Introduction to ICT

BS-Programs

Ms.Madiha Khalid
madihakhalid790@gmail.com
 Recommended books:
Introduction to Computers 7th International Edition, ISBN:9789387067028.

by: Peter, Norton. McGraw-Hill

Introduction to Computers and Information Technology (2nd Edition

ISBN: 1323144188. by Emergent Learning
Fundamentals of Information Technology
Alexis L Mathewsleon Leon Press.
 Aim of this Course
To introduce information technology…

We will introduce you to different computer ages and…

What is ICT?

• Information
• Communication
• Technology
Information

• Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading,

investigation, study or research.
• The tools to transmit information are the telephone,
television and radio.
• We need information to make decision and to predict the
future.
• Information is the knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily
tasks. For example, forecasting the stock exchange market.
Communication

• Communication is an act of transmitting messages. It is a

process whereby information is exchanged between
individuals using symbols, signs or verbal interaction.
• Previously, people communicated through signs or symbols,
now with the advent of technology the older forms of
communication is less utilized as compared to the use of
internet, email or video conferencing.
Technology

It is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to

create processes and product that fulfill human needs.
Information Processing System

• DATA is a collection of independent and unorganized

facts.
• DATA PROCESSING is the course of doing things in a
sequence of steps.
• INFORMATION is the processed and organized data
presented in a meaningful form.
• STORAGE holds data information and instructions for
later use
What is computer?

• COMPUTER is an electronic machine that follows a set

of instructions in order that it may be able to accept
and gather data and transform these into information.
 PROCESSING
SYSTEM

DATA
INFORMATION
Functions of an Information Processing System
1. It accepts and gather data. (INPUT)
2. It processes data to become information. (PROCESSING)
3. It presents information. (OUTPUT)
4. It stores data and information. (STORE)
Three Major Components of an Information
Processing System
• HARDWARE is the tangible part of a computer system.
• SOFTWARE is the non-tangible part that tells the
computer how to do its job.
• PEOPLEWARE refer to people who use and operate
the computer system, write computer programs, and
analyze and design the information system.
Basic Units of Measurement

• BIT is a unit of information equivalent to the result of

a choice between only 2 possible alternatives in the
binary number system.
• BYTE is a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent one
character of alphanumeric data) processed as a single
unit for information.
Basic Units of Measurement
• A byte can be used to represent a single character,
which can be:
• A letter
• A number
• A special character or symbol, or
• A space
Basic Units of Measurement
• 1,024 bytes =1 kilobyte (K or KB)
1,024 KB =1 megabyte (MB)
1,024 MB =1 gigabyte (GB)
1,024 GB =1 Terabyte (TB)
BASIC PC HARDWARE
• HARDWARE is the tangible part of a computer system.
Basic hardware of a PC system
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory Unit
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Secondary Storage Devices
1. Central Processing Unit

• Brain of the computer.

• It directs and controls the entire computer system
and performs all arithmetic and logical operations.
2. Memory Unit
• Where the programs and data are
stored .
• READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) contains
the pre-programmed computer
instructions such as the Basic Input
Output System (BIOS).
• RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) is
used to store the programs and data
that you will run. Exists only when
there is power.
3. Input Devices
• Allows data and programs to be sent to the CPU.
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joystick
• Microphone
• Webcam
• Scanner
Keyboard
• Traditional keyboards
• Flexible keyboards
• Ergonomic keyboards
• Wireless keyboards
• PDA keyboards
Two Types of Mouse

• Mechanical - a type of computer

mouse that has a rubber or metal
ball on its underside and it can roll
in every direction.
• Optical: This type uses a laser for
detecting the mouse's movement.
How a Mouse Hooks Up to a PC

• PS/2 Mouse

• Serial Mouse

• USB/Cordless Mouse
Other Pointing Devices

• Trackball

• Track point

• Touch pad

• Touch Screen
• Joystick – input device for
computer games

• Light Pens – light-sensitive

penlike device

• Stylus – penlike device commonly

used with tablet PCs and PDAs.
Scanning Devices
• Optical scanners
• Card readers
• Bar code readers
• Character and mark recognition devices
Image Capturing Devices
• Digital Cameras

• Digital Video Cameras

4. Output Devices
• Media used by the computer in displaying its responses to our
requests and instructions.
• Monitor
• Audio Speakers
• Printer
Types of Monitor
• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Printers

