Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures: Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C401

OFFSHORE STANDARD
DNV-OS-C401
FABRICATION AND TESTING OF

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
APRIL 2004
DET NORSKE VERITAS

FOREWORD
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erty and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancy
services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research
in relation to these functions.
DNV Offshore Codes consist of a three level hierarchy of documents:
— Offshore Service Specifications. Provide principles and procedures of DNV classification, certification, verification and con-
sultancy services.
— Offshore Standards. Provide technical provisions and acceptance criteria for general use by the offshore industry as well as
the technical basis for DNV offshore services.
— Recommended Practices. Provide proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher level
Offshore Service Specifications and Offshore Standards.
DNV Offshore Codes are offered within the following areas:
A) Qualification, Quality and Safety Methodology
B) Materials Technology
C) Structures
D) Systems
E) Special Facilities
F) Pipelines and Risers
G) Asset Operation
H) Marine Operations
Amendments and Corrections

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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C401, April 2004
Changes – Page 3
Main changes unit, and thus the relevant requirements must naturally be
handled at the design stage.
• General — Requirements related to fracture mechanics (placed in
The present edition supersedes the January 2001 edition. DNV-OS-C101 and DNV-OS-C201) adjusted to reflect
latest pertinent research work results.
• Main changes
— Application of welding consumables are linked to catego-
— Improving definitions of welding procedure particulars, ry areas of the structure as well as welding consumables
clarifying how to adhere to the term “welding proce- adjusted to the material grade/strength group parameter.
dures”. — ‘Fabrication and tolerances’ has been reworked to be more
— Introducing enhanced flexibility in selecting method for comprehensive.
qualification of WPS by referring to the DNV ship rules. — For tank testing, text has been reworked to make it clearer
It is an industrial desire to have a reference with basis in for the users.
line with IACS requirements for steels up to and including
grade NV40 F.
— Overall conditions for fracture mechanics (FM) and post Corrections and Clarifications
weld heat treatment (PWHT) application transferred into
relevant design standards; i.e. DNV-OS-C101 and DNV- In addition to the above mentioned rule changes, a number of
OS-C201. Related questions to fracture mechanics are di- corrections and clarifications have been made to the existing
rectly linked to the design assumptions laid down for the rule text.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Page 4 – Changes
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Contents – Page 5
CONTENTS
CH. 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................ 7 Sec. 2 Fabrication and Tolerances............................... 28

Sec. 1 Introduction........................................................... 9 A. General..................................................................................28
A 100 Objective and scope........................................................ 28
A. General.................................................................................... 9
A 100 Introduction....................................................................... 9 B. Fabrication Planning.............................................................28
A 200 Objective........................................................................... 9 B 100 General............................................................................ 28
A 300 Organisation of contents ................................................... 9 B 200 Quality system and workmanship................................... 28
B. Normative References ............................................................ 9 C. Inspection..............................................................................28

C 100 General............................................................................ 28
B 100 General.............................................................................. 9
B 200 Offshore service specifications and rules ......................... 9 D. Material Identification, Cutting and Forming.......................28
B 300 Offshore Standards ........................................................... 9 D 100 Material identification .................................................... 28
B 400 Other references................................................................ 9 D 200 Cutting and forming........................................................ 28
C. Informative References........................................................... 9 E. Tolerances.............................................................................29
C 100 General.............................................................................. 9 E 100 Tolerances for alignment and straightness .................... 29
D. Definitions ............................................................................ 10 F. Assembly, Welding, Heat Treatment and Repairs................32
D 100 Verbal forms ................................................................... 10 F 100 Assembly and welding.................................................... 32
D 200 Terms .............................................................................. 10 F 200 Post weld heat treatment (PWHT).................................. 33
D 300 Abbreviations.................................................................. 10 F 300 Repairs ............................................................................ 33
D 400 Latin symbols.................................................................. 11
D 500 Greek symbols ................................................................ 11 Sec. 3 Non-Destructive Testing .................................... 35
CH. 2 TECHNICAL PROVISIONS ............................ 13 A. General..................................................................................35

A 100 Scope............................................................................... 35
Sec. 1 Welding Procedures and Qualification of B. Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)...........................................35
Welders................................................................. 15 B 100 General............................................................................ 35
B 200 NDT procedures.............................................................. 35
A. General.................................................................................. 15 B 300 Personnel qualification ................................................... 35
A 100 Scope............................................................................... 15 B 400 Extent of NDT ................................................................ 35
A 200 Welding processes .......................................................... 15 B 500 Acceptance criteria for NDT .......................................... 37
B. Welding Procedures.............................................................. 15 Sec. 4 Other Tests.......................................................... 39
B 100 General............................................................................ 15
B 200 Preliminary welding procedure specification, pWPS ..... 15 A. General..................................................................................39
B 300 Welding Procedure qualification test (WPQT)............... 15 A 100 Scope............................................................................... 39
B 400 Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR) .......... 15
B 500 Welding procedure specifications (WPS)....................... 15 B. Testing of Tightness .............................................................39
B 100 General............................................................................ 39
C. Welding Procedure Tests, C-Mn Steel and
Low Alloy Steel.................................................................... 15 C. Structural Tests .....................................................................39
C 100 General............................................................................ 39
C 100 Butt welds on plates........................................................ 15
C 200 Butt welds in pipes.......................................................... 17 Sec. 5 Corrosion Protection Systems ........................... 40
C 300 Full penetration T-, Y-, and K- joints ............................. 18
C 400 Tubular joints.................................................................. 18 A. General..................................................................................40
C 500 Fillet welds...................................................................... 19 A 100 Scope............................................................................... 40
C 600 Re-testing ........................................................................ 19 A 200 General............................................................................ 40
C 700 Validity of a WPS ........................................................... 19 A 300 Application of coating .................................................... 40
C 800 Fracture mechanic (FM) testing ..................................... 22 A 400 Fabrication and installation of sacrificial anodes ........... 40
A 500 Fabrication and installation of
D. Welding Procedure Tests, Aluminium ................................. 23 impressed current systems .............................................. 40
D 100 General............................................................................ 23
D 200 Butt welds ....................................................................... 23 Sec. 6 Miscellaneous ...................................................... 41
D 300 Fillet welds...................................................................... 24
D 400 Re-testing ........................................................................ 24 A. Use General ..........................................................................41
A 100 Scope............................................................................... 41
E. Welding Procedure Tests, Stainless Steel............................. 25
E 100 General............................................................................ 25 B. Bolts......................................................................................41
B 100 Bolts and nuts ................................................................. 41
E 200 Supplementary requirements for
austenitic stainless steel .................................................. 25 C. Mechanical Fastening ...........................................................41
E 300 Supplementary requirements for ferritic-austenitic C 100 Contact surfaces in slip resistant connections ................ 41
stainless steel................................................................... 25
CH. 3 CERTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION 43
F. Qualification of Welders ...................................................... 26
F 100 General............................................................................ 26 Sec. 1 General ................................................................ 45
F 200 Standards for qualification testing .................................. 26
A. Introduction...........................................................................45
G. Testing .................................................................................. 26 A 100 Scope............................................................................... 45
G 100 General............................................................................ 26
G 200 Tensile testing at ambient temperature ........................... 26 B. Specific Certification and Classification Requirements .......45
G 300 Bend testing .................................................................... 26 B 100 General............................................................................ 45
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Page 6 – Contents
B 200 Basic requirements ..........................................................45 B 600 Corrosion protection systems..........................................45

B 300 Welding shops and -contractors ......................................45
B 400 Welding consumables .....................................................45 C. Records and Documentation.................................................45
B 500 Welding procedures and qualification of welders...........45 C 100 General ............................................................................45
DET NORSKE VERITAS

OFFSHORE STANDARD
DNV-OS-C401

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS PAGE
Sec. 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 9
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Veritasveien 1, NO-1322 Høvik, Norway Tel.: +47 67 57 99 00 Fax: +47 67 57 99 11
Ch.1 Sec.1 – Page 9
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
A. General B 400 Other references

401 The other references given in Table B3 are referred to in
A 100 Introduction this standard.
101 This standard contains requirements for fabrication and
testing of offshore structures. Table B3 Other references
Reference Title
A 200 Objective ANSI/AWS Structural Welding Code - Steel
201 The objectives of this standard are to: D1.1
ASME Section IX, Welding and Brazing Qualifications
— provide an internationally acceptable standard to ensure Non-Interfiled (Boiler and Pressure Vessel
the quality of all welding operations used in offshore fab- Codes)
rication, through identifying appropriate welding proce- ASTM G48 Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice
dures, welder qualifications and test methods Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Re-
— serve as a technical reference document in contractual lated Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution
matters between purchaser and contractor ASTM E562 Standard Test Method for Determining Volume
— serve as guideline for designer, purchaser and contractor Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
— specify minimum requirements for welding operations BS 7448-2 Fracture mechanics toughness tests. Method for
subject to DNV certification and classification. determination of KIc, critical CTOD and critical
J values of welds in metallic materials
A 300 Organisation of contents EN 287 Approval testing of welders - Fusion welding
301 Ch.2 Sec.1 to Ch.2 Sec.6 give common requirements EN 1418 Welding personnel – Approval testing of welding
that are considered applicable to all types of offshore units and operators for fusion welding and resistance weld
installations. setters for fully mechanized and automatic weld-
ing of metallic materials
IACS Shipbuilding and Repair Quality Standard, Part
A - Shipbuilding and repair Quality Standard for
New Construction and Part B - Repair Quality
B. Normative References Standard for Existing Ships
B 100 General ISO 148 Steel - Charpy impact test (V-notch)
ISO 898 Mechanical properties of fasteners made of car-
101 The references given in Table B1, Table B2 and Table bon and alloy steel
B3 include provisions, which through reference in this text
ISO 6507-1 Metallic materials - Vickers hardness test - Part
constitute provisions for this standard. 1: Test method
B 200 Offshore service specifications and rules ISO 8501-1 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products -- Visual assess-
201 The offshore service specifications and rules given in ment of surface cleanliness - Part 1: Rust grades
Table B1 are referred to in this standard. and preparation grades of uncoated steel sub-
strates and of steel substrates after overall remov-
Table B1 DNV Offshore Service Specifications and rules al of previous coatings
Reference Title ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements
DNV-OSS-101 Rules for Classification of Offshore Drilling and ISO 9606 Approval testing of welders - Fusion welding
Support Units ISO 10042 Arc-welded joints in aluminium and its weldable
DNV-OSS-102 Rules for Classification of Floating Production alloys - Guidance on quality levels for imperfec-
and Storage Units tions
Rules for Classification of Ships NACE MR0175 Sulphide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Ma-
terials for Oilfield Equipment - Item No. 21302
B 300 Offshore Standards
301 The offshore standards given in Table B2 are referred to
in this standard. C. Informative References
Table B2 DNV Offshore Standards C 100 General
Reference Title 101 The documents listed in Table C1 include acceptable
DNV-OS-B101 Metallic Materials methods for fulfilling the requirements in the standard and may
DNV-OS-C101 Design of Offshore Steel Structures, General be used as a source of supplementary information. Other rec-
(LRFD method) ognised documents as listed below may be used provided it is
DNV-OS-C201 Structural Design of Offshore Units (WSD meth- shown that they meet or exceed the level of safety of the actual
od) standards.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Page 10 – Ch.1 Sec.1
stead under provision that the test is simulating, as far as

