ተተተደፈፈቸሸበነመመ፮ጀጀጀጀጀገገ

DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
THE EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON THE ENVIRONMENTS IN CASE OF JELDU
TOWN.
Proposal On. Submitted to Department of Geography and Environmental Studies in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Bachelor of Art (BA) Degree in Geography
and Environmental Studies.

By. YOBSEN GUDETA

Advisor: Mr. Agegnehu Tadesse

January: 2021
Debre Markos, Ethiopa
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents page
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………… i
Acronym ………………………………………………………………………………………… ii

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of problem..........................................................................................................2
1.3. Objective of the study...........................................................................................................3
1.3.1 General objectives...........................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific objectives.........................................................................................................3
1.4 Research questions..............................................................................................................4
1.5 Significance of the study.......................................................................................................4
1.6 Scope of the study................................................................................................................4
1.7 Limitation of the study...........................................................................................................4
1.8 Organization of the paper......................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................6
2.1 Concept of urbanization.......................................................................................................6
2.2 urbanization processes in Ethiopia........................................................................................6
2.3 Expansion and Growth of urban centers................................................................................7
2.3.1 Cause of urbanization......................................................................................................7
2.3.2 Industrialization...............................................................................................................7
2.3 .3 Commercialization.........................................................................................................8
2.3.4 Social benefits & services...............................................................................................8
2.3.5 Employment opportunity.................................................................................................8
2.3.6 Modernization& changes in the mode of living..............................................................8
2.3.7 Rural _urban transformation...........................................................................................8
2.4 Effects of urbanization.......................................................................................................9
2.4.1 Positive effect of urbanization.........................................................................................9

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 2.4.2 Negative effects of urbanization......................................................................................9
2.4.3 Anomie and Alienation.................................................................................................12
2.5 The role of the government to solve the problem of urbanization on environment..........14
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................16
3. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES......................16
3.1Description of the study area................................................................................................16
3.1.1 The study Area..............................................................................................................16
3.1.2 Physical aspect..............................................................................................................17
3.1.2.1 Location and Size.......................................................................................................17
3.1.3 Infrastructure development............................................................................................18
3.1.4 Socioeconomic Activities..............................................................................................18
3.2 Methodology of the study....................................................................................................19
3.2.1 Selection of the study area.............................................................................................19
3.3 Study type and design..........................................................................................................19
3.4 Source of Data.....................................................................................................................19
3.4.1 Primary Source..............................................................................................................19
3.4.2 Secondary Sources........................................................................................................19
3.5 Data collection technique (Method)....................................................................................20
3.5.1 Questionnaire.................................................................................................................20
3.6 Sample Size and sample technique......................................................................................20
3.6.1 The Sample size indicate below....................................................................................20
3.6.2 Sample techniques.........................................................................................................20
3.7 Methods of data analysis and presentation..........................................................................21
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................38
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................40
APPENDIX A questionnaire.....................................................................................................40

Acronym

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MiT- massachuset institute of technology

D.S.A- A colidated list of Dailly Allowance

C.S.A. central statically Agenda

ILO- international labor organization

UN- united nation

UNFPA- united nations population fund

WB- world Bank

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 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
According to the Cambridge dictionary (2011) the term urban is describing as place where
people live and work many house place of works, entertainment shops etc. Town is also defined
as a place where as certain assemblage of goods and a service has been found. Urbanization
leads to urban spatial explanation due to demand for development and housing growth as well as
facility area to serve human life. In recent years due to the requirement of town and cities
expansions, a part of suburban agricultural land was urbanized. According to developing
countries strategiesfor civilized modern and environmental sustainable town and cities, sub-
urban agricultural has intended to transform in the ecological high refers along period, time in
the world and then still has been continued to day (Cohen, 2007).
Urbanization in conventional terms refers to the process through which society is transmitted
from being predominantly rural. In economy, culture life style being predominantly urban it is.
Also intensities of and its production its production activated (Getit, 2000). Ashistorical
evidences,indicate urbanization unless developed countries exhibit a number of contrast with
early processes in developed countries. The level of urbanization in African is low (37%) when
compared with developed countries. Is much faster than developed countries which man rich 3 %
or 4 %in years (Aghion, 2009).
Demographic projection concisely indicates that. The 21thcwill be world population is Expected
to do will in urban area by 2025.And sustainable proportion and this growth is expected occur in
developing countries, whenever, the current page to urbanization has not been much with
economic development (Cohen, 2004).
Urbanization processes in Ethiopia is regard as "urbanization without growth consequently the
pressure on urban local governments in term of providing physical in restructure and socio-
economic series much serious as their still remain under founded which constrains by limited
resources and in adequate institutional.
A people from area may rise to position of affluences that were previously thought to belong to
other level of society. Rural in habitants’ perception of better life changes when observed the

