
operations Divide, Modulo, Percentage, Percent Of
NUMBER
TRANSFORMATION Scientific: Performs scientific Absolute Value, Power, Square Root,
operations Exponent, Logarithm, Factorial
Trigonometry: Performs trigonometric Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Arcsine, Arccosine,
operations Arctangent

Rounding: Performs rounding on Round Up, Round Down, Round…

number values
Information: Extract information Is Even, Is Odd, Sign
about a column
Number Transformation
◦ Number Transformation tools are available on both ‘Transform’
tab and ‘Add Column’ tab
◦ ‘Transform’ tab is having group named ‘Number Column’ for
number transformation.
◦ While ‘Add Column’ tab is having group named ‘From Number’ for
number transformation.
◦ When we select 2 columns, automatically some tools from
‘Transform’ tab get disabled.
◦ For Single Column → use [Transform] Tab and for Multiple
columns use [Add Column] Tab.
◦ Any calculation from the transformation tab will be done on the
same column.
Statistic - Number
Transformation:
◦ Performs statistical operations like – Sum,
Minimum, Maximum, Median, Average,
Standard Deviation, Count Values, Count
District Values
◦ A scalar function returns a single value.
Generally, it’s an aggregator like SUM or
AVERAGE which takes a column of data,
performs an operation on it, and returns a
number or text.
◦ You would use a scalar function whenever you
want to return a single cell of data, for example
when you want to display data in a pivot table,
pivot chart, or Power BI visual.
Statistics: ‘Sum’
Function
◦ It returns the sum of all the values in the
currently selected column.
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column of ‘Employees’ query
table.
◦ Go to ➔ [Transform] tab → [Number
Column] group → [Statistics] → [Sum]
◦ It give sum of all employees' salary as a scaler
value.
YOU GET A Scaler Value AS Sum OF EMPLOYEES Salary Amount
COLUMN
REMOVE ‘Calculated Sum’ STEP FROM ‘APPLIED STEPS’ IN ‘Query
Settings’ BOX
Statistics: ‘Minimum’
Function
◦ It returns the minimum of all the values in the
currently selected column.
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column of ‘Employees’ query
table.
◦ Go to ➔ [Transform] tab → [Number
Column] group → [Statistics] → [Minimum]
◦ It give minimum in all employees' salary as a
scaler value.
YOU GET A Scaler Value AS Minimum OF EMPLOYEES SALARY FROM
Salary Amount COLUMN
REMOVE ‘Calculated Minimum’ STEP FROM ‘APPLIED STEPS’ IN
‘Query Settings’ BOX
Statistics: ‘Maximum’
Function
◦ It returns the maximum of all the values in the
currently selected column.
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column of ‘Employees’ query
table.
◦ Go to ➔ [Transform] tab → [Number
Column] group → [Statistics] → [Maximum]
◦ It give maximum in all employees' salary as a
scaler value.
YOU GET A Scaler Value AS Maximum OF EMPLOYEES SALARY
FROM Salary Amount COLUMN
REMOVE ‘Calculated Maximum’ STEP FROM ‘APPLIED STEPS’ IN
‘Query Settings’ BOX
Statistics: ‘Median’
Function
◦ Definition: Median is the middle value of selected
column range in ascending order.
◦ It returns the median of all the values in the
currently selected column.
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column of ‘Employees’ query table.
◦ Go to ➔ [Transform] tab → [Number Column]
group → [Statistics] → [Median]
◦ It give median of all employees' salary as a scaler
value.
YOU GET A Scaler Value AS Median OF EMPLOYEES SALARY FROM
Salary Amount COLUMN
REMOVE ‘Calculated Median’ STEP FROM ‘APPLIED STEPS’ IN ‘Query
Settings’ BOX
Statistics: ‘Average’
Function
◦ Definition: Average is the sum of selected
column ranges divided by the number of
selected column list counts.
◦ It returns the average of all the values in the
currently selected column.
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column of ‘Employees’ query
table.
◦ Go to ➔ [Transform] tab → [Number
Column] group → [Statistics] → [Average]
◦ It give average of all employees' salary as a
scaler value.
YOU GET A Scaler Value AS Average OF EMPLOYEES SALARY FROM
Salary Amount COLUMN
REMOVE ‘Calculated Median’ STEP FROM ‘APPLIED STEPS’ IN ‘Query
Settings’ BOX
Statistics: ‘Standard
Deviation’ Function
◦ Definition: Standard deviation is a measure of the
amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. A
low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to
be close to the mean of the set, while a high standard
deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a
wider range.
◦ It returns the standard deviation of all the values in the
currently selected column
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column of ‘Employees’ query table.
◦ Go to ➔ [Transform] tab → [Number Column] group