Table C1 DNV Recommended Practices and Classification practicable, the actual loading of the tank.
Notes 210 Leak testing is an air or other medium test, carried out in
Reference Title order to demonstrate the tightness of the structure.
DNV-RP-C203 Fatigue Strength Analysis of Offshore Steel
Structures 211 Hydropneumatic testing is a combination of hydrostatic
and air testing, carried out in order to demonstrate the tightness
Classification Buckling Strength Analysis
Note 30.1 of the tanks and the structural adequacy of the design.
212 Hose testing is a water test carried out to demonstrate
tightness of structural items.
D. Definitions 213 Shop primer is a thin coating applied after surface prep-
aration and prior to fabrication as a protection against corro-
D 100 Verbal forms sion during fabrication.
101 Shall: Indicates a mandatory requirement to be followed 214 Protective coating is a final coating protecting the struc-
for fulfilment or compliance with the present standard. Devia- ture from corrosion
tions are not permitted unless formally and rigorously justified,
and accepted by all relevant contracting parties. 215 Watertight means capable of preventing the passage of
water through the structure under a head of water for which the
102 Should: Indicates a recommendation that a certain surrounding structure is designed.
course of action is preferred or particularly suitable. Alterna-
tive courses of action are allowable under the standard where 216 Weathertight means that in any sea conditions water will
agreed between contracting parties but shall be justified and not penetrate into the ship.
documented.
D 300 Abbreviations
103 May: Indicates a permission, or an option, which is per-
mitted as part of conformance with the standard. 301 The abbreviations given in Table D1 are used in this
104 Can: Can-requirements are conditional and indicate a standard.
possibility to the user of the standard.
Table D1 Abbreviations
105 Agreement, or by agreement: Unless otherwise indicat- Abbreviation In full
ed, agreed in writing between contractor and purchaser.
AC Alternating current
D 200 Terms ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
201 Purchaser: The owner or another party acting on his be-
half, who is responsible for procuring materials, components ASTM American Society for Testing of Materials
or services intended for the design, construction or modifica- AWS American Welding Society
tion of a structure. BM Base material
202 Contractor: A party contractually appointed by the pur- BS British Standard (issued by British Standard Institu-
chaser to fulfil all, or any of, the activities associated with fab- tion)
rication and testing. CE Carbon equivalent
C-Mn Carbon manganese
203 Welding procedure: A specified course of action to be
followed in making a weld, including reference to materials, CTOD Crack tip opening displacement
welding consumables, preparation, preheating (if necessary), DAC Distance amplitude curve
method and control of welding and post-weld heat treatment (if DC Direct current
relevant), and necessary equipment to be used. DNV Det Norske Veritas
204 Preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS): ECA Engineering critical assessment
A tentative welding procedure specification providing re- EN European de Normalisation
quired welding variables, which is assumed to be adequate by FM Fracture mechanics
the contractor, but which has not been qualified by the pur-
chaser. HAZ Heat affected zone
IACS International Association of Classification Socie-
205 Welding procedure specification (WPS): A welding pro- ties
cedure specification, which has been qualified by the purchas- ISO International Organisation for Standardisation
er to conform with an agreed qualification scheme.
MAG Metal active gas (welding)
206 Welding procedure qualification test (WPQT): The MIG Metal inert gas (welding)
process of accomplishing welding and testing of a standardised NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers
test piece, as indicated in the pWPS.
NDT Non-destructive testing
207 Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR): A PWHT Post weld heat treatment
record comprising a summary of necessary data needed for the pWPS Preliminary welding procedure specification
issue of a pWPS.
RP Recommended practice
208 Non-destructive testing (NDT): Visual inspection, radi- SMAW Shielded metal arc welding
ographic testing, ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle testing,
penetrant testing and other non-destructive methods for reveal- SMYS Specified minimum yield stress
ing defects and irregularities. TIG Tungsten inert gas (welding)
WM Weld metal or Deposit
209 Structural testing is a hydrostatic test, carried out in or-
der to demonstrate the tightness of the tanks and the structural WPQR Welding procedure qualification record
adequacy of the design. Where hydrostatic testing is not prac- WPS Welding procedure specification
tically feasible, hydropneumatic testing may be carried out in- WPT Welding production test
DET NORSKE VERITAS

D 400 Latin symbols t = thickness

401 The following Latin symbols are used: t1 = wall thickness of the greater tube (can)
t2 = wall thickness of the smaller tube (brace)
a = size of test specimen
A = diameter used in wrap around bending test
b = size of test specimen
C = diameter of roller in bend test
d = diameter of round tensile test specimen
D = outside diameter
df = distance from the plane of the fatigue pre-crack
to the fusion line D1 = outside diameter of the greater tube (can)
e = plastic deformation D2 = outside diameter of the smaller tube (brace)
hT = test pressure height KV = impact energy requirement
hop1 = vertical distance from the load point to the posi- Lo = length of test area in test specimens
tion of maximum filling height Lmin = length of test assembly plates
hs3 = vertical distance from the load point to the top of N = number of
the tank R = radius
hp0 = height corresponding to valve opening pressure Rc = forming radius
when exceeding the general value
T = thickness of plate in bend test
hop2 = vertical distance from the load point to the posi-
tion of maximum filling height. For tanks adja- W = width of weld
cent to the sea that are situated below the D 500 Greek symbols
extreme operational draught (TE), hop2 is not
normally to be taken as being less than TE 501 The following Greek symbols are used:
hD2 = pressure head due to flow through pipes
α = tubular joint angle
le = equivalent parameter for conical shells
δ = measure of deformation compared to theoretical ge-
lmin = breadth of test assembly plates ometry
lr = length of template or rod λi = length of area with acceptable location of the fa-
r = nominal radius of the shell tigue pre-crack
ra = actual distance from the centre of the sphere to ν = Poisson's ratio
the shell wall σ1 = largest compressive principal membrane stress
re = equivalent parameter for conical shells σ2 = principal membrane stress normal to σ1
ra = actual distance from the cylinder axis to the shell ψ = ratio between principal stresses.
wall
s = distance between stiffeners or girders
DET NORSKE VERITAS

DET NORSKE VERITAS

OFFSHORE STANDARD
DNV-OS-C401

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 2
TECHNICAL PROVISIONS
CONTENTS PAGE
Sec. 1 Welding Procedures and Qualification of Welders.................................................................. 15
Sec. 2 Fabrication and Tolerances ...................................................................................................... 28
Sec. 3 Non-Destructive Testing .......................................................................................................... 35
Sec. 4 Other Tests ............................................................................................................................... 39
Sec. 5 Corrosion Protection Systems .................................................................................................. 40
Sec. 6 Miscellaneous........................................................................................................................... 41
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 1
WELDING PROCEDURES AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDERS
A. General chaser prior to starting up the agreed welding procedure qual-

ification test (WPQT).
A 100 Scope
B 300 Welding Procedure qualification test (WPQT)
101 This section specifies requirements for welding proce-
dures and welding procedure tests for C-Mn steel and low alloy 301 When a welding procedure specification (WPS) is re-
steel, aluminium, austenitic stainless steels and ferritic-auste- quired to be qualified by a WPQT, the welding process shall be
nitic (duplex) stainless steels as well as qualification of weld- performed based on the accepted pWPS. (See Sec.2 F112).
ers.
B 400 Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR)
A 200 Welding processes
401 A WPQR can be basis for the purchaser’s acceptance of
201 Welding may be performed with the following processes a WPS. Prior to starting up production the WPQR shall be sub-
unless otherwise specified: mitted to the purchaser for review including any corrosion test
results, as applicable.
— manual metal arc welding (metal arc welding with covered
electrode) B 500 Welding procedure specifications (WPS)
— self-shielded tubular-cored arc welding
— submerged arc welding with one wire electrode 501 A WPS shall be accepted by the purchaser upon con-
— submerged arc welding with strip electrode formity with the requirements of an agreed qualification
— metal inert gas welding, (MIG) welding scheme.
— metal active gas welding, (MAG) welding 502 A WPS shall be valid under the provision that produc-
— tubular-cored metal arc welding with active gas shield tion welding is carried out with the same type of welding
— tubular-cored metal arc welding with inert gas shield equipment on which the WPS has been established.
— tungsten inert gas arc welding, (TIG) welding
— plasma arc welding. 503 The conditions on which the WPS has been established
shall be representative of the working environment for the
work shop or site where the production welding will be per-
formed. (See C700).
B. Welding Procedures
B 100 General
C. Welding Procedure Tests, C-Mn Steel and
101 A welding procedure specification shall as a minimum
contain the following information as relevant for the welding Low Alloy Steel
operation:
C 100 Butt welds on plates
— material: standard, grade and modification 101 The test assembly may consist of two plates welded to-
— nominal thickness or diameter range (dimensions) gether. As far as possible the plates shall have a size that can
— welding process simulate the heat transfer during the production welding. For
— joint or groove design with tolerances manual or semiautomatic welding, a test assembly according
— welding position(s) and direction of progression to Fig.1 shall be carried out with:
— welding consumables: trade name, electrode or wire diam-
eter, shielding gas, flux and recognised classification lmin = 300 mm
— welding sequence: number and order of passes or layers
— electrical parameters: voltage range, current range, polari- Lmin = 350 mm
ty For automatic welding, the dimensions shall be:
— travel speed- and heat input ranges
— preheat and interpass temperatures
— post weld heat treatment parameters lmin = 400 mm
— details on cleaning processes employed and restrictions if Lmin = 1000 mm
any.
Edge preparation and fit-up shall be as detailed in the pWPS.
B 200 Preliminary welding procedure specification, The plates shall be joined and held by tack welds to provide the
pWPS correct gap for the edge preparation used. 50 mm at each end
201 A pWPS shall be prepared for acceptance by the pur- of the test piece shall be discarded.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Figure 1
Test assembly for butt welds on plates
102 NDT shall be carried out in accordance with the specifi- Figure 2
Sampling of test specimens in plates
cation given for the production welding in question. The extent
of the testing shall be as follows:
— 100% visual inspection 105 Transverse side bend, root bend and face bend speci-
— 100% radiographic or ultrasonic testing mens shall be machined to the dimensions shown in G300.
— 100% surface crack detection (dye penetrant or magnetic For a mixed or heterogeneous butt joint longitudinal bend test
particle testing). specimens may replace transverse bend test specimens.
The soundness of the weld shall comply with requirements The test specimens shall be bent on a mandrel with diameter
given in Sec.3 B. 4 t, where t is the thickness of the specimen, except for extra
103 The following mechanical tests are required from each high strength steel grades NV 550, NV 620 and NV 690 where
assembly (see Fig.2): the diameter shall be 5 t.
The bending angle shall be at least 120°. After bending, the
— 2 tensile tests (flat specimen transverse to the weld) test specimens shall not reveal any open defects in any direc-
— 1 root and 1 face bend tests when t ≤ 20 mm and 2 side tion greater than 3 mm. Defects appearing at the corners of a
bend tests when t > 20 mm test specimen during testing may be ignored in the evaluation,
— 4 (6) sets of Charpy V-notch tests with the notch location if not associated with obvious defects.
as given in 107
— 1 macrosection test (metallographic examination + hard- 106 The macrosection shall include about 10 mm of unaf-
ness measurements). fected base material and shall be prepared and etched on one
side to clearly reveal the fusion line and the HAZ. Cracks and
104 Specimens for transverse tensile testing shall be in ac- lack of fusion are not accepted.
cordance with G, type B. The welded joints shall have a regular profile with smooth
The tensile strength shall not be below the specified minimum transitions to the base materials and without significant or ex-
tensile strength for the steel grade in question. cessive reinforcement.
107 The Charpy V-notch specimens shall be machined in ac-
cordance with the requirements given in DNV-OS-B101. Four
sets of three specimens each shall be sampled 2 mm below the
surface of the parent material and transverse to the weld. 12
Charpy V-notch specimens shall be localised in the welded
joint as follows:
— 3 specimens with the notch along the weld metal cen-
treline
— 3 specimens with the notch in the fusion line
DET NORSKE VERITAS

— 3 specimens with the notch in the HAZ, 2 mm from the fu- Guidance note:
sion line For NV 500, NV 550, NV 620 and NV 690 grades a maximum
— 3 specimens with the notch in the HAZ, 5 mm from the fu- hardness limit of 420 HV10 is recommended for welds in sub-
sion line. merged structures exposed to cathodic protection.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
The V-notch shall be perpendicular to the plate surface.
For plate thickness t > 50 mm two additional sets of specimens 112 When a butt weld is made between two different materi-
shall be taken from the root area: one with the notch in centre al grades, the test temperature and achieved impact energy
of weld and one with the notch in the fusion line. shall comply with the minimum specified requirements for the
lower steel grade.
For dissimilar metal joints and/or joints between cast or forged
and rolled materials, impact tests shall be carried out on test In the same way, the tensile strength to be obtained on the
specimens with notch in fusion line, 2 mm from fusion line and welded assembly shall be in agreement with the requirements
5 mm from fusion line in each parent material. relating to the plate steel having the lower strength.
The Charpy V-notch test temperature and the average value for As an example the test temperature, impact energy and tensile
absorbed energy (KV) in weld metal, fusion line and HAZ strength for the butt welded joints given in Fig.3 are those re-
shall be the same as required for the base material in transverse quired for the plate of grade D in the left assembly and for the
direction (see DNV-OS-B101). plate of grade E in the right assembly.
The requirements given by the DNV Rules for Classification
of Ships Pt.2 Ch.3 Sec.2 B308 can be applied as an alternative.
For grades of improved weldability (see DNV-OS-B101), the
Charpy V-notch test temperature and the average value for ab-
sorbed energy in weld metal, fusion line and HAZ shall be the
same as required for the base material of the comparable nor-
mal weldability grade in transverse direction.
108 In the case of reduced Charpy V-notch test specimens
(10 mm x 7.5 mm and 10 mm x 5 mm), the impact energy val-
ues to be obtained shall satisfy the requirements in Table C1.
Table C1 Impact energy requirement for sub-size specimens