• IMPACT PRINTERS uses pressure by physically striking

the paper. Ex. Daisy wheel printers, line printers, dot
matrix printers & band printers.
• NON-IMPACT PRINTER does not apply pressure on the
paper but instead produces character by using lasers,
ink spray, photography or heat.
 Dot matrix
printer

Laser Inkjet printer

printer
5. Secondary Storage Devices
• Attached to the computer system to allow you to store programs and
data permanently for the purpose of retrieving them for future use.
• Floppy disk, Hard disk, CD Rom
Floppy Disk
• The most common secondary storage device
• 3.5” disk – 1.44MB
High-Capacity Floppy Disks
• Floppy disk cartridges
• 3 ½ inches in diameter
• Stores more information
• Zip disks
Hard Disk Drive or Hard Disk

• Made of rigid materials unlike floppy disks

• Holds a greater amount of data
Optical Discs
• A standard part of modern desktop machines, especially used for
multimedia purposes and preferred in loading applications.
Kinds
• Blue Ray Disk – 40G
• Digital Versatile Disk
• DVD-R – write once, 3.95G
• DVD RW – rewritable, 3G
• Single Layer and Double Layer
• Compact Disk
• CD-R – write once, 650MB
• CD-RW – rewritable, 700MB
Optical Drives

• CD-ROM read CDs

• CD-Writer read/write CDs
• DVD-Combo read/write CDs, read DVD
• DVD Writer read/write CDs
read/write DVDs
Other Secondary Storage
• Solid-State Storage
• No moving parts
• Flash memory cards

• USB flash drives

Parts that Build Up A System Unit
• Casing or cover • Sound card
• Power Supply • Floppy disk drive
• Motherboard • Hard disk drive
• Microprocessor • CD-ROM drive
• Memory • MODEM
• Video Card
Casing or cover

• The box or outer shell that

houses most of the computer,
it is usually one of the most
overlooked parts of the PC.
• Protects the computer circuits,
cooling and system
organization.
Power Supply

• Responsible for powering every device in your

computer.
• Parts of a Power supply:
• Disk drive connectors
• Motherboard connector
• Power supply fan
• Power switch
• Input voltage selector
• Cover
• Power plugs receptacle
Motherboard
• The physical arrangement in a computer that contains
the computer’s basic circuitry and components.
• Components are:
• Microprocessor
• (Optional) Coprocessors
• Memory
• Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
• Expansion Slot
• Interconnecting circuitry
Expansion Slots
• Graphic cards
• Sound cards
• Modem cards
• Network interface cards/network adapter
Software
• Instructions that tell the computer how to process data into the form
you want.
• Software and programs are interchangeable.
• Two major types:
• System and Applications
2 Kinds of Software

1. Applications Software - provides the real

functionality of a computer. It help you use your
computer to do specific types of work.
◼ Basic Applications, widely used in all career areas.
◼ Specialized Applications, more narrowly focused on
specific disciplines and occupations.
 2 Kinds of Software
2.System Software enables the application software to
interact with the computer hardware.
• Operating Systems are programs that coordinate computer
resources, provide an interface between users and the
computer; and run applications.
• Utilities perform specific tasks related to managing
computer resources.
• Device drivers are specialized programs designed to allow
particular input or output devices to communicate with the
rest of the computer system.
Functions of a System Software
• Managing resources (memory, processing, storage, and devices like
printer).
• Providing user interface
• Running applications
DOS Operating System
GUI Operating System
Disk Operating System
• DOS was the first widely installed operating system for personal
computers.
• Command-driven
MS-DOS Commands
• A COMMAND is the name of a special program that makes your
computer carry out a task.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• Thru GUI, users can interact directly with the operating system.
• Microsoft Windows
• Icons, Menus, Dialog boxes
FILES
• FILE is simply a collection of information that you store on a disk or
diskette.
• Must have a unique name
• Two parts: the filename and extension separated by a period.
RECIPE.DOC
EXTENSIONS
• Use extension to make your filenames more descriptive.
• .DOC – word documents
• .XLS – excel documents
• .PPT – powerpoint documents
DIRECTORIES
• One way of organizing the files on your computer Hard Disk
• ROOT – one basic directory
• Subdirectories
Lecture recap
Any question…?
 End of
Lecture
01