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new success of the people from their community, rural dwellers can then analyse how these
people have achieved such position, hope to emulate their success. in general, the prospect of
employment in rural area are not positive while the urban area seems more rewarding these
related issue is the cause for urbanization expansion(Soubotina,2000).
The urban area of Ethiopia relatively speaking age more developed with better prospect for
employment opportunity, caries and more comfortable living in contrast employment and living
condition in most urban area have shown significance improvement (Tadele T, 1999).
The consequences of so much poverty is large and increasing number urban resident who singly
seek to survive as best they can, seemingly obvious of the cost to the environment' The world
Bank also noted that the inadequate make up 30_60 % urban population in developing
countries the one who are most affected by degradation of the physical environment much of
which is also caused by them .it has been said there fore that the poor are both victim and agent
of environmental degradation( WB, 2001).
In case of Jeldu Town urbanization refers to the concentration of human population in to discrete
areas, leading to transformation of land for residential commercial and industrial, transportation
purpose, urbanization is the process of becoming urban where areas become transformed in to
urban areas in numerical expression, urbanization denotes the increasing in the share of
population that resides urban areas predominantly because of net rural to urban migration
(UNFPA, 2007)
The Growth of urban center also leads to the infrastructural facilities, which in turn create
regional development, industrialization, transportation linkage population distribution and the
expected rural urban continuum. Urbanization is defined as the shift from the rural areas to urban
society, which involves increasing in the number of people. In urban area during a specific
theory urbanization is the outcome of socio-economic and political development that lead to
urban concentration and transformation from rural to metropolitan patterns of organization and
governance (Innerness, 1994).

1.2 Statement of problem

Urbanization today bring about many changes for famous on the Suburban constricts with in
non-farm neighbour and vandalism (damage) such as destruction and farm equipment’s are the
major corner of farmers at the surrounding area (Birhanu,2003).

2
Neighbour farmer often cooperate in production activities, including equipment sharing custom
works and irrigation system developments. These benefits are disappeared when neigh-boring
farmers converted in to urban. farmers are no longer benefits from the information sharing and
business relationship among neighbouring forms most urban centers play dominant role as it &
publican power and administration where as they exhibit inadequate function specialization in
modern production and services activities. Inaddition, outing to deflate concierge and quality of
in temperature and services with in urban center, their productivity is at very low level.
The case and consequence of urbanization in Ethiopia are studies by different time, but the
problem exists in. The more expansion of Jeldu Town have produce the greater impacts on
fragmentation of Agricultural land and the ownership of farmers are livelihood and large amount
of Agricultural land are emerge to the town& farmers ,urbanization enforce less their farm land
for the purpose settlement transportation investment and service sector and for building
condominium house ( mortgages) house, Lack of waste disposal place (Limited capacity for
waste treatment), Noise pollution, and Air pollution within compensation and substitution of
Jeldu Town expansion in turn amount of land which reduce the land use the income of the
farmers and social infect to the surrounding farmers in Jeldu Town, those losses of Agriculture
land to their uses in a serious problem. Those were the main problems ((gaps) found in the case
area. Therefore, since there are no further or enough study conducted to investigate the effect of
urbanization on environment in the study area. This paper will be tried to assess the main effect
of urbanization on environment in the study area.

1.3. Objective of the study

1.3.1 General objectives
The general objective of this study is to assess the effect of urbanization on environment in case
of Jeldu town

1.3.2 Specific objectives

The specific objective of this study included to:
 To identify the cause of urbanization in the study area.
 To identify the effect of urbanization on farm land use in the study area.
 To examine the possible remedies of urbanization in the study area.

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  To identify the governmental and societies role to reduce the problem of urbanization on
environment.

1.4 Research questions

 What are the causes of urbanization in the study area?
 What are the effects of urbanization on farmland use in the study area?
 What are the possible solutions to reduce the effect of urbanization on environment?
 What is the governmental and societies role to reduce the effect of urbanization on
environment?

1.5 Significance of the study

The role of researchers to analysis problem and come up with some possibilities solution,
likewise this study will providing source to suggestive way of tacking the effect of urbanization
In Jeldu. It also serves as guideline for the researchers and for future studies, generally the
studies are expected to provide for community, government and other conceded bodies as a
secondary source. The advantages of the town are:
 The output of this study will be expected to make modest but important contributions to
plan and policy making to tackle the effects of urbanization on environment in the case
of Jeldu town.
 It will be serving as information for officials of Jeldu town
 It will be serving as background Information for further study.

1.6 Scope of the study

The study is conducted in Oromia regional state in Jeldu town the study is focus on the effects of
urbanization on environment. The area coverage of the study will be limits to Jeldu town, due to
the fact that conducting research work in large area usually recurred large amount of financial
resource which beyond researcher’s capacity, the time horizon that is including in study to
investigation of this range fromOctober to January 2021

1.7 Limitation of the study

Basically the main limitation of the study is narrowness meaning that these research findings
might not be applicable in other places with in the same topic and it is time bounded meaning
that this research might not be valuable after some period of time due to changes in various state
of nature. One of the constraints to achieve this research regarding the researchers is time and

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budget shortage. Another problem happened that the respondents were not willing to react
according to distribution the questioners. In addition to the respondent misunderstand regarding
to work and they don’t, give the answer of the question and update information becoming very
difficult to achieve the smooth performance of the study.