Dimensions of Charpy V-notch test specimen Impact energy
10 x 10 mm KV
10 x 7.5 mm 5/6 KV
10 x 5 mm 2/3 KV
109 The average impact requirements shall be satisfied for

each notch location, but one single value of three values from
specimens from the same notch location may be below the av-
erage requirements, but not below 70% of minimum average. Figure 3
Butt welded plate joints of different grades
110 Where the results from a set of three impact test speci-
mens do not comply with the requirements, an additional set of
three impact test specimens may be taken. C 200 Butt welds in pipes
The results obtained shall be combined with the original results 201 The test assembly shall be in accordance with Fig.4.
to form a new average, which, for acceptance, shall be not less
than the required value. Additionally, for these combined re-
sults not more than two individual values shall be less than the
required average value, and of these, not more than one shall
be less than 70% of the average required value.
When the result of any test, other than impact test, fails to meet
the requirements, two further tests may be made from the same
welded joint. If both these additional tests are satisfactory, the
test is acceptable.
111 The hardness testing shall be in accordance with ISO
6507-1 or equivalent. The Vickers method (HV10) shall be
used.
Indentations shall be made along traverses in the weld, HAZ
and the parent metal approximately 1 mm below the surface. a = minimum value 150 mm
For each traverse a minimum of 3 indentations shall be made D = outside diameter
in the weld, HAZ (both sides) and parent metal (both sides).
For HAZ the first indentation shall be placed as close to the fu- Figure 4
sion line as possible. For double sided welds, for fillet and T- Test assembly for butt welds in pipes
butt welds one additional row of indentations shall be made
through the root area.
202 NDT shall be carried out in accordance with the specifi-
For material grades up to and including NV 460, a maximum cation given for the production welding in question. The extent
hardness limit of 350 HV10 shall be met for welds in sub- of the testing shall be as follows:
merged structures exposed to cathodic protection. Hardness
limits for higher grades shall be subject to agreement. — 100% visual inspection
DET NORSKE VERITAS

— 100% radiographic or ultrasonic testing

— 100% surface crack detection (dye penetrant or magnetic
particle testing).
The soundness of the weld shall comply with requirements
given in Sec.3 B.
203 The following mechanical tests are required from each
assembly (see Fig.5):
— 2 tensile tests (flat specimen transverse to the weld)
— 1 root and 1 face bend tests when t ≤ 20 mm and 2 side
bend tests when t > 20 mm
— 4 (6) sets of Charpy V-notch tests with the notch location
as given in 107
— macrosection test (metallographic examination + hardness
measurements).
a = 3 t, minimum value 150 mm

b = 6 t, minimum value 350 mm
Figure 6
Test assembly for full penetration T-joints
303 The following mechanical tests are required from each

— 4 (6) sets of Charpy V-notch tests with the notch location
as given in 107
— 1 macrosection test (metallographic examination + hard-
Figure 5 ness measurements).
Sampling of test specimens in pipes
The results of mechanical testing shall comply with the rele-
vant requirements given in C100.
204 The results of mechanical testing shall comply with the
relevant requirements given in C100.
C 300 Full penetration T-, Y-, and K- joints
301 WPQT's for full penetration groove welds between
plates at right angles or inclined, i.e. T- or Y- and K- configu-
rations, shall cover a weld length of minimum 350 mm (see
Fig.6).
— 100% visual inspection
— 100% ultrasonic testing
particle testing).
The soundness of the weld shall comply with requirements Figure 7
given in Sec.3 B. Sampling of test specimens on full penetration T-joints
C 400 Tubular joints

401 The test assembly shall be in accordance with Fig.8.
— 100% ultrasonic testing
particle testing).
The soundness of the weld shall comply with requirements
DET NORSKE VERITAS

given in Sec.3 B. For manual and semi-automatic welding the length of the test
piece shall be:
Lmin = 350 mm
For automatic welding the length shall be:
Lmin = 1000 mm
Weld and fit-up shall be as detailed in the pWPS.

The test assembly shall be welded on one side only. For man-
ual and semi-automatic welding, the stop and restart position
shall be included in the test length and shall be clearly marked
for subsequent examination.
The ends of the specimen are exempted from examination over
a length of 50 mm.
a = minimum value 150 mm particle testing).
D1 = outside diameter of the greater tubular (can)
t1 = wall thickness of the can The soundness of the weld shall comply with the specified re-
quirements given in Sec.3 B.
D2 = outside diameter of the smaller tube (brace)
If the stop and restart spot is included in the test length, special
t2 = wall thickness of the brace attention shall be paid to this position with respect to profile,
proper fusion and absence of crater defects.
Figure 8
Test assembly for tubular joints 503 The following tests shall be performed:
— 2 macro section tests (metallographic examination, hard-
403 The following mechanical tests are required from each ness measurements).
One of the macrosections shall be taken at the marked position
— 12 Charpy V-notch tests sampled at 9 o'clock and with the of the stop and restart (for more details see 106).
notch location as given in 107 For hardness testing, see 111.
— 2 macro section tests (metallographic examination + hard-
ness measurements) at 12 and 6 o'clock. C 600 Re-testing
601 If the welding procedure test fails to comply with any of
404 The results of mechanical testing shall comply with the the requirements for NDT one extra test shall be welded and
relevant requirements given in C100. subjected to the same testing. If this additional test does not
405 Restrictions and testing for joint configuration involving meet the relevant requirements, the actual pWPS shall be con-
acute angles (less than 15°) should be specified. AWS D1.1 is sidered as not qualified and a re-specification of the pWPS
a good reference for structural welds. shall be made prior to a new welding procedure test.
C 500 Fillet welds C 700 Validity of a WPS

701 The validity of a WPS shall be restricted to the work-
501 The two plates are assembled and positioned edgewise shop performing the qualification. Workshops, work site or
so as to constitute a tee-assembly with no clearance. As far as workshop branches under the same technical management and
possible the plates shall be of a sufficient size to ensure a rea- working in accordance with the same QA-program and – pro-
sonable heat distribution. cedures are considered as one workshop or site work.
For fillet welds the test assembly shall be as defined in Fig.9. 702 Qualification of a welding procedure remains valid pro-
vided the parameters are kept within the qualified ranges of es-
sential variable during production welding. The essential
variables and qualified ranges are given in 703. When varia-
tions outside the qualification ranges of essential variables oc-
cur, the welding procedure qualification shall be considered
invalid, and the WPS shall therefore be re-specified and re-
qualified.
703 A qualified welding procedure shall be used within the
ranges of the parameters of essential variables listed below.
Base material
The following changes shall lead to a new qualification:
a) In general, significant change of material properties which
Figure 9 will obviously affect the weldability and mechanical prop-
Test assembly for fillet welds erties.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Guidance note: the throat thickness range qualified shall be based on the thick-
When qualifying a welding procedure, it is recommended to use ness of the deposited weld metal.
specified material with highest carbon equivalent (CE) available
in the workshop or work site, especially when the thickness is Diameter of pipes and tubular joints
large. The qualification of a welding procedure test on diameter D
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- shall include qualification for diameters in the following rang-
es as given in Table C3.
b) More specifically, structural steels of both normal and im-
proved weldability are grouped in three strength groups: Table C3 Qualified range for pipes and tubular joints
Diameter of the test piece D Qualification range
i) Normal strength steel, grades A, B, D and E or equiv- (mm) 1) 2)
alent structural steels with tensile strength 400 to 520 D < 168.3 0.5 D to 2 D
N/mm2.
D ≥ 168 ≥ 0.5 D and plates
ii) High strength steel, grades A 27, D 27, E 27, A 32, D 1) D is the outside diameter of the pipe or outside diameter of the brace
32, E 32, F 32, A 36, D 36, E 36, F 36, A 40, D 40, E
2) Qualification given for plates also covers pipes when the outside diam-
40, F 40 or equivalent structural steels with minimum eter is greater than 500 mm
specified yield strength 265 to 390 N/mm2.
iii) Extra high strength steels, grades A-F 420, A-F 460, Angle of tubular joints
A-F 500, A-F 550, A-F 620, A-F 690 or equivalent A welding procedure test carried out on a tubular joint with an-
structural steels with minimum specified yield gle α shall qualify all tubular joint angles in the range of α to
strength 420 to 690 N/mm2. 90°.
The qualification on steel grades of higher toughness require- Welding consumables
ments will qualify the grades of lower toughness but not vice The following changes shall lead to a new qualification:
versa.
704 Thickness, is defined as follows: — any change in consumable classification
— change of consumable brand when impact testing is re-
a) For a butt weld: quired at temperatures below – 20°C
The base metal thickness, which for welds between dis- — any significant change of mixture or composition (e.g.
similar thickness is that of the thinner material. change from argon or mixed gas to CO2 gas), flow rate,
filling time and filling volume for shielding and purging
b) For a fillet weld: gases.
The base metal thickness, which for welds between dis-
similar thickness is that of the thicker material. However, Welding positions
for each thickness range qualified, as given in Table C2
there is an associated range of qualified throat thickness. The following changes shall lead to a new qualification.
c) For a set-on tubular joint: — Change from one principal welding position (see Fig.10,
The thickness of the brace. Fig.11 and Fig.12) to another, unless complying with Ta-
ble C4.
d) For a set-in or set-through tubular joint:
The thickness of the can.
e) For a T-butt joint in plate:
The thickness of the prepared plate (abutting member).
The requirements for qualified thickness range for butt welds
shall be as given in Table C2.
Table C2 Qualified thickness range

Qualification range 1) 2)
Thickness t in
mm of test piece for single run or single for multi-run welding
run from both sides and all fillet welds
t ≤ 12 0.8 t to 1.1 t 3 mm up to 2 t
12 < t ≤ 100 0.8 t to 1.1 t 0.5 t to 2 t
(maximum 150)
t > 100 - 0.5 t to 1.5 t
1) The qualification range for vertical downward position is 0.5 t to 1.1 t
2) For butt welds in plates of thickness > 50 mm, the Charpy V-notch re-
quirement for the root area, ref. 107, shall be complied with.
The requirements for qualified thickness range for single run

fillet welds are in addition to the requirements of Table C2, that
the throat thickness, tw, shall be in the range 0.75 tw to 1.5 tw.
However, a test with a throat thickness ≥ 10 mm shall give
qualification for all throat thicknesses ≥ 10 mm.
Figure 10
Where a fillet weld is qualified by means of a butt weld test, Plate test positions
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Welding condition
— any change of welding process
— change from weaving to stringer bead technique or vice
versa
— stringer to weave ratio outside the tolerances specified in
the agreed WPS
— change from multi-pass welding to one-pass welding
— change in welding current from A.C. to D.C., or vice ver-
sa, or change of polarity. If recommended by the consum-
able manufacturer particular exemption may be given for
SMAW in change from A.C. to D.C.
— change in metal powder or wire addition beyond ±10%.
— change from spray arc to short arc pulse, or vice versa
— any change beyond 25°C of the maximum interpass tem-
perature
— change in heat input beyond ± 25% for steel up to 420 MPa
in specified yield strength. For material with specified
yield strength equal to or above 420 MPa the change shall
not be more than ± 10%, unless otherwise qualified
— any decrease in preheating temperature
— change of post weld heat treatment parameters except for
holding time, which may be adjusted as a function of
Figure 11 thickness.
Pipe test positions
Type of joint
— change from fillet weld to butt weld
— change from two sided welding to one side (but not vice
versa)
— deletion of back gouging
— addition or deletion of ceramic backing
— deletion of backing in cases where the backing material is
equivalent to the base material
— change from T-, Y- or K-joint to butt joint
— change from butt joint in plates to butt joints in pipes with
outside diameter less than 500mm
— any change of groove dimensions specified in the WPS
and agreed with the purchaser, such as change of specified
type of groove, root face and gap, which may significantly Figure 12
affect penetration, fusion and dilution of the weld. Positions of test plate for fillet welds
Table C4 Qualified principal positions for butt welds and fillet welds, steel
Qualified positions 3)
Test weld Principal positions Butt welds Fillet welds
Joint configuration 1)2) Plates or Pipes
Plates Pipes
Butt welds in plates 2G + 3G All All
1G 1G 1F
2G 1G, 2G, 4G 1F, 2F, 4F
3G 3G 3F
4G 1G, 4G 1F, 4F
Butt welds in pipes 2G + 5G = 6G All All All
1G 1G 1G 1F
2G 1G, 2G, 4G 1G, 2G 1F, 2F, 4F
5G All 1G, 5G All
Fillet welds 2F + 3F All
1F 1F
2F 1F, 2F, 4F
3F 3F
4F 1F, 2F, 4F
5F All
1) Pipes with D > 500 mm are considered equivalent to plates (apply only to the can in tubular joints)
2) Tubular joints shall be qualified separately
3) The vertical downwards position shall be qualified separately
DET NORSKE VERITAS