→ [Statistics] → [Standard Deviation]
◦ It give standard deviation of all employees' salary as a
scaler value.
YOU GET A Scaler Value AS Standard Deviation OF EMPLOYEES
SALARY FROM Salary Amount COLUMN
REMOVE ‘Calculated Standard Deviation’ STEP FROM ‘APPLIED STEPS’
IN ‘Query Settings’ BOX
Statistics: ‘Count
Values’ Function
◦ It returns the number of non-null values in the
currently selected column.
◦ Select ‘Employee Name’ column of
‘Employees’ query table.
◦ Go to ➔ [Transform] tab → [Number
Column] group → [Statistics] → [Count
Values]
◦ It give count of values in all employees’ names
as a scaler value.
◦ Note: If there is error value somewhere in data
it gives error, hence first remove the error.
YOU GET A Scaler Value AS Count OF EMPLOYEES NAME FROM
‘EmployeeName’ COLUMN
REMOVE ‘Calculated Count’ STEP FROM ‘APPLIED STEPS’ IN ‘Query
Settings’ BOX
Statistics: ‘Count
Distinct Values’
Function
◦ It returns the number of unique, non-null
values in the currently selected column.
◦ Select ‘Dept’ column of ‘Employees’ query
table.
◦ Go to ➔ [Transform] tab → [Number
Column] group → [Statistics] → [Count
Distinct Values]
◦ It give count of unique values in all employees’
Department names as a scaler value.
YOU GET A Scaler Value AS Count Of Unique DEPARTMENT NAMES
FROM ‘Dept’ COLUMN
REMOVE ‘Calculated Distinct Count’ STEP FROM ‘APPLIED STEPS’ IN
‘Query Settings’ BOX
Standard - Number
Transformation:
◦ Performs the basic math operations like – Add,
Multiply, Subtract, Divide, Integer-Divide, Modulo,
Percentage, Percent Of
◦ There are two sections of standard DAX functions
in [Transform] section and in [Add Column]
section.
◦ First, we will learn the implementation of standard
DAX function in ‘Transform’ section.
Transform Tab: Standard
→ ‘Add’ Function
◦ It adds a specified value to each number in the selected column.
◦ To add the specific value in a column select the column and click
[Transform] → [Standard] → [Add]
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column in ‘Employees’ query table.
◦ Go to [Transform] tab → [Standard] →[Add]
◦ Type ‘1000’ to increase Salary amount by 1000.
◦ Click ‘Ok’
EACH SALARY AMOUNT IS INCREASED BY RS. 1000
Transform Tab: Standard
→ ‘Subtract’ Function
◦ It subtracts a specified value from each number in the selected
column.
◦ To subtract the specific value in a column, select the column and click
[Transform] → [Standard] → [Subtract]
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column in ‘Employees’ query table.
◦ Go to [Transform] tab → [Standard] →[Subtract]
◦ Type ‘1000’ to increase Salary amount by 1000.
◦ Click ‘Ok’
EACH SALARY AMOUNT IS REDUCED BY RS. 1000
Transform Tab: Standard
→ ‘Multiply’ Function
◦ It multiplies a specified value to each number in the selected column.
◦ To multiply the specific value in a column, select the column and click
[Transform] → [Standard] → [Multiply]
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column in ‘Employees’ query table.
◦ Go to [Transform] tab → [Standard] →[Multiply]
◦ Type ‘2’ to double the Salary amount.
◦ Click ‘Ok’
EACH SALARY AMOUNT IS DOUBLED
Transform Tab: Standard
→ ‘Divide’ Function
◦ It divides each number into the selected column by a specified value.
◦ To divide the specific value in a column, select the column and click
[Transform] → [Standard] → [Divide]
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column in ‘Employees’ query table.
◦ Go to [Transform] tab → [Standard] →[Divide]
◦ Type ‘2’ to reduce the Salary by half of the Salary amount.
◦ Click ‘Ok’
EACH SALARY AMOUNT IS REDUCED BY HALF
Transform Tab: Standard
→ ‘Integer-Divide’
Function
◦ Returns the integer portion of the result from dividing a number,
number1, by another number, number2. If number1 or number2 are
null Number, then Integer-Divide returns null.
◦ To divide the specific value in a column, select the column and click
[Transform] → [Standard] → [Integer-Divide]
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column in ‘Employees’ query table.
◦ Go to [Transform] tab → [Standard] →[Integer-Divide]
◦ Type ‘2.1’ to get rounded to integer amount.
◦ Click ‘Ok’
YOU GET SALARY AMOUNT ROUNDED TO INTEGER AFTER IT
IS DIVIDED BY 2.1
REMOVE ‘Divided Column’ STEP FROM ‘APPLIED STEPNS’ IN ‘Query
Settings’
Transform Tab: Standard
→ ‘Modulo’ Function
◦ It calculates the remainder of dividing each number in the selected
column by a specified value.
◦ This is like mod function is excel, where ‘=mod(21875,55)’ divides
21675 by 55 and returns remainder as 40.
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column in ‘Employees’ query table.
◦ Go to [Transform] tab → [Standard] →[Modulo]
◦ Type ‘55’ to get remainder value.
◦ Click ‘Ok’
 Calculated in Excel