1.8 Organization of the paper

The study will be being divided in to five chapters through which chapter one deal with the
background of the study, statement of growth objectives of the studies, Research questions
significant of the study, finally, the scope of the study. The second chapter of the study is
describing that related review literature about the effects of urbanization on the environment. The
third chapter with research methodology and description of the study area. Chapter four of this
incorporates describing data analysis, finally the conclusion and recommendation of this study is
described in chapter five.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Concept of urbanization
Urbanization refers to the growth on the proportion of population living in urban area and the
further of physical expansion existing urban centers (Samson, 2004).
Typically, urbanization is a commonly defined the processes by which large cities or town. Most
actors ' urbanization argue that urbanization industrialization are two sides of the name coin, in
after worlds they to hand and could develop together (Geti,et al,2000).
Urbanization is the process by which people live and employed in city. People are down to urban
to urban area for employment is usually very accessible, which more jobs seeks. Urbanization
refers to the proportion of population living in urban settlements to total population. Geographer
view urbanization as a process of either through multiplication of point of concentration or
through increase in the area of existing point of concentration (Misre, 1978).
Some contemporary export however suggested that industrialization is not only factoring for
urbanization. There are also other factors, which effect of urbanizations. In relation to this
(Geti.et, al 2000). State those contemporary urban developments’ do not only or even mainly
depend on industry but much facility in dispensable for urban life. This implies that families
need for survival housing shops and market transports healthily, water and electricity etc. some
of the critical use to identify urban settlement and designate them as town of cities encoded the
states of urban settlement population size, population density and population function.
In terms of population size the minimum population locality considers as cities. various, from a
settlement is designated as urban if the number in habitués aqua to exceed 2000 and most them
age engaged in non-agricultural activities and other defines characteristics is that the area in an
official musicality.

2.2 urbanization processes in Ethiopia

The establishment of Addis Ababa as capital city of the country by the emperor minilik II
marked the beginning of the processes modern urbanization Ethiopia. Urbanization processes
during this period was tailgated by territorial expansion and improvement of than prevention and
communication. Cities such as Dire Dawa, Nathereth are emerged and developed in to sizeable

6
and welt diversity nodal settlement. There isgood example of the town that were built as the
immediate result of Addis Ababa Djibouti rail way. Thisway line contracted in 1897_1917.
(Akalu, 1995).
In the Italian occupation of 1936_1941 the period characterized by rapid urban development and
new types of economically or tended urban supper imposition on the traditional structure. That
lead to the passing through the fast growing friends, which are un presented in history (Samson,
2004).
The history of urban development in Ethiopiacan be seen as distract able developed that shaped
various socio-economic, political, cultural life of the Ethiopian facility. The three major
symbolic political and religious centers which occupied a renowned place in 20th Century
Ethiopian urbanization were Axum, labella, Gondar habits in late back to Axumite period and
Axum as the first political capital of the country still continues to have a symbolic important in
the country urban history (Taya, 1990).

2.3 Expansion and Growth of urban centers

Rapid urbanization has occurred twice time and space, first during 19th century the economically
more developed countries lead to an age demand for labor in manufacturing and mining centers .
2nd towards 1950s in the economically less developed countries, high rate and natural increase
and total urban migration have resulted in uncontrolled growth many cities (WB ,2001).

2.3.1 Cause of urbanization

2.3.2 Industrialization
Industrialization is trend reprinting a shift from the old Agricultural economics to novel non-
agricultural economy, which creates a modernized society, through industrial revolution, more
people have been attracted to move from rural to urban areas on the account of improved
employment opportunity. Industrialization has increased employment opportunity by giving
people to the chance to work in modern sectors in job categories that aids to stir economic
development (Cohen, 2015).

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2.3 .3 Commercialization
Commerce and trade play a major role in urbanization the distribution of goods and services and
commercial transactions in the modern era has developed modern marketing institutions and
exchange methods that have tremendously given rise to the growth of towns and cities,
commercialization and trade comes with the general perception that towns and cities offer better
commercial opportunities and returns compared to the rural area (Grant, Ursula ,2008).

2.3.4 Social benefits & services

There are numerous social benefits attributed to the life in the cities & towns Examples
including; better education facilities, living standard, sanitation, house, health care, recreation&
social life’s' in general. (kortayev 2006).

