AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT
Fire alarm and fire control system plays an important role in maintaining and monitoring the safe
of all kind environments and situations. The main objective of this project is to make automatic
fire alarm and automatic fire control system to reduce accidents and property damage caused by
fire. This project has five main systems: the detection system, the monitoring system, the
appliance system, locating and reporting system. The detection system operates as the fire
detector. This detection system has components like temperature sensor, gas sensor and. This
paper discusses the design and implementation of a fire alarm and fire control system using the
microcontroller which operates the entire system. The detectors are placed in parallel in different
area. Any signal from each detector at any level is monitored using monitoring system. The
appliance system has components like buzzer for alarming and motor pump to stop the fire and
emergency exit motor to open the door of the room that was always closed before the emergency.
The locating and reporting system has component GSM and GPS. The entire system is controlled
by microcontroller. The microcontroller is programmed in such way by using Arduino code and
C-Programming language. The system can be detects temperature and gas that sensed by the
detector, and then followed by the monitoring system which indicates fire at that particular area.
Finally when the sensors form each area triggered individually, then buzzer operates (on) and
LCD display detected fire and GPS and GSM detect the location where the fire erupted and
report the accident respectively. Then it runs the emergency exit motor to escape, common water
pump for main water tank and the water pump motor to stop the fire.
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Amongst the occurred disasters happened in the resident area, fires have been known as the
dangerous tragedy that could cause destruction, property and life losses. In many disasters, fires
have become recurrent, destructive and most influential disasters if compared to others hazards.
With the rapid development of urban construction, the occurrence probability of the great fire
and other special disaster also increased year by year. Fires in the early detection and early
warning are two important ways to extinguish the fire promptly and avoid great casualties and
property loss. Therefore, the requirement of placing intelligent fire alarm and fire controlling
system is important within buildings especially in the buildings where contain many people
inside or valuable belongings. Fires in the households are often triggered by many common
factors investigated which are from cooking equipment, smoking in the house, electrical
appliances, candles, curious children, faulty wiring and many more. If the fire occurs when the
residents are in the house, the possibility to extinguish the fire is a bit high. It is because the
residents themselves can take immediate precaution from the fire to be spread all over by using
fire extinguisher or call the fireman. To minimize fire accident, our project will do protection and
report the accident at instant which is control from central control room.

A fire alarm and fire control system is one of the basic systems that is required to be installed in
every household and building in many countries. Having the system installed helps alert people
of a possible fire, give them early warnings; automatically call the emergency services and
contacts, minimize the time it takes for the fire department to come; lower the risks
of false fire alarm; in the event of fault, it can tell the exact problem, it also can have reduced fire
damage to property.
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

1.2 STATEMENTS OF PROBLEM

Fire accident is common feature in factories, houses, etc. In our society, due to poor fire
protection system, lack of adequate fire alarm and fire control system and emergency exit, fire
accident frequently occurred. Sometimes the fire accident occurs in the house when there is no
household around. The fire occurs like this may damage the property severely. This accident
increases death and destroys the house and damage many community wealth.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

General objective
The main objective of this project is to design an Automatic Fire Alarm & Fire control System in
using microcontroller (ardiuno) to reduce accidents and property damage caused by fire.