YOU GET Remainder VALUE AS Decimal Part DIVIDED VALUE OF

SALARY IN ‘Salary’ COLUMN
REMOVE ‘Calculated Modulo’ STEP FROM ‘APPLIED STEPS’ IN ‘Query
Settings’
Transform Tab: Standard
→‘Percentage’ Function
◦ Calculate a specified percentage of the values in the selected
column.
◦ Right click of ‘Salary’ column & select ‘Duplicate Column’
◦ Select ‘Salary – copy’ column which is duplicate of ‘Salary’ column
in ‘Employees’ query table.
◦ Go to [Transform] tab → [Standard] →[Percentage]
◦ Type ‘10’ to get 10% of Salary amount.
◦ Click ‘Ok’
◦ Rename ‘Salary – copy’ column to ‘Commission’.
YOU GET A NEW ‘Commission’ COLUMN AS 10% OF
SALARY AMOUNT
Transform Tab: Standard
→ ‘Percent Of ’ Function
◦ It calculates the values in the selected column as a percentage of a
specified value.
◦ If value in first row cell in Salary column is 21875 and if we want find
out percent of 25000, the formula is ‘=(21875/25000)*100’ gives
answer as ‘87.5’
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column in ‘Employees’ query table.
◦ Go to [Transform] tab → [Standard] →[Percent Of]
◦ Type ‘25000’ to get percent of 25000 as Salary amount percentage.
◦ Click ‘Ok’
YOU GET Salary Amount Divided By 25000 AND Multiplied By 100 AS
ANSWER
REMOVE ‘Calculated Percent Of ’ STEP FROM ‘APPLIED STEPS’ IN
‘Query Settings’
Add Column Tab:
Standard → ‘Add’
Function
◦ It creates a new column that adds the values in the
currently selected columns.
◦ If a single column is selected, the new column adds
a specified value to each value in the selected
column.
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column of ‘Employees’ Query Table
◦ Go to ➔ [Add Column] tab → [From Number] →
[Standard] → [Add]
‘Add’ Function
◦ Open ‘Value’ Drop Down to select ‘Use values
in a column’
◦ Select ‘Commission’ column in next box to it.
◦ Click ‘Ok’
YOU GET A NEW COLUMN NAMED AS ‘Addition’.
RENAME IT TO ‘Total Salary’
REMOVE STEPS ‘Renamed Columns2’ & ‘Inserted Addition’ FROM
‘APPLIED STEPS’ IN ‘Query Settings’
‘Add’
Function
◦ Select ‘Salary’ &
‘Commission’ columns of
‘Employees’ Query Table
using CTRL Key
◦ Go to ➔ [Add Column]
tab → [From Number] →
[Standard] → [Add]
YOU GET A NEW COLUMN NAMED AS ‘Addition’.
RENAME IT TO ‘Total Salary’
REMOVE STEPS ‘Renamed Columns2’ & ‘Inserted Addition’ FROM
‘APPLIED STEPS’ IN ‘Query Settings’
Add Column Tab:
Standard →
‘Multiply’ Function
◦ It creates a new column that multiplies the
values in the currently selected columns.
◦ If a single column is selected, the new column
multiplies each value in the selected column
by a specified value.
◦ Select ‘Salary’ column of ‘Employees’ Query
Table
◦ Go to ➔ [Add Column] tab → [From
Number] → [Standard] → [Multiply]
 ‘MULTIPLY’ FUNCTION
Type ‘30%’ to calculate 30% of salary as HRA (Housing Rental Allowance)
YOU GET A NEW COLUMN NAMED AS ‘Multiplication’.
RENAME IT TO ‘HRA’
USE ‘Multiply’ FUNCTION AND FIND OUT 20% & 10% OF SALARY FOR ‘DA’ AND ‘TA’,
WHERE ‘DA’ IS ‘Dearness Allowance’ AND ‘TA’ IS ‘Travelling Allowance’
Find Out ‘Gross ◦ Select ‘Salary’, ‘Commission’, ‘HRA’, ‘DA’, & ‘TA’
columns