2.3.5 Employment opportunity

In city and towns, there are ample job opportunities that continually draw people from the rural
area to seek better livelihood. Therefore, the majority of people frequently migrate in to urban
areas to assess well playing jobs as urban areas have countless employment opportunity in all
developmental sectors such as public health, education, transport, sports& recreations, industries
& business enterprises, service and industries generate and increase higher value added jobs, and
this leads to more employment opportunity (ILO, 1972).

2.3.6 Modernization& changes in the mode of living

Modernization plays a very important role in the process of urbanization. As urban area become
more technology, together with highly sophisticated communication, Infrastructure, medical
facilities dressing code, enlightenment, liberalization and other social amenities availability,
people believe they can lead a happy life in cities. In urban area, people also embrace mode of
living namely, residential attitudes, dressing food & benefit, as result, people migrate to cities
and the cities grow by absorbing the growing number of people (Benedictus, Leo2017)

2.3.7 Rural _urban transformation

As a localities become more fruitful and prosperous due to discover of minerals, resources
exploitations, or Agricultural activities, cities start emerging as rural areas transformation to
urbanism. The increase in productivities lead to economic growth and higher value added
employment opportunities (Borowiecki, 2013)

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2.4 Effects of urbanization
2.4.1 Positive effect of urbanization
According to (Allaci, 2010). Well-planned and managed urban growth and development can
sense a positive development factors. The benefits could be seen in firms of diffusion of
innovation new idea, generation of new technology and diversification of culture with in
different people can shared respective talents due to, these, and other things urbanization is the
foundation for sustainable developments. It enhances the growth of urban economy the
magnitude investment opportunity in and around the cities/town.
According to Satterthwaite (2004), the surrounding areas of urban centers are mostly engaged in
agricultural production either for local consumers or as links to national and export markets,
urban centers act as access to market that is the prerequisite to increasing rural agricultural
incomes. Proximity also contributes to minimize the risks of perishable products to produces
timely to market area and to get affordable transportation.
As to the view of Kamete and Tvedten (2006) assure that people who live around urban centers,
because of their proximity, have a better access to employment and modern way of living than
those who far rural dwellers. Besides, urban centers create employ men to opportunities through
the development of small and micro enterprises and cooperatives.

2.4.2 Negative effects of urbanization

The increasing number of urban population different industries and the way of people's lives
affects urbanization in many ways these can negatively affects the environment and livelihood of
individuals. This could beattributed to changes occurring in land use water, resource
management, waste during and increasing competition between agricultural and residential use
of nature resource (UN, 2007).

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2.4.2.1 Unemployment
Urban employment deals with the ability to urban center to provide employment opportunities to
population and migrant from area and other urban centers in urban area .According to 2007
.population and housing Ethiopia ( CSA ,2007 ), the unemployment rate a national level is 3.8 %
but unemployment rate urban is more than four time ( 17.6 % ) of the national average .This
urban employment also range from 11.8 % in Dire Dawa, 22.6 % in Tigray, 22.5 % in Addis
Ababa to 10.6 % urban area of (Tulu Bolo town ) and they remain population is convened by
other regions

2.4.2.2 Transportation problems

Urban be argued that by providing diurnal mobility traffic system created them modern large
road they also affected one of its greatest problem by allocating the rich to escape to the sub
periphery the rural fringe, learning the poor behind in the town. the preservation of that mobility
for the better offers its increases further, critical problem New urban through ways are
immensely cost problem consume and destroy of blight housing, but without then congestion and
decay increase (Alaci,2010)

2.4.2.3 Housing problem

Housing is one of the three basic need for human being the modern concepts of housing is the
town which all the basic needs of a family are fulfil, despite this at pressure where is shortage of
house in urban area and much of the available accommodation is accumulatively of substandard
types as a result of excessive rural urban migration and natural growth of urban population, and
the urban expansion because of a peoples age unable to afford loves for the rapidly grow thing
urban population are the problem of a many urban residents. The nature of housing problem
could be explained in terms village of accommodation sub standards house mode of any
materials and age un obtainable urban basic facilitates such as clear water, electricity and
wastage system (UN, 2007).

2.4.2.4 Environmental degradation and waste disposal

The increasing number of economic activities, industrialization, urbanization using of living
standard of population and population growth has leads to shape increase for generator in urban
sea and the environmental has limited capacity for east assimilation. These in play that any
urging material use in the production and consumption process most environmentally be returned

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and in regulated was of urban agglomeration leads to degradation of urban environmental
( Samson, 2004 ).human activities that is not controlled through the appropriate infrastructure
leads to damages to the natural environment and this damage increase with large population in
adequate sewer facilities leads to populated water unregulated growth leads lousing being built in
environmentally sensitive area and lack of electricity lead to intensive compromise air quality.
( http ://www. show. com/info 853 0337 negative efficient rapid_ urbanization httpaccessed).