C 800 Fracture mechanic (FM) testing

801 Requirements to fracture mechanic testing are given in
DNV-OS-C101 or DNV-OS-C201.
802 The test weld shall be made and tested for the actual
combination of steel grade, manufacturer, welding process and
welding consumable (brand) used. FM testing is, however, not
required for consumables used for root passes only in two-sid-
ed welds.
803 The FM tests shall be carried out on a full penetration
butt-weld with K- or single V-preparation. The back of the K
and one of the legs of the single V (on which the FM test shall
be carried out) shall be perpendicular to the plane of the plate.
Tests on either of these weld bevel preparations qualify for all Figure 13
types of bevel preparations. Cross-section through the weld
804 The test weld shall be welded with a heat input repre-
senting the maximum heat input used in the fabrication. The
test weld shall be made on a plate with a thickness not smaller BM = Base material
than 90% of the maximum plate or wall thickness for which the WM = Weld metal or deposit
welding procedure shall apply. The test weld also qualifies for df = distance from the plane of the fatigue pre-crack to
plate thicknesses down to 50% of the test weld plate thickness. the fusion line (varies along the fatigue pre-crack)
805 On each test weld at least three FM test specimens shall li = length (in mm) of area with acceptable location of
be tested in each of the weld deposit and the heat affected zone the fatigue pre-crack (see below)
(HAZ). (Details regarding the required number of test speci- t = Plate thickness
mens and the location of fatigue pre-cracks are given further Measurements of the distance, df, between the plane of the fa-
below.) tigue pre-crack and the fusion line shall be taken. Within the
806 Testing of the HAZ or the weld deposit can be omitted if central 75% of the plate thickness the areas where df ≤ 0.5 mm
tests with satisfactory results according to the requirements in shall be identified. The length, λi of each of these areas shall
this standard have been carried out previously by either the be determined. The location of the fatigue pre-crack shall sat-
steel manufacturer or the welding consumable manufacturer. isfy the following criteria:
807 The FM tests shall be carried out according to BS 7448
ΣNλi = ≤ 3 mm for t ≤ 20 mm
Part 2 (with detailed requirements as given below) using 3-
point bend specimens. The CTOD-technique with B x 2B = 0.15 t for 20 < t ≤ 80 mm
specimens shall be used. For nominal plate thicknesses of the = ≥ 12 mm for t > 80 mm
test weld equal to or exceeding 80 mm, B x B specimens may N = number of areas with df ≤ 0.5 mm
be used. 809 Results from HAZ specimens on which the location of
All specimens shall be tested with the fatigue pre-crack placed the fatigue pre-crack does not satisfy the requirement above,
in the through-thickness direction. For tests of the weld deposit are not valid. In addition to these requirements given for HAZ
the fatigue pre-crack shall sample the central part of the depos- specimens, all the requirements specified in BS 7448 Part 2 ap-
it. For tests in the HAZ the required location of the fatigue ply for both HAZ and weld deposit specimens.
crack depth is given in 108.
Three valid tests for each of weld deposit and HAZ shall be
An evaluation of the relevant test temperature shall be made carried out. The critical CTOD for all of the specimens shall be
for all joints in question. Unless there is a high probability that equal to or larger than 0.15 mm.
the extreme loads on the joints will concur with lower temper-
atures the test temperature shall be: If (for HAZ or weld deposit) one or more of the three speci-
mens has a critical CTOD lower than 0.15 mm additional tests
For joints submerged at lowest ≤ 0°C may be carried out. In such a case the characteristic value, as
waterline: defined in Table C5, shall be equal to or larger than 0.15 mm.
Other joints: ≤ design temperature.
Table C5 Characteristic value of CTOD
808 Subsequent to the CTOD-test the specimens in the HAZ Number of valid tests 1) Characteristic value
shall be sectioned and examined as described below.
3 to 5 Lowest result
A metallographic section according to BS 7448 Part 2 Section 6 to 10 Second lowest result
11.2 shall be prepared from each HAZ specimen. The metallo- 11 to 15 Third lowest result
graphic section shall include weld metal and base metal. If nec- 1) All valid tests that have been carried out shall be included
essary, in order to determine the exact location of the fatigue in the evaluation. It is not permissible to discard any valid
pre-crack, sections from both sides of the pre-crack shall be test result.
prepared. The faces of the metallographic sections shall not be
taken deeper than the deepest point of the fatigue pre-crack and 810 If the characteristic value as specified in Table C5 is
not more than 3 mm from the deepest point of the fatigue pre- larger than 0.15 mm an ECA (Engineering critical assessment)
crack. may be carried out with the purpose of demonstrating that extra
capacity may be available in the structure.
A figure of a cross-section through the weld (of an un-fractured
specimen) is shown in Fig.13.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

D. Welding Procedure Tests, Aluminium — the thickness and diameter range in question (see Table C2
and Table C3)
D 100 General — each type of consumable and welding process
— welding position (see Table D1)
101 Qualified welding procedures are required for all impor- — joint and groove design
tant structural joints. The procedure tests shall be representa- — number of passes
tive of the following: — preheat (if any)
— volt-ampere characteristics
— each base material or alloy and temper used in production — shielding gas.
Table D1 Qualified principal positions for butt welds and fillet welds, aluminium
Test weld Qualified positions1)
Joint configuration Principal positions
Butt welds, plates Butt welds, pipes Fillet welds
1G 1G 1G 1F
2G 1G, 2G, 3G 1F, 2F, 3F
Butt welds on plates 3G 1G, 2G, 3G 1F, 2F, 3F
4G All All
1G 1G 1G 1F
Butt welds in pipes 2G 1G, 2G, 3G 2G 1F, 2F, 3F
5G All 1G, 5G All
1F 1F
2F 1F, 2F, 3F
Fillet welds 3F 1F, 2F, 3F
4F All
5F All
1) The vertical downward position shall be qualified separately.
D 200 Butt welds 203 If back-sealing run is specified, this run shall be laid in
the same position as for the respective weld.
201 Each test assembly consists of 2 plates with dimensions
300 x 150 mm. The plates shall be joined with a longitudinal 204 The welds shall be subjected to visual inspection, dye
butt weld. For extruded sections and pipes the assembly shall penetrant testing and ultrasonic- or X-ray testing. The require-
ments for quality level for imperfections shall be as given in
consist of 2 sections each 150 mm long (see Fig.14 and ISO 10042 level B.
Fig.15).
205 Side-bend tests shall be carried out for thickness equal to
202 Weld and fit-up shall be as detailed in the pWPS. Weld- and above 10 mm. Two bend specimens shall be taken from
ing consumables are those recommended in Table D2. each of the welded assemblies.
Table D2 Selection of suitable consumables for combinations of aluminium alloys

Base metal alloy NV-5052, NV-5754 NV-5154, NV-5083NV-5383 NV-6060, NV-6061 NV-6063,
NV-5454 NV-5086 NV-6005A NV-6082
NV-5052, NV-5754 NV-5154, 5356, 5556, 5183 5356, 5556, 5183 5356, 5556, 5183
NV-5454 NV-5086
NV-5083, NV-5383 5356, 5556, 5183 5183 1) 5356, 5556, 5183
NV-6060, NV-6061 NV-6063, 5356, 5556, 5183 5356, 5556, 5183 5356, 5556, 5183
NV-6005A NV-6082
Note:
All consumables are covered by the AWS specification. The prefix «ER» is omitted.
1) Other consumables may be used if allowable stresses are reduced.
206 For thickness below 10 mm one face bend and one root
bend test specimens shall be taken. The width shall be 30 mm
and the thickness equal to the plate thickness. The diameter of
the bending mandrel shall be as given in Table D3.
Table D3 Former diameter for bend tests

Condition
Base metal alloy
0, H111 H321, H32,
H116, T4 T5, T6
H34
NV-5052, NV-5754 4t 4t - -
NV-5154, NV-5454
NV-5086, NV-5083, 6t 6t - -
NV-5383
NV-6060, NV-6061
NV-6063, NV-6005A - - 6t 7t
NV-6082
207 Requirement
Figure 14
Location of test specimens for a butt weld on plate No cracks or open defects exceeding 3 mm measured on the
convex surface after bending are accepted. Smaller cracks de-
DET NORSKE VERITAS

veloping from the edges of the specimens should not be con- 210 One macrosection shall be prepared from the test assem-
sidered as significant, unless there is definite evidence that bly to reveal the weldment macro structure. The macrosection
they result from inclusions or other defects.«Wrap around» shall be visually inspected using a magnification of 5 to 10X.
bending as shown in Fig.16 is the preferred bending method. The macrosection shall show a regular weld profile with a
smooth transition to the base material without significant un-
dercut or excessive reinforcement and show thorough fusion
between adjacent layers of weld metal and base metal. There
shall be no cracks, lack of fusion and incomplete penetration.
D 300 Fillet welds
301 The two plates are assembled and positioned edgewise
so as to constitute a tee-assembly with no clearance. As far as
possible the plates shall be of a sufficient size to ensure a rea-
sonable heat distribution.
For fillet welds the test assembly shall be as defined in Fig.9.
For manual and semi-automatic welding the length of the test
piece shall be:
lmin = 300 mm
Lmin = 350 mm
For automatic welding the length shall be:
Figure 15 lmin = 400 mm

Location of test specimens for a butt weld in pipe Lmin = 1000 mm
Weld and fit-up shall be as detailed in the pWPS.
The test assembly shall be welded on one side only. For man-
ual and semi-automatic welding, the stop and restart position
should be included in the test length and shall be clearly
marked for subsequent examination.
The ends of the specimen are exempted from examination over
a length of 50 mm.
— 100% surface crack detection (dye penetrant).
The soundness of the weld shall comply with ISO 10042 level
B.
If the stop and restart spot is included in the test length, special
attention shall be paid to this position with respect to profile,
proper fusion and absence of crater defects.
303 The following tests shall be performed:
Figure 16 — two macrosection tests (metallographic examination).
Wrap around bending
One of the macrosections shall be taken at the marked position
of the stop and restart (for more details see C106).
208 One tensile specimen shall be taken from each of the
welded assemblies. The test specimen, 25 mm wide and with D 400 Re-testing
full plate thickness and orientated transverse to the weld, is 401 If any of the tests do not satisfy the specified require-
shown in Fig.17. ments, new procedure tests in duplicate may be carried out.
The results of both re-tests shall meet the specified require-
ments, otherwise the test shall be rejected.
Guidance note:
HAZ softening adjacent to welds
The strength of a weldment is a function of the welding process,
filler metal and the aluminium alloy in question. For design pur-
poses it is assumed that the strength is reduced in HAZ. The ex-
tent of the HAZ is assumed to have the same width as the
Figure 17 weldment plus the plate thickness in each direction of the weld as
Tensile test specimen shown in Fig.18.
If the strength shall be measured for information, this shall be
carried out on a gauge length 2 t + W of the weld (approximately
209 The tensile strength of the test specimens shall not be 3 t).
less than specified for the parent alloy in Table D4.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

t = Plate thickness
W = With of weld
Figure 18
Extent of HAZ
Table D4 Mechanical properties in the welded condition

Tensile strength Yield stress
Alloy Temper Filler Rm, minimum in HAZ, Rp minimum
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
NV-50520 F, H111 5356 170 65
H32, H34
NV-5754 0, F, H111, H24 5356-5183 190 80
NV-5154A 0, H111 5356-5183 215 85
NV-5454 0, F, H111, H34 5356-5183 215 85
NV-5086 0, F, H111, 5356-5183 240 100
H116, H32, H34
NV-5083 0, F t < 6 mm 5183 270 125
0, F t > 6 mm 5356-5183 270 115
H116, H321 5356 270 115
H116, H321 5183 270 125
NV-5383 0, H111, H116, 5183 290 140
H321
NV-6060 T5 5356-5183 95 65
NV-6061 T4 5356-5183 165 115
T5 or T6 165 115
NV-6063 T5 5356-5183 100 65
T6 100 65
NV-6005A T5 or T6 5356-5183 165 115
NV-6082 T4 5356-5183 170 110
T5 or T6 170 115
E. Welding Procedure Tests, Stainless Steel E 300 Supplementary requirements for ferritic-auste-
nitic stainless steel
E 100 General 301 Impact testing shall be carried out at design temperature
101 When welding procedure tests are required, the tests or − 20°C, whichever is the lower. The average impact value
shall be performed in accordance with C and the supplementa- for the three specimens shall not be less than 27 J.
ry requirements stated in D200 and D300 (if not otherwise 302 When a butt weld is made between dissimilar material
specified herein). grades, both sides of the weld shall be impact tested.
102 The welding procedure tests shall cover all relevant di- 303 Butt welds and fillet welds shall be corrosion tested ac-
cording to ASTM G48, Method A. The test specimen shall be
mensions, positions and material combinations. Details re- in the as welded state after normal weld cleaning operation.
garding essential variables and validity of the procedure shall The test specimens shall be exposed to the solution at a con-
be as described in C. Mechanical testing shall be as described stant temperature of 20°C for 24 hours.
in C100, if not otherwise specified in D200 and D300. The following test requirements shall be fulfilled:
E 200 Supplementary requirements for austenitic stain- — no pitting attack shall be visible on the test face(s)
less steel — general weight loss shall not be less than 4 g/m2.
201 Impact testing is not required for design temperatures Guidance note:
above – 105°C. If used at below – 105°C, the test temperature Welds between ferritic-austenitic stainless steels and C- and
shall be at minimum design temperature. C-Mn steels need not be subjected to corrosion test.
202 If impact testing is required, the average impact value ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
for the three specimens shall not be less than 34 J.
304 A microstructural examination comprising the weld
203 When a butt weld is made between dissimilar material metal, heat affected zone and base metal is required for each
grades, both sides of the weld shall be impact tested. welded assembly. The microstructure shall be suitably etched
DET NORSKE VERITAS