Salary’ ◦ Go to ➔ [Add Column] → [From Number] →

[Standard] → [Add]
YOU GET A NEW COLUMN NAMED ‘Addition’.
RENAME IT TO ‘Gross Salary’.
FIND OUT ‘5%’ OF SALARY AS ‘PF’ USING ‘Multiply’
FUNCTION
Add Column Tab:
Standard →
‘Subtract’ Function
◦ It creates a new column that contains the
values in the first selected column minus the
values in the second selected column.
◦ If a single column is selected, the new column
subtracts a specified value from each value in
the selected column.
◦ First select ‘Gross Salary’ column and then
‘PF’ column of ‘Employees’ Query Table
◦ Go to ➔ [Add Column] tab → [From
Number] → [Standard] → [Subtract]
 A NEW COLUMN ‘Subtraction’ IS ADDED AS LAST COLUMN.
RENAME THIS COLUMN TO ‘Net Salary’ WHICH IS DIFFERENCE OF ‘Gross Salary’ – ‘PF’
Add Column Tab:
Standard → ‘Divide’
Function
◦ It creates a new column that contains the
values in the first selected column divided the
values in the second selected column.
◦ If a single column is selected, the new column
divides each value in the selected column by a
specified value.
◦ First select ‘Amount’ column and then
‘Quantity’ column of ‘Row Transformation’
Query Table
◦ Go to ➔ [Add Column] tab → [From
Number] → [Standard] → [Divide]
RENAME NEW COLUMN NAMED ‘Division’ TO “Rate Per Unit’
Increase ‘Rate Per ◦ Select ‘Rate Per Unit’ Column of ‘Inventory’ Query table
◦ Go to ➔ [Add Column] tab → [From Number] → [Standard]

Unit’ by 25% → [Multiply]

◦ Type ‘125%’ to get new revised rate.
RENAME NEWLY CREATED ‘Multiplication’ COLUMN TO ‘Revised
Rate’
FIND ‘Revised Amount’ BY MULTIPLYING ‘Quantity’ COLUMN WITH
‘Revised Rate’ COLUMN
RENAME NEWLY CREATED ‘Multiplication’ COLUMN TO ‘Revised
Amount’
Add Column Tab:
Standard → ‘Divide-
Integer’ Function
◦ ‘Divide-Integer’ creates a new column that
contains the values in the first selected
column integer-divided by the values in the
second selected column.
◦ If a single column is selected, the new column
integer-divides each value in the selected
column by a specified value.
‘Divide-Integer’
Function
◦ First select ‘Revised Amount’ column then
‘Quantity’ column to get ‘rounded revised rate’
◦ Go to ➔ [Add Column] tab → [From
Number] → [Standard] → [Divide-Integer]
‘Integer-divide’ FUNCTION
RENAME NEWLY CREATED ‘Integer-division’ COLUMN TO ‘Rounded
Revised Rate’
Add Column Tab:
Standard → ‘Modulo’
Function
◦ It creates a new column that contains the
values in the first selected column modulo the
values in the second selected column.
◦ If a single column is selected, the new column
will contain the values in the selected column
modulo a specified column.
◦ In other word, A modulo column takes the
values of an existing column, divides them by
a specified amount and returns the
remainder.
‘Modulo’ Function