2.4.2.5 Loss of farm land

As pointed out by Dayong(2004) uneven urban processes will occupy considerable valuable
farmland around urban centers, which causes to sensitive contradiction and conflicts with the
farmers who are displaced from their farmland. Urbanization negatively affects the pre urban
areas in different ways. As urban centers, expand by occupying fertile farmland, and displacing
farmers cause to reduce the amount of production and number of family farmers, and move to
the nearby urban centers.

In Ethiopia land taking by regional governmental for expansion of cities and towns is raising
rapidly because urbanization leads to out ward expansion of cities and results to change in land
use and landscape where by the federal and regional agencies and the municipality are
expropriating of agriculture land for public purposes. In addition, the federal law on rural land
expropriation and compensation, have been crafted by the agencies that are taking land seem to
disfavour that are losing the land (Solomon, 2004).

2.4.2.6 The effect of water quality

The urbanization process involves unsustainable use natural system and creates numerous
problem both within and without the city one of the major environmental problem of
urbanization in the urban hydrological system has cope with a highly fluctuating amount of
surface run-off water which may become extremely high during the period of rain fall.
Hydrological effect of increases impervious surface area typically resulting in higher flows peaks
and larger total stream flow volume shift in subsurface flow to surface flow and increase in flood
frequency (Brun and Band 2000).

2.4.2.7 The effect on climate changes

Increases impervious surfaces area of urbanization also leads to greater temperatures in urban
area than non-urban area resulting in urban heat island expansions of built up area was formed to

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be the main factor in long term changes in air temperature and impact changes in impervious
surface in maximum and minimum and mean temperature. The climate changes has a greater
impacts low than urbanization in terms of high flow and annual cumulative run on the
precipitation increase scenario induce approximates the same increase and during summer time
when floods happens frequency due to the total run off increase, the average contribution of
urbanization in the time greater than that of the increase precipitation in terms of the cumulative
run off ratio ,change in precipitation depth are more influence than temperature change in driving
future change in high flow, annual accumulated run off and seasonal accumulated run off ratio,
when the combining the combining the effect of urbanization on precipitation scenario to gather,
increase in high flow in exacerbated and increase invapour transpiration due to the warmer
climate condition ( Shouraseni and Yuan ,2009)

2.4.2.8 The effect on Habitat modification/Destruction/

The exposition of urban development leading to habitat destruction is also responsible for the
sharp decline in diverse life forms, some of which are faced with the risk extinction. It implies
the loss of native environment of the different wildlife species which is primarily due to man
induced processes such as urban development, industrial production, trawling, logging and
mining and others. The decline in the native habitat of the biodiversity and diverse wildlife
species is behind the reduction in their numbers with a few of them earning the status of
endangered species. The loss of habitat also poses a grave danger to the environment such as the
weather undergoing a drastic changes and the dissipation of the ecosystem nutrients (McKinney ,
2008).

2.4.3 Anomie and Alienation

This refers to the problem of urbanization referring to the relationship among social group. It
affects relationship between numbers by increasing the process of urbanization. The land of
kinship and sentiments of living together from common folk tradition age likely to absent in
general nation no a relation become powerful the interpreter of urban illness a consequence it can
produce vandalism of poverty, a localisms protestation glug addiction (LIshally,1981).

2.4 .3 .1 Urbanization and poverty

The development of cities has led to significant improvement in living condition for many people
all over world by facilitating the provision of series to residence by encouraging the propitiation

12
of business and by increasing modernization in spite of these advantages. However, there are
time when cities have become place where the quality of life by the denigrating and
opportunities are denied, particularly for sides phenomenon in which people encounter various
kinds of deprivation, including; lack of access to education, employment, health strives
inadequate housing, low income infrastructure facilitates, social protect on cities security are site
in lower condition. Urban people in poverty are those without sufficient education ,secured
employment ,stable income saving proper housing and important network .The topic of urban
poverty has grabbed the attention of academician's policy makers and other relevant bodies rapid
increase in urban center has it difficult for government poverty reduction efforts to provide the
poor with basic serves, and other poverty benefits as result urbanization in most part of the
developing world is characterized by poverty ( WB ,2001 )
Although a high rate urbanization and high incidence of rural poverty are to distinct future of
many developing countries ,there little knowledge of the effect of the former of latter the effect
of urbanization in surrounding in rural area the result obtain through an instrumental variable
estimation suggest that the effect is cause in natural and largely attainable to negative spillovers
of urbanization on economy rather than to movement of rural poor to urban area ,the effect of
urbanization on primarily explains decrease demand for local agricultural production and
decreases the rural land and population ratio and rural non-farm employment (WB 2000 ).

2.4. 3.2 Solutions of urbanization

2.4.3.3 Building sustainable and environmentally friendly cities

Government should pass laws that plan and provide environmentally sound cities and smart
growth techniques, considering that people should not reside in unsafe and polluted areas. The
objective here is to build sustainable cities that embrace improved environmental conditions safe
habitats for all urban population, Government should also encourage sustainable use of urban
resources and support an economy based on sustainable environment such as investment in green
infrastructure, sustainable industries recycling and environmental campaigns pollution
management, renewable Energy, green public transportation and water recycling and
reclamation. (Karen ,2008).