Specific objectives
 Indicate the location where fire erupted
 Reporting to the households or fire controller if the fire erupted
 Sound the alarm if fire occurs.
 Run the emergency EXIT motor and control the fire by supplying water to the remote
area by motor pump.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The study outlines of the design and development of an Automatic Fire Alarm & Fire control
System that employs fire protection through simulation. The circuit design and implementation
are conducted via pure electronic simulation using the Proteus and Arduino software which is
preferred due to materials and financial constraints. The project entire scope of the study are
detecting fire, monitoring using the monitoring system, displaying the output from each sensor in
the monitoring system and locating and reporting the accident by GSM and GPS.
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Fire alarm system has not only been around recently, but it has been existed for a long time.
According to Life Safety Consultants website, the first fire alarm system was invented in 1852
by Dr. William F. Channing and Moses Farmer. The system comprised of two fire alarm boxes
that had a telegraphic key and a handle each. If a fire was found in a home or business,
somebody would need to reach inside one of the boxes and wrench the handle so that it can send
an alert to a close-by alarm station. An operator at the station would then take the message and
notify the fire department so that they could send help. It was a significant procedure and
required several steps. (5) The first electric fire alarm system was invented in 1890 by Francis
Robbin Upton, an accomplice of Thomas Edison. He perceived that, most of the time, people
wouldn’t have time to remain around and wrench a handle is the case of fire. Therefore, his
electric system disposed of the requirement for this progress. Surprisingly, the plan for his
system was not that popular when it was first presented, but after some time, people started to
understand the need for a more developed fire alarm system like this one.
(5) According to Bao Minzhong, Jianmei, Niihau Xiao and Wang [1], the function of the fire
alarm system is to detect fire at an early stage providing sufficient time to produce high reliable
judgment results. If the fire alarm system nosedives to notify the user in the presence of fire for
the user to take appropriate measures, the system fails as alarm systems should cause the
operator to respond. Moreover, Brown Campbell [2] suggested that for a system not to fail, it
must require positive feedback from the operator. Nur Abd Aziz [3] proposed a fire alarm system
consisting of three sensors, thermistor hear sensor, infrared sensors and infrared smoke sensors.
The thermistor heat sensor was used to detect the rate at which temperature rises and high
temperatures. The infrared sensors were used for intruder alarms to detect the presence or any
motion, acting as a burglar alarm system. The infrared smoke sensors were used to identify fire
in its early stages or smoldering. In the presence of fire, the water sprinklers are automatically
switched on and the burglary alarm is activated. The known catalyst for fire is smoke, flame and
heat but only smoke and smoke sensors have been applied and emphasized. Furthermore, when a
fire occurs, the highly sensitive motion sensors will respond to normal environmental vibration
which could be caused by moving cars or planes overhead.
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

Furthermore, Chew and Ing Ming [4] proposed a similar system consisting of smoke detector,
heat detector and a burglar alarm. In the event of smoke or a rise in the temperature, the system
sends a signal to the microcontroller which in return operates a buzzer. Moreover, the
microcontroller operates an auto redialing telephone programmed with specific number. This
system, moreover, the system is implemented with photo-electric sensor and inductive proximity
switches. The photo-electric sensor is activated when transmitter cannot send light to the
receiver. The inductive proximity switch is normally used for metal detection and activates when
a metal is detected in the system. Once any of the sensors is activated, the microcontroller will
sound the buzzer and flash LEDs. Chew and Ing Ming categorized the system proposed for
industrial purposed. The complexity of this system contributes to the inability of installing such
system at homes or offices. Most of Fire alarm system project done before are only used for
detecting the fire and the automatic report is needed. In our project we have modified the
previous work by using GSM and GPS to know the location and report when fire erupted.

2.2 Review of the components and theories

2.2.1 The Need for a Fire Detection System

Over the years death rates by fire has increased tremendously. Fire consumes homes and
commercial premises quickly, indiscriminately taking lives and ruining property. No one should
have to be become a victim of fire, but the reality is that people do become victims every day.
The problem with having just detection is that although you know you have a fire (the fire alarm
sounders) there is no way to safely suppress the fire yourself and that’s if you are there. The Fire
service will put it out when called but the smoke damage occurring before they arrive and the
water damage after can be quite significant. Fire suppression systems are used to reduce the level
of damage and down time by automatically suppressing the fire. Smoke alarms and sprinkler
systems combined can reduce fire-related deaths by 82 percent and injuries by 46 percent.