◦ First select ‘Revised Amount’ column then ‘Quantity’

column to get ‘Rate Round off ’
◦ Go to ➔ [Add Column] tab → [From Number] →
[Standard] → [Modulo]
◦ OR ➔ [Add Column] tab → [From Number] →
[Standard] → [Modulo] → select ‘Use Values in a
column’ → Select [Quantity]
YOU GET NEWLY CREATED ‘Modulo’ WHICH IS Remainder Value OF
‘Revised Amount’ DIVIDED BY ‘Quantity’
 REMOVE
STEP ‘Modulo’
AS IT IS NOT
REQUIRED
Add Column Tab:
Standard →
‘Percentage’ Function
◦ ‘Percentage’ creates a new column that
contains a specified percentage of the values
in the selected column.
◦ Selected ‘Net Salary’ column in ‘Employees’
Query table
◦ Go to ➔ [Add Column] tab → [From
Number] → [Standard] → [Percentage]
‘Percentage’ ◦ Type ’10’ to get 10% of Salary.

Function ◦ You get a new column name ‘Percentage’

RENAME NEW COLUMN
Rename newly created ‘Percentage’ column to ‘Donation’
Add Column Tab:
Standard → ‘Percent
Of ’ Function
◦ It Creates a new column that contains the
values in the selected column as a percentage
of a specified value.
‘Percent Of ’
Function
◦ Selected ‘Revised Rate’
column in ‘Employees’
Query table

◦ Go to ➔ [Add Column]
tab → [From Number] →
[Standard] → [Percentage]
◦ In Value field select ‘Use
Values in a column’
◦ Then select ‘Rate Per Unit’
◦ Click ‘Ok’
YOU GET A NEW COLUMN NAMED ‘Percent Of’ WHICH IS REVISED RATE IN
PERCENT.
RENAME THIS COLUMN AS ‘Revised Rate %’
Number
Transformation:
‘Round’ Function
Rounding Function available on ‘Transform’ tab
as well as on ‘Add Column’ tab. They are:
◦ Round Up
◦ Round Down
◦ Round
Divide
‘Revised Rate’
by ‘Modulo’
◦ Select ‘Revised Rate’
column and by holding
CTRL key select ‘Modulo’
column in ‘Row
Transformation’ Query
Table.
◦ Go to ➔ [Add Column] →
[From Number] →
[Standard] → [Divide]
◦ You get and new column
named ‘Division’
Number
Transformation:
‘Round’ Function
Rounding Function available on ‘Transform’ tab
as well as on ‘Add Column’ tab. They are:
◦ Round Up
◦ Round Down
◦ Round
Transform Tab: ‘Round
Up’ Function
◦ Round numbers in the selected columns to the
next integer value.
Transform Tab: ‘Round
Down’ Function
◦ Round numbers in the selected columns to the
previous integer value.
Transform Tab: ‘Round…’
Function
◦ Round numbers in the selected columns to the
specified numbers of decimal digits.
Number
Transformation:
‘Information’ Function
◦ Information function looks at the cell or row
that is provided as an argument and tells you
whether the value matches the expected
type. They are:
◦ Is Even
◦ Is Odd
◦ Sign
Number Transformation:
‘Is Even’ Function
◦ Returns whether the numbers in the selected
columns are even.
◦ Try it on ‘Invoice’ column in ‘Row
Transformation’ Query table.
Number Transformation:
‘Is Odd’ Function
◦ Return whether the numbers in the selected
columns are odd.
◦ Try it on ‘Invoice’ column in ‘Row
Transformation’ Query table.
Add a New Column ‘Rate
Per Unit’ subtracted by
‘Revised Rate’
◦ Select Rate Per Unit column and then ‘Revised
Rate’ in ‘Row Transformation’ Query table.
◦ Go to ➔ [Add Column] →[From Number] →
[Standard] → [Subtract]
◦ You get a new column named ‘Subtraction’
Number Transformation:
‘Sign’ Function
◦ Returns the sign of numbers in the selected columns.
◦ Try it on ‘Subtraction’ column in ‘Row Transformation’
Query table.
◦ For positive numerical value, it shows the 1 sign and for
the numerical value. It shows -1
‘Scientific’ Number Transformation
‘Transform’ Tab ‘Add Column’ Tab