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2.4.3.4 Provision of essential services
Under stakeholders must insure all populations within the urban areas have access to adequate
essential social service namely education, health, sanitation clean water, technology, electricity,
and food. The objective here to provide and implement employment opportunity and wealth
creation activities, so that the people can earn a living to pay for the maintained of the services,
subsides can also be availed by the government to lower the cost of basic health care, education,
energy education and public, transportation, communication system and technology (Jayasuriya,
RQ, wodon 2003).

2.4.3.5 Creation of more job

To lessen the negative effects of rapid urbanization, while, at the same time conserving natural
ecosystem, private investment, should be encourage, so as to utilize natural resources and create
more jobs opportunities tourism promotions & sustainable exploration of natural resource can
create more job for the urban population, subsidies &grants may as well be provide to foreign
&private investment in environmentally friendly development, project that encourage job,
creation ( Rondinelli, ( 1990 )

2.4.3.6 Population control

Key stakeholder in urban areas must provide campaigns and counseling for effective medical
health clinics & family planning to reduce the high rate of population growth. medical health
clinics oriented towards family planning options must be made assessable across the entries
urban area with the objective of controlling disease and population growth (Brand, Stewart,2009)

2.5 The role of the government to solve the problem of urbanization on

environment.
The government plays a great role to solve the problem of urbanization in environment. It should
be applied the following solution:
 To create employment at rural level: should be try to create more and more employment
in rural area itself to developed agricultural industries, rural industries forests and rural
skill in rural area so as to provides employment as well as deteriorate the migration
toward the cities.
 The development at agriculture level: the main source of income and employment of
villagers is based on farming.

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 The development of businesses based on agriculture: to provide employment to the
villagers in addition to agriculture to increase their income and that will change their
attitude of migrating towards town area.
 Use of natural resources of villages: if we can use the natural resources of villages
like;land, water, jungles, human wealth, animals, etc. The chances for employment can
be increase and that will decrease urbanization.

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 CHAPTER THREE
3. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH
METHODOLOGIES
3.1Description of the study area
3.1.1 The study Area
Tulu Bolo is a town in central Ethiopia and separate woreda in the Oromia region of Ethiopia
locate in the southwestShewa zone at 8°40'N latitude and 38°13'E longitude with an elevation of
2193
meter

above sea level. It is the largest settlement in BechoworedaTulu Bolo town is locating in Oromia
Regional Government about 80 km south west shewa of Addis Ababa. Tulu Bolo town has a
long history being one of the major cultural and commercial centers of Oromia Regional state. It
is estimate that settlement expands in the area since early 14 thc and has gradually. Growth to the
municipal level. (Wikipedia, org at, 2017).

Figure 0: Map of the study Area

Source:GIS lab.

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3.1.2 Physical aspect
3.1.2.1 Location and Size
Tulu Bolo town is located in Oromia Regional government about 80 km south west shewa of
Addis Ababa,30 km from Waliso the zonal capital.it is serving as administrative capital of waliso
Zone and ,it is also locate at cross road of Busa ,Chulule, the presences of the numbers of
government and nongovernmental organization (NGOS) and private sectors, in addition to its
location access to transportation has attract supplementary trade and commercial activities with
more to come in the design phase, these are the major economic activities that are basis and
potential of the town (www, world at las ,come /af/et/ti at 2011).

3.1.2.2 Topography
Tulu Bolo town is bounded by a serious of plateau on a western and north western and relatively
flatter hills at eastern sides, the Town is locating in relatively flat Topography, Elevation in
Town vary from 2530_2660 m.a.s.l south, East, western part of the Town. Generally, the
Topographic feature of theTown makes the surrounding mountains drain to down wards, the
Town. But, the Town has no perennial river, the main drainage line starts at a western mountain
ridges towards, the south east direction, the huge is rivers drains, the flooding create by western
mountainous ridge (end, Wikipedia, org/wiki/Geography of Ethiopia).

3.1.2.3 Climate
As per the Ethiopian customary climate classification the town is classified as "woina Degas" the
averages annual temperature varies from 15° to 20 °c with January and June the coldest and
hottest month of year Tulu Bolo has mean maximum and minimum temperature of 15.7°c and
10.4°c respectively. The maximum temperature varies between 23°c and 6.6°c the hottest month
is June with a mean maximum temperature of 15.7°c a mean of 10.4°c. the coldest month
December is about 10.4°c cooler, the variation of the temperature cycle from year to year is a
small the main rainy season kiremt occur from the month of July and august. the town has five
rainy months from march to May and from July to August, the main annual rain fall is 659.4mm
and the maximum Rain fall of the 175.1mm and minimum of 11.1 occurs at July and January
respectively (http//www, levoyager, net/weather town Tulu Bolo _html).