and examined at 400X magnification and shall be free from b = 30 mm

grain boundary carbides and precipitates. The ferrite content in
the weld metal root and not re-heated weld cap shall be deter- Lo = 6 mm + width of weld + 6 mm
mined in accordance with ASTM E562 and shall be in the R = 50 mm
range of 25% to 70%.
F. Qualification of Welders
F 100 General
101 The welding processes for which qualifications are re-
quired include those which are designated as manual or partly
mechanised welding. Welders shall pass a qualification test in
accordance with 200. Contractors are required to keep records
of the welders' qualifications and, when required, furnish cop-
ies of valid welders' certificates.
F 200 Standards for qualification testing
201 Welders shall be tested according to a recognised stand-
ard, e.g. EN 287, ISO 9606, ASME Section IX or ANSI/AWS
D1.1. Figure 19
Tensile test specimen
202 Welding operators using fully mechanised or fully auto-
matic processes need generally not pass a qualification test.
However, operators shall receive adequate training in setting G 300 Bend testing
or programming and operating the equipment. Appropriate 301 Flat bend test specimens, as given in Fig.20 shall be
records of training shall be maintained. Contractors may be re- used. Edges on tension side shall be rounded to a radius of 1 to
quired to furnish valid qualification test certificates. EN 1418 2 mm.
may be used as a reference.
G. Testing
G 100 General
101 Testing of welds shall be carried out as specified in 200
and 300.
G 200 Tensile testing at ambient temperature
201 For tensile testing of all-weld-metal and butt welds two Figure 20
different types of test specimens may be used, round test spec- Bend test specimen
imens or flat test specimens (see Fig.19) as described below:
A - Deposited metal tensile test
Normally, round test specimens with the following dimensions
shall be used:
d = 10 mm
Lo = 50 mm
Lc = 60 mm
R ≥ 5 mm
B - Butt weld tensile test for testing of the weld as a whole
Flat test specimens with the weld machined flush with the sur-
face of the plate, shall be used. The dimensions shall be as fol-
lows: Figure 21
Wrap around bend test
a = thickness of plate, t
b = 25 mm
302 When the wrap around bend test, exemplified Fig.21 is
L0 = LC = 3 t or 2 t + width of weld, (whichever is the used, e.g. for the side bend test of a weld, the length of the test
greatest) specimen shall be greater than the length 11a shown in Fig.20.
R = 25 mm
303 For butt weld bend test specimens, the weld shall be ma-
C - Butt weld tensile test chined flush with the surface of the plate.
Flat test specimens with the weld machined flush with the sur- 304 For transverse face-bend and root-bend test specimens
face of the plate, shall be used. The dimensions shall be as fol- for butt weld test the dimensions shall be as follows:
lows:
a = as rolled thickness t of the plate
a = thickness of plate, t b = 30 mm
DET NORSKE VERITAS

If the as rolled thickness t is greater than 25 mm, it may be re- If t ≥ 40 mm, the side-bend test specimen may be subdivided,
duced to 25 mm by machining on the compression side of the each part being at least 20 mm wide.
test specimen. 306 When a longitudinal face-bend or root-bend weld test is
305 For transverse side-bend test specimens for butt weld required, a test specimen according to an appropriate standard
will be accepted.
test the dimensions shall be as follows:
a = 10 mm
b = as rolled thickness t of the plate
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 2
FABRICATION AND TOLERANCES
A. General C. Inspection
A 100 Objective and scope C 100 General
101 This section gives requirements for fabrication and tol- 101 Inspection shall be carried out by the contractor in ac-
erances of offshore structures. cordance with accepted inspection and test plans to confirm
that all project requirements are fulfilled to the satisfaction of
102 In order to determine the structural categorisation, this the purchaser.
section shall be read in conjunction with the following applica- The inspection shall cover items such as:
ble standards:
— correct identification and documentation and use of mate-
DNV-OS-C101 Section 4 and relevant Object Standard, Sec- rials
tion 2 “Selection of Material and Extent of Inspection” or — qualification and acceptance of fabrication procedures and
DNV-OS-C201 Section 4. personnel
— inspection of preparatory work (assembly, fit-up form
work, reinforcement etc.)
— welding inspection
B. Fabrication Planning — inspection of fabrication work for compliance with speci-
fications and procedures
B 100 General — witnessing NDT, control and testing
— inspection of repairs
101 As a prerequisite for fabrication, procedures, inspection — inspection of corrosion protection systems
and test plans and work instructions for execution and control — ensure functionality of examination or testing equipment
of fabrication activities shall be established. The purpose of the and of recording and/or measuring devices vital for correct
procedures and work instruction shall be: functioning of equipment and machinery used in fabrica-
tion.
— to provide instructions and information regarding the re-
quirements for and the principles of the work execution 102 Due consideration shall be given to the access and the
— to identify and document the responsibilities and plans for time required for adequate inspection during fabrication.
the work execution in accordance with the project require- 103 High non-conformance rates in execution of the work or
ments in the product itself shall call for special considerations. Such
— to provide information to the purchaser on how the work special considerations may include, but not be limited to, in-
is executed and controlled creased inspection, re-qualification of personnel or other
— to identify applicable procedures, test plans, work instruc- agreed remedial actions.
tions, acceptance criteria, hold points and documents to be 104 Inspectors shall be qualified according to a recognised
generated scheme and shall be able to provide documentation of profi-
— to serve as basis for quality audits. ciency.
102 Relevant procedures, including information of pre-as-

sembled items and the sequence of fabricating the parts into
structure, shall be prepared.
D. Material Identification, Cutting and Forming
D 100 Material identification
B 200 Quality system and workmanship
101 A traceability system that ensures correct installation
201 Contractors involved in fabrication of structural mem- and documentation of the material grades or strength classes
bers shall have a documented and implemented quality system shall be established by the contractor throughout the prefabri-
according to ISO 9001 or equivalent. The extent of the quality cation and installation process.
management system shall be dependent on the size and type of Proper care shall be exercised during handling and storage to
the organisation, complexity and interaction of the processes preserve identification of such material.
and competence of personnel.
D 200 Cutting and forming
202 Workmanship shall be in accordance with written proce-
dures accepted by the purchaser. 201 The effect of work hardening shall be considered if
shearing is used for cutting of material. Special attention shall
203 All work shall be executed with adequate control by the be paid to the risk of cracked edges.
contractor. Repair work shall be carried out in accordance with 202 Attention shall be paid to excessive local hardening and
written procedures accepted by the purchaser . Faults and defi- carbon contaminations by thermal cutting. This may be re-
ciencies shall be corrected before painting or other means of duced by suitable heat treatment or removed by mechanical
permanent covers have been applied. means.
204 Prior to commencement of the work the contractor shall 203 Forming and straightening of materials shall be per-
submit a plan for NDT, NDT procedures and documents for formed according to agreed procedures. Such work shall be
NDT inspectors’ certification for acceptance by the purchaser. controlled by the contractor.
The programme shall contain information and documents for 204 The degree of cold deformation of special and primary
planning, controlling, reporting etc. Acceptance criteria for structural elements shall be less than 5%. If the deformation
NDT shall be accepted by the purchaser if they are not speci- exceeds 5%, either heat treatment or strain ageing tests shall be
fied in relevant documents. carried out according to an agreed procedure.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Guidance note: 105 Straightness of members which are based on buckling

The plastic deformation e may be calculated by the following, calculations according to DNV-RP-C201 and/or DNV-RP-
simplified formulae: C202 shall be within the tolerances given in Table E3.
Single-curvature deformation
106 Alignments of the non-continuous plates in cruciform
Cold rolling or pressing of plates to cylindrical forms:
joints and butt welds shall be within the tolerances given in
t Fig.1, Table E1 and Table E2.
e = ---- 100%
D Guidance note:
Cold bending of straight pipes to bends: Larger imperfections may be applied provided accounted for in
D the design calculations. See e.g. DNV-RP-C203, Sec. 2.5.
e = --------- 100%
2R c ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Double curvature deformation

Forming of plates to spheres:
t(1 + v)
e = ------------------- 100%
2R c
t = material thickness
D = outside diameter of pipe or vessel
Rc = forming radius
ν = Poisson's ratio (0.5 for plastic condition).
E. Tolerances Figure 1
Alignment of cruciform joint
E 100 Tolerances for alignment and straightness
101 Allowable fabrication tolerances shall be submitted to
the purchaser for acceptance.
102 Special considerations shall be given in providing prop- Table E1 Cruciform joints Misalignment a
er alignment of structural members. Allowable fabrication tol- Structural category Maximum misalignment
erances shall be established on basis of due consideration to the Special 0.15 t1
criticality of the design.
Primary 0.30 t1
103 The maximum fabrication tolerances may generally be Secondary 0.50 t1
taken in compliance with IACS Shipbuilding and Repair Qual-
t1 is the smaller thickness of t1, t2 and t3
ity Standard Part A Sec.6 and Sec.7.
Guidance note: Table E2 Butt welds. Misalignment a
Special and primary category areas shall be regarded as Structural category Maximum misalignment
"strength" members and secondary category area shall be regard-
ed as "other" in the IACS Shipbuilding and Repair Standard. Special 0.10 t1
Primary 0.15 t1
Secondary 0.30 t1
104 Straightness of members shall be within the tolerances t1 is the smaller of the two abutting thicknesses
given by the buckling code. Maximum tolerance is 4 mm.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Table E3 Tolerances for straightness

Detail Tolerance Fig. Comments
Bars and frames Max. out of straightness l = unsupported length
δ = 0.0015 l
Pillars, vertical col- Max. inclination l = unsupported length

umns δ = 0.001 l
Stiffened plane plates. Max. out of straightness l = Unsupported length of the

Stiffener or girder δ = 0.0015 l stiffener or girder
webs relative to the
plate plane.
Stiffened plane plates. Max. out of straightness l = Unsupported length of the

Stiffener or girder δ = 0.0015 l flange
flanges relative to the
web plate
Stiffened plane plates. Max. misalignment s = distance between parallel

Parallel stiffeners or δ = 0.02 s stiffeners or girders
girders
Stiffened plane plates. Max. out of plane displace- s = unsupported width of the
Plates between stiff- ment plate panel
eners or girders. δ = 0.005 s
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Table E3 Tolerances for straightness (Continued)

Detail Tolerance Fig. Comments
Circular cylindrical Max. deviation from the ra = actual distance from the
shells. nominal radius measured at cylinder axis to the shell
ringstiffener or bulkhead wall.r = nominal radius of the
δ = (ra - r) = 0.005 r shell
Circular cylindrical Max out of straightness l = Unsupported length of the
shells. δ = 0.0015 l stiffener or girder.
Longitudinal stiffen-
ers or girders.
Circular cylindrical Max. out of straightness l = Unsupported length of the

shells. δ = 0.0015 l flange
Flanges of longitudi-
nal stiffeners or girder
webs.
Circular cylindrical Max. misalignment s = stiffener spacing

shells. δ = 0.02 s
Longitudinal stiffen-
ers.
Circular cylindrical Max. imperfection A circular template or straight

shells. rod held anywhere on the
Local out of round- shell.
ness.
Local out of straight-
ness. g = length of template or rod.
0.01g
δ = -------------------
1 + g ⁄r The length of the circular tem-
plate shall be the smallest of:
r
s, 1.15 l rt and π ---
2
s = stiffener spacing (of longi-
tudinal stiffeners)
l = distance between rings or

bulkhead.
The length of the straight rod

shall be taken equal to the
smallest of:
l and 4 rt .
Conical shells The tolerance requirements

given for cylindrical shells are
applicable also for conical
shells.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