2.3 Fire Detectors Review

Fire detectors can be of different types with various specific features depending upon different
scenarios and demands. More or less these detectors can be categorized as heat or thermal
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

detectors, smoke or gas detectors, semiconductor gas detectors, and flame detectors.
Heat or Thermal Type Detectors

Heat or thermal type detectors are the most primitive types of autonomous fire detectors, dating
back to mid-1800. Most of these detectors are fixed temperature ones, which activates upon
reaching a predefined temperature. Others include types, which activate whenever there is an
abnormal rise in temperature in the premises. Thermal detectors are reliable, inexpensive, easy to
maintain, and have lower false alarm rate. But these detectors are slow, and by the time they
reach predefined detection point, damage could already been underway. Therefore these
detectors are of limited use.

Smoke or Gas Detectors

Smoke or gas detectors, a relatively newer invention, became widespread during 1970’s and
1980’s.These detectors usually detect fire in early flaming or smoldering stages. These detectors
can be of different types having different operation principles, namely optical or photoelectric
detectors, ionization detectors, air sampling detectors etc. Each of these types has specific
applications in specific circumstances. Photoelectric or optical smoke detectors include various
components, mainly, a light source (usually an infrared LED), and a lens to converge light rays
into a beam, and a photodiode. In normal condition, the light beam passes straight. But whenever
smoke interrupts the path of light, scatters fraction of light into the photo diode, the smoke
detector is activated. This method of detection can detect fires that begin with long duration of
smoldering aptly. Ionization smoke detectors are based on ionization from radioactive elements
like americium-241. This radioactive isotope emits alpha particles into an ionization chamber,
which comprises of electrodes. The alpha particles ionize the air inside the chamber, resulting
current flow between the electrodes. Now, whenever smoke particles from a nearby fire passes
through the chamber, the ions get attached to smoke particles, and thereby interrupts the current
flow between the electrodes, and activates the detector. This type of detectors is more suited to
rapid flaming fire outbursts, unlike the photoelectric detectors, which responds better to
smoldering stages. Ionization detectors might perform better where there is risk of fast flaming
fire, whereas photoelectric detectors react better to cases of slow smoldering, like electrical or
furnishing fire. Ionization devices are weaker in scenarios where air-flow is high. Although
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

ionization type detectors are cheaper than photoelectric ones, they have more chance of false
alarm than the photoelectric detectors. However, ionization based detectors have safety issues
and possess threats to environment, because of americium-241. Therefore, on the basis of
performance and safety concern some countries have banned ionization based alarms, and
different fire authorities and associations have reports not recommending use of these detectors.
Air sampling detectors have applications in very sensitive areas, as they can detect very fine
smoke particles. These detectors are mostly air aspirating type systems.
Generally they comprise a control unit, and a network of sampling tubes or pipes. The control
unit consists of detection chamber, an aspiration fan, and necessary operation circuitry.
Since this type of detectors are very sensitive and fast responding, they have applications in high
value and critical areas, such as, aesthetic galleries, archives, vaults, server rooms, high-tech
organizations etc. However, these detection systems are complex and expensive.
Moreover, some combination smoke alarms include both ionization and photoelectric
technologies in a single device. Some smoke alarms use a carbon dioxide sensor or carbon
monoxide sensor for detection as well.

Flame Type Detectors

Flame type detectors are sophisticated equipment to detect the flame phenomena of a fire. These
detectors have various types depending on the light wavelength they use. Such as, ultraviolet,
near infrared, infrared, and combination of UV/IR type detectors. UV detectors generally work
with wavelengths shorter than 300 nm. This type of detectors can detect fires and explosions
situations within 3 - 4 milliseconds from the UV radiation emitted from the incident. However,
to reduce false alarm triggered by UV sources such as lightning, arc welding etc. a time delay is
often included in the UV flame detector. The near Infrared sensor or visual flame detectors work
with wavelengths between 0.7 to 1.1 µm. One of the most reliable technologies available for fire
detection, namely multiple channel or pixel array sensors, monitors flames in the near IR band.
The Infrared (IR) flame detectors work within the infrared spectral band (700 nm - 1 mm). Usual
response time of these detectors is 3 – 5 seconds. Also, there is UV and IR combined flame
detectors, which compare the threshold signal in two ranges to detect fire and minimize false
alarms.
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