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3.1.2.4 Population size and Growth
According to the central statically agency in 2005 Tulu Bolo town has total population of14,307
and 6837 are men and 7470 are women, the majority of the inhabitants said they practiced
Ethiopian orthodox Christianity with 94.01 % reporting that as their religions, while 3.02% of
the population were Catholics and 2.68 % are Muslim of the populations (CSA, of 2005)

3.1.3 Infrastructure development

Regarding infrastructure, the town has asphalt and gravel roads connecting it to different woreda
as in the zone surrounding zones, town in the region and Addis Ababa in the city there are three
main roads while the remaining road are secondary collectors and located streets, the distribution
of the remaining roads are secondary ,collector and local streets ,the distribution of roads as per
the construction material shows, that 15.65 km are asphalt 24.7km gravel,17.4 km cobble stone
and 187.2 km compacts earth roads the town gets 24 house electricity supply from the National
grid and has wireless, mobile and fixed telephone lines internet services and postal services with
450 boxes, the main water supply sources of a town is ground water and distribution through
pipe Network and 29 public taps, the city has close pipe drainage line to discharge storm water,
there are 10,920 regular and 1257 condominium houses in the city house are dominantly built of
stone and hollow concrete block (HCB) walls corrugate iron sheet (CIS) roofing, cement
flooring, fabric and poly propylene sheets celling the daily inter _urban transportation services to
and from nine towns, the town has a bus station and airport there are also 106 Bajaj, taxis and
267 horse drown car its giving intra urban transportation services(Tulu Bolo city, municipal
office of 2018 ).

3.1.4 Socioeconomic Activities

The town is mainly woreda and zone Administration and commercial center,
there are 3 manufacturing industries 915 whole sales trade 2350 retail trade, 1381 service trade
and 1 fuel station in thetown there are 8 banks and 4 micro finance organization giving financial
services in the town the annual revenue of municipality is 9,157,228_5 Birr and the major source
of the revenue urban land lease service charges and various taxes. the capital revenue with in the
same year is 322,99 Birr the major investment opportunity in the town are social infrastructure,
construction, manufacturing, industry and urban Agriculture, According to 2009 economic
activity rate is 52.3 for both sexes ,56.6 and 48.2 for males and females respectively the rate of
the unemployment in the same year is 28.9% for both sexes while male and female

18
unemployment rates 17.3 and 39.4 % respectively, Tulu Bolo town has economically linkage
with the surrounding areas &waliso town. The town gets grain products livestock supply Natural
resource (fuel wood and charcoal) and labor from surround areas and manufacturing products are
also sent from the town to other areas.
(Tulu Bolo town municipal office 2018).

3.2 Methodology of the study

3.2.1 Selection of the study area
The study area is selected because the area is highly affect by the urbanization problem and this
study express the effects of urbanization on environment.

3.3 Study type and design

The study use survey method of research design to assess the impact of urbanization on
environment in Tulu Bolo town survey method of research design is the set of observation
( data ) has to be collect in a scientific manner, that will ensure, as far as possible, their
reliability this method select because it is type of gathering data at particular time for specific
objective, through low cost and its suitability to represent aside range of target population under
the survey method of studies the researchers is applied cross section (one shut) study type
because, it is important when various segment of population sample at a single point in a time
but, for a single problem in order to address state objective the researchers also use both
qualitative and Quantitative research approach.

3.4 Source of Data

The researchers wereused both the combination of the primary and secondary data source.

3.4.1 Primary Source

These source of data are collect from the primary sources of data which includes through open
and close end questionnaires, structure and semi structure, interviews and focus group
discussions field observation,with the displace farmers and municipality officials kebele
administrations and community’sleaders about urban expansion.

3.4.2 Secondary Sources

The secondary source of data isalso collected from different secondary data sources such as
municipality kebele report document, various, registers and publication (Likebook, Journals,

19
researchreports) and papers, magazines, document available on different profile on world wide
web and others like and land use regulation and government policy document

3.5 Data collection technique (Method)

3.5.1 Questionnaire
The researchers were used questionnaires as the major data gathering tools in the order to gather
the necessary information from respondents the research applied questionnaire that are both
close_ open end question that collect primary data individual’s households.

3.6 Sample Size and sample technique

In Tulu Bolo town there are "2"kebele, from these kebele the researchersare selected only one
kebele this kebele is kebele (02) why because due to save time and money and from this kebele,
the urban expansion exists. the total population of Tulu Bolo town in kebele (02) is 10,180 and
the total household of this kebele is 3965 households, due to the effect of urbanization on
environment is mostly found in this kebele, the sample size of the household in this kebele is 40
households from the total household,84.2% of confidence level &15.8% of precision level are
use at critical to determine & calculations.