F. Assembly, Welding, Heat Treatment and butt-welds in secondary structural elements a WPS shall be es-
Repairs tablished for acceptance by the purchaser.
Guidance note:
F 100 Assembly and welding The weld connection between two components shall be assigned
101 Assembly and welding operations shall be carried out by the structural category area equal to the higher category of the
qualified personnel and supervision. joined components. For stiffened plates not classified as structur-
al category special, the weld connection between stiffener and
102 A fabrication sequence shall be established to ensure stringer and girder web to plate may normally be assigned struc-
that the structure can be assembled in a manner which allows tural category secondary.
for effective control at all stages of work. ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
103 Fit-up, preparation for welding and welding operations
shall take place in accordance with procedures accepted by the 113 A WPS can be established by one of the following meth-
purchaser. ods:
104 The welding sequence shall be such that the amount of — performing of welding procedure test(WPQT) and subse-
shrinkage, distortions and residual stresses are minimised. quent review of the welding procedure qualification
105 Difference in plate thickness of butt welds exceeding 4 records(WPQR)
mm the thicker plate shall be tapered not steeper than 1 : 3 gen- — review of previously qualified welding procedures tests
erally. Butt joints, which are prone to fatigue loading shall be (WPQT) which has been witnessed by a party recognised
tapered not steeper than 1 : 4. See Fig. 2. by the purchaser
— review of WPS
— review and verification of documentation showing suc-
cessful application of welding procedures over a pro-
longed period of time.
114 Tack welding shall, when integrated in production weld-
ing, be qualified. For welds specified in 112 a WPS shall be
submitted to the purchaser for acceptance.
115 All fabrication welding shall be performed within the
limits of essential variables of the qualified welding procedure.
This also includes tack welding, seal welding, welding of lift-
ing lugs and attachment welds as well as repair welding.
116 When resuming welding on partially filled joints in spe-
cial areas, preheating shall be performed and the temperature
within the specified tolerances, shall if not otherwise agreed,
Figure 2 be equal to the interpass temperature for the welding pass in
Tapering of butt joints question.
117 Grooves produced by gouging shall be followed by
106 Tubular members framing into joints shall be carefully grinding removing carbonised material and the groove shall be
contoured to obtain accurate alignment. The bevel shall be dressed to a shape consistent with tolerances in agreement with
formed providing a continuous transition from maximum to the purchaser.
minimum bevel angle around the circumference. Generally, 118 Welding consumables shall be classified with respect to
the fabrication shall be planned in such a manner that back strength , application area and hydrogen level according to rec-
welding can be performed to the largest extent possible. ognised scheme.
107 Members to be welded shall be brought into correct Electrodes for welding of high strength steels (see DNV-OS-
alignment and held in position by clamps, other suitable devic- B101) shall satisfy a hydrogen test requirement for at least suf-
es or by tack welds until welding has been completed or pro- fix H10, i.e. HDM ≤ 10 ml/100g in weld metal.
gressed to a stage where the holding devices or tack welds can
be removed without danger of distortion, shrinkage or crack- Electrodes for welding of extra high strength steel (see DNV-
ing. Suitable allowances shall be made for distortion and OS-B101) shall satisfy a hydrogen test requirement for the suf-
shrinkage where appropriate. fix H5, i.e. HDM ≤ 5ml/100g in weld metal.
108 The use of permanent steel backing strips may be per- Hydrogen testing shall be according to ISO 3690 or equivalent.
mitted after thorough corrosion evaluation and when properly 119 Consumables that have been contaminated by moisture,
accounted for in the design analysis. rust, oil, grease, dirt or other deleterious matter, shall be dis-
109 Corners of cut-outs shall be given appropriate radii min- carded unless properly reconditioned.
imising local stress concentrations. Where temporary cut-outs Storage and handling of welding consumables shall be in ac-
are made, such cut-outs shall be made of sufficient size to al- cordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, and in ac-
low sound replacement. cordance with procedures giving details regarding conditions
110 The fit-up shall be checked for dimensional accuracy be- in storage rooms, temperature in storage ovens and quivers,
fore welding. Surfaces to be welded shall be free from mill length of exposure and conditions, as applicable.
scale, slag, rust, grease, paint etc. Edges are to have a smooth Recycling of fluxes for submerged-arc welding shall be per-
and uniform surface. No welding shall be performed when the formed in a manner that ensures a mixture of new and used flux
surfaces are damp. Suitable protection shall be arranged when with continually homogenous properties.
welding is performed during inclement weather conditions. 120 Welds shall be terminated in a manner that will ensure
The groove shall be dry at the time of welding. sound welds without end-craters. Extension bars and run-off
111 Preheating shall preferably be performed with electric plates shall be removed upon completion and cooling of the
heating elements. Gas burners may be used under controlled weld. The end of the weld shall be made smooth and flush with
conditions. Cutting torches should not be used. the edges of abutting parts.
112 For welds of structural category special, primary and 121 Grinding of welds with the intention of increasing the fa-
DET NORSKE VERITAS

tigue life and/or reducing the probability of brittle fracture

shall be carried out according to agreed specifications.
122 Welding production tests shall be made during fabrica-
tion of welds in special areas and in primary structural ele-
ments to verify that the produced welds are of acceptable
quality. Minimum one test coupon is required from each ap-
plied welding process.
The welding parameters for the WPT shall be as for the actual
weld and the environmental conditions shall be kept as realistic
as possible. The requirements for a WPT are in general the
same as for the relevant welding procedure test.
123 If one or more production tests fail to give satisfactory
results, two more shall be made, both of which shall give ac-
ceptable results.
Should one or both of the additional tests fail, the total produc-
tion welding performed with the welding procedure in ques-
tion shall be evaluated based on testing of welds and base
material cut-out from the actual structure fabricated.
124 In all cases the failure of a production test shall lead to a Figure 3
review of the welding performed to establish the reason for the Guidance on material thickness for PWHT
failure, and appropriate corrective action shall be carried out.
125 Shop primers applied over areas, which will subsequent-
ly be welded, shall be of a suitable quality demonstrated to 206 Heat treatment, wherever possible, shall be carried out
have acceptably low detrimental effect on the finished weld. in an enclosing furnace according to written procedures agreed
upon. The temperature distribution throughout heating furnac-
F 200 Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) es shall be controlled within ± 15°C.
201 Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) of C-Mn steels if re- Where it is impractical to heat-treat the whole item in a closed
quired by DNV-OS-C101 or DNV-OS-C201, shall be per- furnace, local heat treatment may be adopted.
formed in accordance with a procedure specification 207 Only welding consumables recommended for PWHT by
including: the manufacturer shall be used for joints to be post weld heat
treated.
— heating and cooling rates
— temperature gradients F 300 Repairs
— soaking temperature range and minimum holding time 301 Repairs shall be carried out in accordance with qualified
— heating facilities repair procedures subject to agreement.
— insulation
— control devices 302 Guidance to repair work may be found in IACS Ship-
— recording equipment building and repair Quality Standard, Part A Sec.9 and Part B.
— configuration of structure to be post-weld heat treated or 303 Members distorted by welding may be straightened by
details if local PWHT shall be carried out. mechanical means or by carefully supervised application of a
limited amount of localised heat. The application of heat or
Heat treatment records shall be kept throughout the heat treat- mechanical force shall be in accordance with a written proce-
ment process. dure.
Guidance note: 304 Defects in welds may be rectified by grinding, machin-
The procedure specification may be worked out on basis of com- ing or welding. Welds of insufficient strength, ductility or
bined material thicknesses as shown in Figure 3. notch toughness shall be completely removed prior to repair.
The mechanical properties of repair weld shall satisfy the min-
imum specified properties of the steel in question.
202 Heat treatment shall be performed at a soaking tempera- 305 Repair welding in the same area may be carried out
ture in the range 580 to 620°C, for a time of at least 2 minutes twice. Further repairs shall be evaluated in each individual
per mm thickness. Soaking temperature and time shall be se- case.
lected considering recommendations for the welding consum-
ables and steel grade in question. Soaking temperature for 306 Whenever a defect is removed, the gouged and ground
quenched and tempered steels shall be decided in each case. area shall be examined by magnetic particle testing or other
suitable methods to verify complete removal.
203 The temperature difference between the outside and the
307 Repair welding shall be performed using welding con-
inside surface during soaking shall not exceed 30°C within the
heated area. Double-sided heating shall be applied as far as sumables satisfying the hydrogen test requirement given in
possible. 118. The preheating and working temperature shall when
making shallow and local repairs in special and primary struc-
204 Heating, soaking and cooling shall be carried out in a tural elements be raised 50ºC above the level specified for pro-
controlled manner that prevents cracking or distortions outside duction welding and be at least 100ºC unless otherwise agreed.
the dimensional tolerances. The temperature difference along The working temperature shall be maintained until the repair
lines or planes of symmetry shall normally not exceed 30°C has been completed. To ensure sound repair welds, the single
when the material temperature is above 300°C. repair length shall not be shorter than 50 mm.
205 The heat-treatment cycle and the actual metal tempera- 308 Repair of welded joints shall be carried out by removing
ture shall be recorded using thermocouples equally spaced ex- the unacceptable portion of the weld without substantial re-
ternally, and whenever possible internally, throughout the moval of base material. For planar defects the repair length on
heated region. either side of the defect shall be 50 mm longer than the size of
DET NORSKE VERITAS

the defect as confirmed by NDT. Long defects may be required 310 Minor discontinuities may be removed by grinding or
repaired in several steps to avoid overloading or cracking. machining, making a smooth transition into the surrounding
Each repair step shall be controlled so as not to cause plastic material. The thickness shall not be reduced to less than 93%
deformation of the remaining material when removing the de- of the nominal thickness but in no case by more than 3 mm.
fect. The extent of such repair shall be agreed upon.
309 Repair welding of post-weld heat-treated joints shall un- 311 All repairs shall be re-inspected with the same NDT
less otherwise agreed initiate a new heat treatment. methods to the same or increased extent as necessary.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 3
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
A. General B 300 Personnel qualification

301 Personnel performing NDT and interpretation of exami-
A 100 Scope nation results shall be certified according to a recognised cer-
101 This section gives requirements for non-destructive test- tification scheme subject to agreement and shall provide a
ing. valid certificate of proficiency. The certificate shall state the
qualifications as to which examination method and within
which category the operator is qualified.
B. Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) B 400 Extent of NDT

401 The extent of NDT shall be based on type and level of
B 100 General design stresses and on the importance of the connection in
101 Prior to commencement of fabrication the contractor question. The welds shall be assigned inspection categories
shall submit a plan for NDT, NDT procedures and documents equal to the highest structural category of the two components.
for NDT inspectors’ certification for acceptance by the pur- For stiffened plates , which are not assigned Inspection catego-
chaser. The programme shall contain information and docu- ry I, the weld connection between stiffener and stringer and
ments for planning, controlling and reporting. girder web to the plate may normally be inspected according to
102 The inspection categories shall be defined in accordance Inspection Category III.
with DNV-OS-C101 Sec.4 or DNV-OS-C201 Sec 4 and shall The inspection categories shall be applied to the drawings.
be specified in relevant design drawings.
Aspects that shall be considered in determining the extent of
103 Welds shall be subject to NDT in progress with fabrica- NDT are:
tion. The results of these activities shall be consecutively re-
ported to the purchaser. — stress level and stress direction
104 Methods of NDT shall be chosen with due regard to the — cyclic loading
conditions including the sensitivity of the method and the — material toughness
method’s ability to detect defects likely to occur as a conse- — redundancy of the member
quence of the chosen welding process. — overall integrity of the structure
— accessibility for examination in-service.
105 Final inspection and NDT of structural steel welds shall
not be carried out before 48 hours after completion, except 402 Unless otherwise agreed, NDT shall normally be carried
where PWHT is required. out to an extent not less than required in Table B1. For welds
The time delay may upon agreement be reduced for NV 36 that are examined for only a given percentage, the importance
grades or lower and for NV 420 grades or lower for plate thick- to the integrity of the structure shall be considered when select-
nesses less than 40 mm, if consistent low failure rate of delayed ing the welds to be examined.
cracking has been documented for the materials and welding A representative sampling of welds, with due regard to fabri-
consumables in question. cation assembly and welding methodologies, shall be per-
106 When heat treatment is performed, the final NDT shall formed.
be carried out when all heat treatments have been completed. 403 If a consistently low NDT failure rate is documented, the
107 All welds shall be 100% visually inspected prior to car- extent of NDT inspection required for elements within struc-
rying out NDT. tural category primary may be reduced, but shall not be less
than for Inspection category III.
108 All NDT shall be properly documented in such a way
that the performed examination can be duplicated. The reports 404 Radiographic examination may be replaced by ultrason-
shall identify the defects present in the weld area and state if ic examination and vice versa, when methodologically justifi-
the weld satisfies the acceptance criteria or not. able and in agreement with the purchaser.
405 Frequent repairs shall result in increased extent of NDT.
B 200 NDT procedures The extent of NDT shall be increased in a manner such that all
201 NDT shall be performed in accordance with agreed writ- relevant defects are discovered in the areas of concern and that
ten procedures that, as a minimum, give detailed information representative sampling is carried out on all welds. When the
on the following aspects: weld quality level has been restored, the extent of examination
may be reduced in agreement with the purchaser
— applicable code or standard 406 If severe defects (i.e. cracks and other planar defects or
— materials and dimensions excessive slag lines) occur repeatedly, all welds made with the
— welding process same welding procedure during the period in question, shall be
— joint configuration and dimensions examined full length.
— technique
— equipment, main and auxiliary Frequent occurrence of excessive porosity can be indicative of
inadequate handling of welding consumables. If inadequate
— sensitivity handling is confirmed, the welds made during the period in
— calibration techniques and calibration references question shall be investigated by adequate methods for hydro-
— testing parameters and variables gen induced cracking.
— assessment of imperfections
— reporting and documentation of results 407 NDT shall cover start and stop points of automatically
— reference to applicable welding procedure(s) welded seams.
— personnel qualification 408 Ultrasonic examination of welds shall include examina-
— acceptance criteria. tion of the area adjacent to the weld for laminations and scan-
DET NORSKE VERITAS

ning for transverse defects in the weld and base material. sure that lamellar tearing has not taken place.
409 Plates which are subjected to significant tensile stresses If steel with improved through thickness properties has been
in the thickness direction in way of cross joints, etc. shall be ul- adopted, this test may be reduced to spot-checks only.
trasonically tested after welding into the structure, to make
Table B1 Minimum extent (in %) of non-destructive testing for structural welds

Inspection Test method
Type of connection
category Visual Magnetic 1) Radiography 2) Ultrasonic 3)
I Butt weld 100% 100% 100%
Cross- and T-joints, full penetration welds 100% 100% - 100%
Cross- and T-joints, partly penetration and fillet welds 100% 100% - -
II Butt weld 100% 20% 4) 10% 5)
Cross- and T-joints, full penetration welds 100% 20% - 20%
Cross- and T-joints, partly penetration and fillet welds 100% 20% - -
III Butt weld 100% Spot 6) Spot 6)
Cross- and T-joints, full penetration welds 100% Spot 6) - Spot 6)
Cross- and T-joints, partly penetration and fillet welds 100% Spot 6) - -
1) Liquid penetrant testing to be adopted for non ferro-magnetic materials
2) May be partly or wholly replaced by ultrasonic testing upon agreement
3) Ultrasonic examination shall be carried out for plate thicknesses of 10 mm and above
4) For weld connections on hull shell not subjected to high residual stress, spot check will be accepted as sufficient.
5) See DNV-OS-C101 Section 4 C305 and C306 or DNV-OS-C201 Section 4 C305 and 306.
6) Approximately 2 to 5%
410 Radiographic testing are agreed.