➢ Absolute Value ➢ Absolute Value

➢ Power ➢ Power
➢ Square ➢ Square
➢ Cube ➢ Cube
➢ Power… ➢ Power…
➢ Square Root ➢ Square Root
➢ Exponent ➢ Exponent
➢ Logarithm ➢ Logarithm
➢ Base-10 ➢ Base-10
➢ Natural ➢ Natural
➢ Factorial ➢ Factorial
Scientific Number : Absolute Value
(Positive Value or + Value)
‘Transform’ Tab ‘Add Column’ Tab

◦ Returns the absolute value of numbers in the ◦ Creates a new column which contains the
selected columns. absolute value of the number in the selected
column.
Scientific Number : Power → Square
‘Transform’ Tab ‘Add Column’ Tab

◦ Returns the square of numbers in the selected ◦ Create a new column which contains the square
columns. of numbers in the selected column.
Scientific Number : Power → Cube
‘Transform’ Tab ‘Add Column’ Tab

◦ Return the cube of the numbers in the selected ◦ Create a new column which contains the cube
columns. of numbers om the selected column.
Scientific Number : Power → Power…
‘Transform’ Tab ‘Add Column’ Tab

◦ Return the numbers in the selected columns ◦ Create a new column which contains the
raised to a specified power. numbers in the selected column raised to a
specified power.
◦ If two columns are selected, the column created
will contain the values in the first column raised
to the corresponding value in the second
column.
Scientific Number: Square Root
‘Transform’ Tab ‘Add Column’ Tab

◦ Returns the square root of numbers in the ◦ Create a new column which contains the
selected columns. square root of numbers in the selected column.
Scientific Number: Exponent
◦ An exponent refers to the number of times a ◦ When an exponent is a negative number, the
number is multiplied by itself. result is always a fraction. Fractions consist of a
For example, 2 to the 3rd (written like numerator over a denominator. In this instance,
this: 23) means: the numerator is always 1. To find the
2 x 2 x 2 = 8. denominator, pretend that the negative
exponent is positive, and raise the number to
◦ Remember that a number raised to the power of
that power, like this:
1 is itself. For example,
6-3 = 1 / 63
51 = 5.
◦ There are some special cases:
60 = 1
Scientific Number: Logarithm
Logarithm: Base-10 Natural Logarithms: Base ‘e’

◦ A logarithm answers the question: ◦ Another base that is often used is e (Euler's Number)
How many times one number do we multiply to get which is about 2.71828.
another number?
◦ This is called a "natural logarithm". Mathematicians use
◦ So Logarithm of 8 (answer) to the base-2 (multiplier this one a lot.
number as 2) is 3 (exponent or Logarithm value). So the
Logarithm of 8 to base 2 is 3. ◦ It is how many times we need to use "e" in a
In this example: 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 multiplication, to get our desired number.

◦ Similarly Logarithm Value of 1000 to the base-10 is 3. ◦ On a calculator it is the "ln" button.
103 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000 ◦ Example: ln(7.389) = loge(7.389) ≈ 2
◦ Exponents and Logarithms are related. The exponent says ◦ Because 2.718282 ≈ 7.389
how many times to use the number in a multiplication.
The logarithm tells us what the exponent is!
Scientific Number: Exponent
‘Transform’ Tab ‘Add Column’ Tab

◦ Return the exponent of numbers in the selected ◦ Create a new column which contains the
columns. exponent of numbers in the selected column.
Scientific Number: Logarithm →Base-10
‘Transform’ Tab ‘Add Column’ Tab

◦ Return the base-10 logarithm of numbers in the ◦ Create a new column which contains the base-
selected columns. 10 logarithm of numbers in the selected
column.
Scientific Number: Logarithm →Natural
‘Transform’ Tab ‘Add Column’ Tab

◦ Return the natural logarithm of numbers in the ◦ Create a new column which contains the natural
selected columns. logarithm of numbers in the selected column.
 The factorial function (symbol: !) says
to multiply all whole numbers from our
chosen number down to 1.