3.6.1 The Sample size indicate below

The sample size will be draw by Yemane(1967) formula
n = N/1+N(e)2
Where N= total household
n =Sample size
e= margin error
n =3965/1+3965(0.158)2
n= 3965 /1+3965(0.024964)
n= 3965/99.98226
=39.657035158=Approximately 40//

3.6.2 Sample techniques

The techniques that use to collect data is simple random techniques which is the type of
probability sampling that researcher must ensure all the number of the household as have equal
chance of being select.

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3.7 Methods of data analysis and presentation.
After the necessary data is collect from the respondent the researchers are analysis’ and
summarizing the quality and quantitative methods, the data collect is process and analyse
through in manually by using simple statistical tools like frequency, table, graphs, percentage&
also descriptive way personal Judgement is made on the collection of data.

21
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4. Benedictus, Leo (12 may,2017) Blowing in the wind "why do So many cities have poor east
end, via the Guardian.
5. BirhanuZeleke(2005). Impact of urban development on the livelihood of displaced people.
Journal of urban development, Addis Ababa,'Ethiopia.Vol.16. No 2.
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73(1):94_110
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environmental and urban system 24:5_22.
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university press.
10. Central statically Agenda (CSA) (2007) Statically abstract Addis Ababa.
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24. Lishlley (1981) the impact of urbanization.
25. Mukinney, 2008. The effect of urbanization in specious richness the review of plant and
animal’s urban ecosystems.
26. Rondinelli (1990) Urbanization Employment &Economic Development.
27. Samson K. (2004) urban poverty in Ethiopia, problem and prospects for improvement
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28. Africa Development studies volume Des.2008.
29. Satterthwaite (2004) The Urban part of rural development: The role of small towns in
developing country context.
30. ShouraseniSR, Yuan F, 2009.Trends in extreme temperature in relation to urbanization area.
31. Tadele, T. (1999). Theimpact of urban development on passant community in Ethiopia
32. Taye. M (1990) urban rural relation in agrarian change. A historical over view in Ethiopia
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34. UNFPA, 2007, the concept of urbanization.
35. Yemen formula (1967), Sample size calculation.
36. World Bank (2001) attack in poverty world development report.
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APPENDIX
Debre Markos University
College of social science

23
 And humanity Department of
Geography and Environmental studies
APPENDIX A questionnaire

This questionnaire is prepared to assess and identify the

Attitude or (overlooking). of the community in Tulu Bolo town

I. Back ground information of the Respondents.

1. Sex: A, male B, female

2. Age: A, <20 years B ,21_40-year C, 40_ 60 years D, above 60 Years

3. Marital status: A, married B, unmarried C, Divorces D, windowed Separated

4. Educational level: A, cannot read and write B, Primary level C, secondary level
D, above secondary level

5. Religion ________________
6. Ethnic city _____________
7. Occupation status ________
II. Questioner the effects of urbanization on Environment
1. What is the source of prevalence of urban related problem?
A, lack of housing B, lack of job opportunity C, Displacement land residences D, land
degradation
2. What is the type construction material for house in study area?
A, made of wood and mod B, made of Block at and concrete C, Try other
3. What is the location of tap water supply in study area?
A, tap inside compound B, tap outside compound C, Tap compound share D, River _lake E,
Ground water

4. What type of transportation system in Tulu Bolo town

A, town bus B, minibus C, Bajaj D, Donkey E, Bicycle
5. What is negative impact of urbanization is study area
A, poor linking condition of residence B, decreasing economical activities C, unemployment
D, lack of infrastructure
6. How much are monthly income
A, 600_750 B, 1000_2000 C, 1500_2000 D, 2500_3000 E, no income F,3000_4000
7. Do you think that take environmental problem due to urbanization processes?
A, yes B, No
Give justification ___________________________________________
8. If you answer is "yes" what types of problem?
A, lack of waste disposal place B, noise pollution C, Air pollution D, water pollution
9. What is pollution caused by urbanization?
A, Solid B, Liquid C, gas wasted D, other

10. What is the problem of urbanization on environment degradation?

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A, High entry of waste product B, Limited capacity for waste treatment C, UN regulated way
of urban Agglomeration

11. What is impact of urbanization on farm land?

A, less income of farm B, greater farm land fragmentation C, loss farm land D, Decrease
productivity
12. What is the main cause of urbanization in Tulu Bolo town?
A, Industrialization B, Commercialization C, Social benefit and services D, employment
opportunity E, dressing code, enlightenment, Liberalization and other social amenities F, Rural
urban transformation
13. What is the possible solution to minimize the problem of urbanization on environment with
in the communities?
A, Building sustainable and environmentally friendly city B, provision of essential services C,
creation of more jobs D, population control

Part three: Interview Question

14. What do you think the Role ofthe government in urbanization to reduce the problem with in
the environment? _____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

15. What do you think the solution of increasingly to the positive impact of Urbanization?
Justification ____________________________________________________________
________________________________

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