Radiographic testing shall be performed by x-ray according to 418 Reference blocks shall be made with thickness and side-
approved procedures. Use of γ −ray is subject to acceptance in drilled holes, as described in Table B2, and shall be used for
each case. The procedures shall be established in accordance gain calibration and construction of reference curves. The ref-
with recognised standards. erence block shall normally be manufactured from the actual
411 Suspect planar indications discovered by radiographic material examined and have approved dimensions. When ul-
testing shall be type determined, located and sized by ultrason- trasonic testing is to be performed on steel produced by con-
ic testing. trolled rolling or thermomechanical treatment, reference
blocks shall be produced both perpendicular to, and parallel to,
412 Processing and storage shall be such that the films main- the direction of rolling. The rolling direction shall be clearly
tain their quality throughout the agreed time of storage. identified.
413 Ultrasonic testing 419 Calibration of ultrasonic equipment shall be undertaken
Ultrasonic testing shall be performed according to approved in accordance with recognised code or standard.
procedures. The procedures shall be established according to 420 For ultrasonic examination the contact surface shall be
recognised standards. clean and smooth, i.e. free from dirt, scale, rust, welding spat-
414 Ultrasonic examination equipment is to: ter, etc. which may influence the results of the examination.
421 The weld shall normally be examined from both sides
— be applicable for the pulse echo technique and for the dou- and the testing is to include the area adjacent to the weld for
ble-probe technique laminations and scanning for transverse indications in the weld
— cover as a minimum the frequency range from 2 to 6 MHz and base material. Use of multiple angle probes scanning in ad-
— have a calibrated gain regulator with minimum 2 dB per dition to normal probe scanning is required.
step over a range of at least 60 dB
— have a flat screen accessible from the front for direct plot- 422 For flaw detection the corrected primary gain shall be in-
ting of reference curves or equipped with automatic cali- creased by 6 dB. Defect size evaluation shall not be performed
bration or DAC (Distance Amplitude Curve) -display at this increased gain level.
presentation 423 The indications shall be investigated by maximising the
— echoes with amplitudes of 5% of full screen height shall be echoes with different angle probes and by rotating the probes.
clearly detectable under test conditions For dimensional evaluation, either the «20 dB-drop» method
— include straight beam transducers and angle beam trans- or the «half-value-drop» method shall be used.
ducers of 45°, 60° and 70°.
Table B2 Calibration reference block requirements
415 Calibration of the ultrasonic equipment shall be carried
out whenever it has been out of function for any reason includ- Thickness of Thickness of Diameter of Distance of
material to be block (mm) hole (mm) hole from one
ing on and off and whenever there is any doubt concerning examined (mm) surface (mm)
proper functioning of the equipment.
10 < t ≤ 50 40 or t
416 The IIW or ISO calibration block shall be used for cali- Ø 3 ± 0.2
50 < t ≤ 100 75 or t t/2 and t/4.
bration of range and for angle determination. Additional
100 < t ≤ 150 125 or t
417 For evaluation of flaw indications a reference curve holes are
150 < t ≤ 200 175 or t allowed and
shall be established. The curve shall be plotted on the instru- Ø 6 ± 0.2
200 < t ≤ 250 225 or t recommended
ment screen. Imperfections, which produce a response greater
than 20% of the reference level shall be investigated to the ex- t > 250 275 or t
tent that the operator can determine the shape, identity and lo-
cation of all such imperfections and evaluate them in terms of 424 Magnetic particle testing
the acceptance criteria. All defects exceeding the acceptance Magnetic particle testing shall be performed according to pro-
criteria shall be reported unless more stringent requirements cedures subject to agreement. The procedures shall be estab-
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lished according to recognised standards. 431 Liquid penetrant testing

425 The equipment shall establish a field strength between Liquid penetrant testing shall be performed according to ap-
2.4 kA/m and 4.0 kA/m for prods. Prods shall be soft tipped proved procedures. The procedures shall be established ac-
with lead or similar. Use of prods soft tipped with copper is not cording to recognised standards.
permitted. Sparks between the prods and the material tested
shall be avoided. Electromagnetic A.C. yokes shall develop a B 500 Acceptance criteria for NDT
minimum lifting force of 5 kg at maximum leg spread. Field 501 Acceptance criteria for welds in steel are given in Table
strength and lifting force shall be checked at regular intervals. B3, Table B4 and Table B5. As the test methods differ in their
limitations and/or sensitivities special acceptance criteria are
426 Use of permanent magnets is not permitted. given for each method where necessary. Alternative evaluation
427 The surface to be tested shall be clean and dry, free from ensuring an equivalent level of quality may be considered in
dirt i.e. paint, grease, oil, lint, scale, welding flux etc. which special cases.
may interfere with the testing. 502 Acceptance of defects exceeding the given limits may be
428 To ensure detection of discontinuities having axes in any granted based on fracture mechanics testing and appropriate
direction, the testing of each area shall be performed with mag- calculations. If this approach is considered, the inherent inac-
netic field shifted in at least two directions approximately per- curacy of the NDT methods shall be considered when the crit-
pendicular to each other, and with sufficient overlap to cover ical defect size is determined.
the area to be tested. 503 The soundness of welds shall comply with the accept-
429 Non-fluorescent wet or dry particles shall provide ade- ance criteria for each of the NDT methods used. Defects ex-
quate contrast with the background or the surface being tested. ceeding the limits shall be repaired and after repair welding has
been performed, the complete weld, (i.e. the repaired area plus
430 De-magnetisation should be considered in areas where at least 100 mm on each side) shall be subjected to at least to
residual magnetism could be detrimental. the same NDT method(s) as specified for the original weld.
Table B3 Visual and magnetic particle testing acceptance criteria for structural steel welds
Structural category
Type of defect
Special Primary Secondary
Cracks Not acceptable
Incomplete penetration or lack of fusion Not acceptable On the root side of welds for
which back welding is not re-
quired: Length < t/2, maxi-
mum 10 mm and not closer
than t
Surface porosity Not acceptable Not acceptable in areas with tensile stresses. In other areas
the accumulated pore diameters in any area of 10 x 150 mm
are not to exceed 15 mm. Maximum size of single pore; t/4
or 4 mm (whichever is the smaller)
Undercut, maximum depth, mm Not acceptable Not acceptable when transverse to tensile stresses. Maxi-
mum depth allowed in other areas 0.75 mm
t is the nominal plate thickness.
General requirements:
Welds shall be of correct shape, size and geometry. Welds shall have a regular finish and merge smoothly into the base material. Groove welds shall have slight
or minimum reinforcement or root penetration not exceeding 3 mm in height. The face of fillet welds shall be slightly convex or concave or flat and leg lengths
shall be equal.
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Table B4 Radiographic testing, acceptance criteria

Type of defect Structural category
Porosity 1) 2)
— Isolated: Maximum pore diameter, mm t/5, maximum 4 t/4, maximum 5 t/3, maximum 6
— Cluster: Largest pore diameter, mm 2 3 4
— Piping porosity: Maximum length along the 20 25 30
weld of projected pore area, mm
— Scattered: Maximum accumulated pore di- 15 20 25
ameters in any 10 x 150 mm area of weld
Slag inclusion 1) 3) 4)
— Maximum width, mm t/5, maximum 4 t/4, maximum 6 t/3, maximum 6
— Maximum length, mm t 2t 4t
Incomplete penetration length 5) 6) mm Not accepted in connections ≤ t, maximum 25 ≤ 2t, maximum 50
where full penetration is re-
quired
Lack of fusion length 5) 6) mm Not accepted ≤ 2t, maximum 50
Cracks Not accepted
1) If the distance between the similar defects (pore or slag) is less than the largest extent of one of the defects, they shall be considered as one continuous
defect. If the amount of pores or slag may mask other defects, the testing shall be supplemented with radiographic or ultrasonic testing.
2) If the distance between pores is less than 3 times the diameter, the pores are said to form a line or a cluster. Pores on a line must not be located in the weld
surface.
3) Defects of lengths in the direction of the weld exceeding 3 times their widths form a line. If the distance between slag lines is less than 3 times the largest
extent of the cross section of the defect, the lines are considered as one defect.
4) If parallel slag lines are found the examination shall be supplemented with ultrasonic tests.
5) Defects on a line where the distance between the defects is shorter than the longest defect shall be regarded as one continuous defect.
6) Not surface open. For incomplete penetration or lack of fusion on root side of welds for which back welding is not required, see Table B3.
Table B5 Ultrasonic testing

Structural category
Indication 1)2)3)
Echo height above 50% of reference level 100% of reference level 100% of reference level
Maximum length 4), mm t/3 or maximum 10 t/2 or maximum 10 t or maximum 20
Cracks are not acceptable regardless of size or amplitude.
1) Indications which the operator based on experience, knowledge of the welding method and joint geometry deems likely to be cracks, lack of fusion or lack
of penetration may be unacceptable regardless of echo amplitude and length. In such cases an independent examination by another operator shall be per-
formed.
2) If only one side of the weld is accessible for examination, all indications with a length > t /4 and exceeding 20% of the reference curve for the special
category and 50% otherwise, may be regarded as cracks, lack of fusion or lack of penetration unless otherwise proven. In such cases an independent ex-
amination by another operator or by different methods shall be performed.
3) For longitudinal defects where the indications intermittently are above and below the acceptance level, the type of defect shall be determined when the
areas exceeding the acceptance level are repaired. If the defect is found to be crack, lack of fusion, lack of penetration or slagline(s) the whole defect length
is unacceptable regardless of echo amplitude.
4) Length is defined as distance between points where the echo amplitude reach or pass the stated percentages of reference level.
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SECTION 4
OTHER TESTS
A. General C. Structural Tests