Scientific Examples:
Number: 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24
7! = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5040
1! = 1
Factorial
So the rule is:
n! = n × (n−1)!
Which says "the factorial of any number
is that number times the factorial of
(that number minus 1)"
Scientific Number: Factorial
‘Transform’ Tab ‘Add Column’ Tab

◦ Return the factorial of numbers in the selected ◦ Create a new column which contains the
columns. factorial of numbers in the selected column.
Trigonometric Number
Transformation
◦ Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that
studies relationships between side lengths and
angles of triangles.
◦ Question: From the top of a lighthouse 55 ft
above sea level, the angle of depression to a small
boat is 11.3 degrees. How far from the foot of the
lighthouse is the boat?
◦ Answer: Foot of the light house from the boat
=275.25’
Trigonometric
◦ For this demonstration, we need to examine a
couple ways of describing “slant.”
◦ First is slope, which is a ratio that compares how
many units a line increases vertically (its rise)
compared to how many units it increases
horizontally (its run).
◦ Slope is therefore calculated as rise divided by run.
tan A = a/b
Sine, cosine and tangent
◦ Trigonometric ratios are the ratios between edges of a right triangle.
These ratios are given by the following trigonometric functions of the
known angle A, where a, b and c refer to the lengths of the sides in
the accompanying figure:
◦ Sine function (sin), defined as the ratio of the side opposite the angle
to the hypotenuse.
◦ Cosine function (cos), defined as the ratio of the adjacent leg (the
side of the triangle joining the angle to the right angle) to the
hypotenuse.
◦ Tangent function (tan), defined as the ratio of the opposite leg to the
adjacent leg.
Terms Used
◦ The hypotenuse is the side opposite to the 90 degree angle in a
right triangle; it is the longest side of the triangle and one of the
two sides adjacent to angle A.
◦ The adjacent leg is the other side that is adjacent to angle A.
◦ The opposite side is the side that is opposite to angle A.
◦ The terms perpendicular and base are sometimes used for the
opposite and adjacent sides respectively.
Cosecant, Secant and
Cotangent
◦ Since any two right triangles with the same acute angle A are similar,
the value of a trigonometric ratio depends only on the angle A.
◦ The reciprocals of these functions are named the cosecant (csc),
secant (sec), and cotangent (cot), respectively:
◦ The cosine, cotangent, and cosecant are so named because they are
respectively the sine, tangent, and secant of the complementary angle
abbreviated to "co-".
Trigonometric
Functions
◦ With these functions, one can answer virtually all questions about
arbitrary triangles by using the law of sines and the law of cosines.
These laws can be used to compute the remaining angles and sides of
any triangle as soon as two sides and their included angle or two
angles and a side or three sides are known.
The unit circle and common
trigonometric values
◦ Trigonometric ratios can also be represented using the unit circle,
which is the circle of radius 1 centered at the origin in the plane.
◦ In this setting, the terminal side of an angle A placed in standard
position will intersect the unit circle in a point (x,y), where x = cos
A and y = sin A.
 ◦ The names of the inverse trigonometric functions,
Inverse Trigonometric together with their domains and range, can be

Functions found in the following table:

Application of
Astronomy
◦ For centuries, spherical trigonometry has been used for locating solar, lunar, and stellar positions,
predicting eclipses, and describing the orbits of the planets. In modern times, the technique of

Trigonometric
triangulation is used in astronomy to measure the distance to nearby stars, as well as in satellite
navigation systems.
Navigation

Functions ◦ Historically, trigonometry has been used for locating latitudes and longitudes of sailing vessels, plotting
courses, and calculating distances during navigation. Trigonometry is still used in navigation through
such means as the Global Positioning System and artificial intelligence for autonomous vehicles.
Surveying
◦ In land surveying, trigonometry is used in the calculation of lengths, areas, and relative angles between
objects. On a larger scale, trigonometry is used in geography to measure distances between landmarks.
Periodic functions
◦ The sine and cosine functions are fundamental to the theory of periodic functions, such as those that
describe sound and light waves. Fourier discovered that every continuous, periodic function could be
described as an infinite sum of trigonometric functions. Even non-periodic functions can be
represented as an integral of sines and cosines through the Fourier transform. This has applications to
quantum mechanics and communications, among other fields.
Optics and Acoustics
◦ Trigonometry is useful in many physical sciences, including acoustics, and optics. In these areas, they
are used to describe sound and light waves, and to solve boundary- and transmission-related problems.