A 100 Scope C 100 General
101 This section covers requirements for testing of tightness 101 At least one of several identical tanks shall undergo a
and structural tests. structural test. The test shall by agreement be carried out by ap-
plying water.
Guidance note:
In agreement with the purchaser the structural test may be omit-
B. Testing of Tightness ted for a series of sister vessels.
Protective coating may be applied before a structural test is car-
B 100 General ried out.
101 All tanks shall be tested for tightness. The test may be ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
performed as a hydraulic test using water. Alternatively, tight-
ness may be confirmed by use of compressed air and an effi- 102 Bulkheads between tanks arranged to carry different liq-
cient indicating liquid. uids shall be hydraulically tested from at least one side.
Guidance note: 103 The test pressure height hT shall be taken as the design
Void spaces can normally be omitted from this tightness test. A pressure height for load case a). This implies that the following
void space is defined as a confined space typically not intended test pressure heights will normally apply:
to carry liquid cargo, ballast or fuel. Gas tightness of e.g. bound- For tanks with a maximum filling height to the top of the air
aries between cofferdams/pump room and adjacent non-hazard- pipe:
ous area, may be subject to appropriate methods accepted by the
purchaser. h T = h op1 or
h T = ( h s3 + h p0 )
102 Tightness test by compressed air and an effective indi- whichever is greater.
cating liquid shall be carried out before protective coating has For tanks with a maximum filling height less than to the top of
been applied. the air pipe:
Guidance note: h T = ( h op2 + h D2 ) or
A thin layer (< 50 µm ) of primer with documented chemical h T = ( h s3 + h p0 )
composition may be applied prior to testing.
Tightness may also be confirmed by the following methods: whichever is greater.
- vacuum testing of individual welds
- injection of air into root gap of fillet welds (fillet air test) hop1 = vertical distance (m) from the load point to the po-
sition of maximum filling height (i.e. the top of the
Tightness testing of continuous automatic and multipass semi-
air pipe)
automatic weld processes in butt welds of plated boundaries may
be omitted. hs3 = vertical distance (m) from the load point to the top
of the tank
hp0 = 2.5 m in general
103 If compressed air compressed air and an efficient indi- = height corresponding to valve opening pressure
cating liquid are used , the air pressure shall not exceed 20 kN/ when exceeding the general value
m2, and shall be reduced to a smaller value, but not less than hop2 = vertical distance (m) from the load point to the po-
15 kN/m2 before inspection. The method shall give clear indi- sition of maximum filling height. For tanks adja-
cations even of small leaks. cent to the sea that are situated below the extreme
operational draught (TE), hop2 is not normally to
Guidance note: be taken as being less than TE
Care should be taken so that the pressure in the tank does not ex- hD2 = pressure head due to flow through pipes.
ceed 20 KN/m2 above atmospheric pressure because of unex-
pected raise in ambient temperature, falling atmospheric pressure The pressure shall be maintained for at least 20 minutes. The
or otherwise. The pressure shall be measured by an accurate filling rate shall be restricted to avoid excessive dynamic de-
method, such as a U-shaped tube with water. Means should be sign pressure.
provided to release pressure in emergency case
104 The structural test is considered successful if no signifi-
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- cant deformations or other damages have developed during the
test.
104 If water is applied, the pressure shall not be less than 25 105 Closing appliances for access openings etc. in decks,
kN/m2 at the top of the tank. The outside of the tank shall be bulkheads etc. which shall be watertight, shall be separately
dry and clean. tested before installation. Structural testing of other parts out-
105 For hose testing, the hose pressure shall be at least side tanks may be required.
200kN/m2 and applied at a maximum distance of 1.5 m. The 106 If structural tests reveal weaknesses in the structure, fur-
nozzle inside diameter shall be at least 12.0 mm. ther testing should be assessed.
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SECTION 5
CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEMS
A. General out according to drawings and specifications.

402 Anode shapes and their fastening devices (studs, clamps,
A 100 Scope etc.) shall be subject to agreement with the purchaser.
101 This section lists requirements for application of coating For anodes fastened by other means than welding, attention
and requirements for fabrication and installation of sacrificial should be paid to the establishing of good electrical contact.
anodes and impressed current systems. Resistance measurements may be required.
A 200 General Welding of connections shall be carried out to procedures ac-
201 Installation or application of corrosion protection sys- cepted by the purchaser and by qualified welders.
tems shall be carried out in conformance with recognised Anodes shall if not otherwise agreed, be connected to the struc-
standards of workmanship and specifications agreed upon. ture in way of local stiffening.
A 300 Application of coating Any doubling plates to which anodes are welded, shall have a
thickness normally not less than 10 mm, well rounded corners
301 The area to be coated shall be defined and if necessary (r > 20 mm), and shall be continuously welded. Material
limited by masking. Components and areas, which may be grades of the doubling plates and anode studs or pads welded
damaged by the pre-treatment and/or by the coating, such as directly to main plating, shall be in accordance with the re-
anodes, shall be shielded. quirements given in DNV-OS-C101 Sec.4 or DNV-OS-C201
302 The surfaces to be coated shall be clean and dry. Oil, Sec.4. The doubling plates shall be of the material strength
grease or dirt shall be removed by washing with a suitable de- group as the main plate.
tergent. Salts shall be removed by washing with fresh water. 403 For anodes connected to bulkhead plating, girder web
303 Sharp edges shall be rounded and surfaces blast-cleaned plates etc. having a thickness equal to or less than 15 mm, at
to the profile and degree of cleanliness as required in the coat- least one of the studs shall be welded on or close to a local stiff-
ing specification and in accordance with the coating manufac- ener. Anodes connected to shell plating of trusses etc., where
turer’s recommendations. Normally, the minimum no internal stiffening is provided, shall be fastened to doubling
requirements for steel surface quality for primer coating appli- plates permanently welded to the shell.
cation is ISO 8501-1 Sa 2 1/2 or equivalent for external surfac- 404 Submerged zone: anodes located in way of internal stiff-
es and internal zones exposed to sea-water or otherwise ening, except on columns close to truss connections, may be
intended for coating. welded directly to the shell plating without doubling plates.
304 Final blast-cleaning and coating application shall when Below light water line, such direct welding will be accepted
possible be carried out only when the steel temperature is only for anode studs or pads not intended to be removed by re-
> 3°C above the dew point and the relative humidity < 85% in newal of anodes. In any case, anodes located on slim trusses
order to prevent condensation of moisture on the surface. without internal stiffening and on columns close to truss con-
nections shall be fastened to doubling plates permanently
305 Coating systems shall be applied in the number of coats welded to the shell.
and within the thickness ranges as stated in the specification
agreed upon and in accordance with the manufacturer's recom- A 500 Fabrication and installation of impressed current
mendations. systems
306 Inspection, repair and touch-up shall be performed ac- 501 The anodes, the cables and the signal receivers shall be
cording to specifications agreed upon. furnished with relevant material certificates and be properly
307 Primer-coated surfaces shall be inspected and, if neces- marked for identification.
sary, be adequately cleaned and prepared before applying the 502 The installation of the system shall be carried out ac-
next coating layer. cording to an agreed specification.
308 Adequate curing times in relation to temperature and hu- 503 All equipment, cables etc. shall be accepted for use in
midity conditions, overcoating intervals, dry-film thickness of the respective hazardous zones, if applicable.
individual coats and total dry-film thickness, shall be within
tolerances stated in the coating specification. 504 Testing of the proper functioning of the systems shall be
carried out. The test method and results shall be reported.
A 400 Fabrication and installation of sacrificial anodes 505 Final testing and acceptance of the system shall be per-
401 Fabrication and installation of anodes shall be carried formed after installation.
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SECTION 6
MISCELLANEOUS
A. Use General C. Mechanical Fastening

A 100 Scope C 100 Contact surfaces in slip resistant connections
101 This section covers requirements for bolts and mechan- 101 If required, contact surfaces in preloaded joints shall be
ical fastening. prepared to produce the class of friction surface as required.
102 Details of surface treatments, which may be assumed to
provide the stated classes of friction surface, are given in
B. Bolts DNV-OS-C101 Sec.5.
103 The class of friction surface produced by other treatment
B 100 Bolts and nuts may be determined according to other international recognised
101 Bolts and nuts considered as essential for structural and standards.
operational safety shall conform to a recognised standard, e.g. 104 Contact surfaces shall be cleaned and roughened by
ISO 898. blasting with an appropriate material to produce a surface con-
102 Major pressure retaining or structural bolts and nuts with firming the required quality. In case of coated surfaces, this
specified min. yield stress above 490 N/mm2 shall be made of treatment shall be followed immediately by the application of
alloy steel, i.e. (% Cr + % Mo + % Ni) ≥ 0.50 and supplied in the appropriate coating.
the quenched and tempered condition.
105 At the time of assembly, the contact surfaces shall be
103 For general service, the specified tensile properties shall free from all contaminants, such as oil, dirt or paint, except for
not exceed ISO 898 property Class 10.9 when the installation a slip resistant coating. Burr that would prevent solid seating
is in atmospheric environment. For equipment submerged in of the connecting parts shall be removed.
seawater, the tensile properties shall not exceed property class
8,8 or equivalent. 106 Oil shall be removed from the surface by using chemical
cleaners, not by flame-cleaning.
Guidance note:
For bolted joints to be part of equipment designed for sulphide 107 If un-coated surfaces cannot be assembled directly after
stress cracking service, lower tensile properties than for 8,8 class preparation of the contact surfaces, they should be freed from
may be necessary in order to comply with NACE MR0175. all thin films of rust and other loose material by brushing with
a steel brush. Care should be taken not to damage or smooth
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- the roughened surface.
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OFFSHORE STANDARD
DNV-OS-C401

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 3
CERTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION
CONTENTS PAGE
Sec. 1 General ..................................................................................................................................... 45
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SECTION 1
GENERAL
A. Introduction 402 Type approval of welding consumables will be consid-

ered subject to compliance with the requirements given in the
A 100 Scope Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.2 Ch.3 Sec.3.
101 This section lists requirements relating to certification 403 All brand names under which a tested and approved
and classification. welding consumable is marketed, shall be registered by the So-
102 When this standard is used as basis for Classification, ciety. In order to avoid duplication of tests, the manufacturer
the term “purchaser” shall apply to the Society and pertinent shall certify that the welding consumables marketed under al-
activities contractually associated with the “Contractor”. ternative brand names are identical with the consumables test-
ed for approval.
B 500 Welding procedures and qualification of welders

B. Specific Certification and Classification 501 The welding procedure qualification test shall be wit-
Requirements nessed by the surveyor.
B 100 General 502 Welding and testing of weld assemblies for approval of
101 The following requirements shall be applied in conjunc- welders shall be performed in the presence of the surveyor.
tion with the technical requirements in the main body of this Upon successful completion, the Society will certify that the
standard when used for certification or classification purposes. welder has passed the approval testing.
503 Where certification is performed by other IACS mem-
B 200 Basic requirements bers or independent organisations, e.g. accredited or nationally
201 Welding of special, primary and secondary structures approved certification bodies, recognition of such certification
for hull, welding of superstructure, piping systems and equip- will be evaluated on a case by case basis. The Society reserves
ment shall be carried out by approved welders, with approved the right, however, to require verification of welders' qualifica-
welding consumables and at welding shops and -contractors tions when deemed necessary. Such verification may include
recognised by DNV. testing prior to production, extra NDT and/or welding produc-
tion tests.
B 300 Welding shops and -contractors
301 Welding shops and -contractors will have to prove their B 600 Corrosion protection systems
qualifications for the welding operations in question.
601 Application of coating, steel surface preparation with re-
302 It is assumed that the welding shops and -contractors spect to application of coating and fabrication and installation
make use of the necessary equipment for carrying out inspec- of sacrificial anodes and impressed current cathodic protection
tion of the welding operations in a satisfactory manner. systems are not included in the Society’s scope of work unless
303 Important welding operations shall be carried out under upon special agreement.
daily supervision of an inspector, who has the experience and
qualifications, which enable him to judge this type of work.
The work of each welder shall be regularly examined.
304 The welding shops and -contractors shall keep a card in-
C. Records and Documentation
dex or register of all approved welders. The register shall give
information on training of the welders and date and results of C 100 General
qualification tests. Information about the base metal, type of 101 Adequate records related to the fabrication of the struc-
welding consumable, joint design and welding positions shall ture shall be prepared to document that the structure meets the
be stated in the event of re-qualification tests. The surveyor specified requirements. Such records shall be compiled in par-
shall be allowed to examine the register at any time. allel with the fabrication process. Compiled records shall be
systematic and fully traceable. Such records shall reflect all
B 400 Welding consumables relevant testing, alterations, additions, corrections and revi-
401 Consumables for welding of offshore structures intend- sions made during the fabrication period in order to provide in-
ed for classification shall be approved by the Society. formation required during the in- service life of the structure.
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OFFSHORE STANDARD

FABRICATION AND TESTING OF

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Amendments and Corrections

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Computer Typesetting (FM+SGML) by Det Norske Veritas.

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CH. 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................ 7 Sec. 2 Fabrication and Tolerances............................... 28

B. Normative References ............................................................ 9 C. Inspection..............................................................................28

CH. 2 TECHNICAL PROVISIONS ............................ 13 A. General..................................................................................35

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B 200 Basic requirements ..........................................................45 B 600 Corrosion protection systems..........................................45

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FABRICATION AND TESTING OF

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A. General B 400 Other references

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stead under provision that the test is simulating, as far as

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D 400 Latin symbols t = thickness

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FABRICATION AND TESTING OF

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A. General chaser prior to starting up the agreed welding procedure qual-

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Table C1 Impact energy requirement for sub-size specimens

109 The average impact requirements shall be satisfied for

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— 100% radiographic or ultrasonic testing

a = 3 t, minimum value 150 mm

303 The following mechanical tests are required from each

C 400 Tubular joints

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Weld and fit-up shall be as detailed in the pWPS.

C 500 Fillet welds C 700 Validity of a WPS

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Table C2 Qualified thickness range

The requirements for qualified thickness range for single run

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C 800 Fracture mechanic (FM) testing

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Table D2 Selection of suitable consumables for combinations of aluminium alloys

1) Other consumables may be used if allowable stresses are reduced.

Table D3 Former diameter for bend tests

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Figure 15 lmin = 400 mm

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Table D4 Mechanical properties in the welded condition

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and examined at 400X magnification and shall be free from b = 30 mm

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102 Relevant procedures, including information of pre-as-

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Guidance note: 105 Straightness of members which are based on buckling