Semiconductor Gas or Smoke Detectors

These work by the principle of chemical reaction taking place between gas from fire incident
and semiconductor material present inside the sensor. The semiconductor material used in these
sensors is metal oxides, generally Tin dioxide, Tungsten oxide, etc. Under normal circumstances,
the surface potential acts as a potential barrier to restrict electron flow within the sensor circuitry.
However, the deoxidizing gases from fire incidents diminish the oxygen surface density, and
thereby reduce barrier potential to permit electron flow. The associated electrical circuitry
detects the rise in conductivity due to electron flow, and activates alarm to undertake necessary
measures.
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY AND SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram is an outline description of how the project have been developed and
the various steps involved in it. So the block diagram model for this project is shown the figures
below.

GSM AND GPS

MODULE

LCD

MICROCONTROLLER

(ARDUINO)
SENSORS

SENSORS

MOTORS
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

System block diagram

SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTIONS

Arduino Uno

The characteristics of the Arduino Uno are shown in figure below. According to the Arduino
website, Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It can operate on
the external supply of 6 – 20 volts, but the recommended range is from 7 to 12 volts (if the board
is supplied less than 7 volts, the 5V pin may deliver less than 5 volts, it would not be stable to
use, and if using more than 12V may cause the board to overheat and damaged). It has 14 digital
input/output pins that can operate at 5 volts; 6 analog inputs labeled from A0 to A5, A 16MHz
quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed for the microcontroller to work; just connect the Arduino board to a computer
with a USB cable or supply its power through an AC-to-DC adapter or connect to the battery to
get started. (Arduino, n.d.)
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

Figure Arduino Uno characteristics

GSM Modem

A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a
subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. A GSM modem exposes an
interface that allows applications such as SMS to send and receive messages over the
modem interface. The mobile operator charges for this message sending and receiving as
if it was performed directly on a mobile phone. To perform these tasks, a GSM modem must
support asset” for sending/receiving SMS messages. Due to some compatibility issues that can
exist with mobile phones, using a dedicated GSM modem is usually preferable to a GSM mobile
phone. It should also be noted that not all phones support the modem interface for sending and
receiving SMS messages. In particular, most smart phones, including Blackberries phone and
Windows Mobile devices, do not support this GSM modem interface for sending and
receiving SMS messages at all. Additionally, Nokia phones that use the S60 (Series 60) interface,
which Is Symbian based, only support sending SMS messages via the modem interface, and do
not Support receiving SMS via the modem interface. The Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM) network is a cellular telecommunication Network with a versatile
architecture complying with the ETSI GSM 900/GSM 1800 standard. Siemens‟ implementation
is the digital cellular mobile communication system D900/1800/1900 that uses the very latest
technology to meet every requirement of the standard. SIM 900 is affixed cellular terminal (FCT)
used for data applications. It is a compact and portable terminal which satisfies various data
communication over GSM. It also can be connected to a computer with a standard RS232C serial
port. SIM 900 offers features like short message service (SMS), data services (sending and
receiving data files), Fax service and data file connectivity through wire is not available or not
possible. SIM 900 is very easy to setup. It also finds its application in IT companies, banks,
financial institutions etc.
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

Figure GSM working

This diagram shows the flow of the data via a GSM module. The first embedded device is the
microcontroller which sends the data to the module. The module then via wireless link will send
the data to the GSM receiver in mobile phone. The mobile phone here acts as a second embedded
device which reads the data more and more applications emerged with the rapid development of
wireless data services, such as meter navigation, remote monitoring, wireless Internet access,
wireless point of sale (POS) etc. Thus, more and more devices need to be able to do wireless
communication.

Instruction of GSM modem

AT commands: AT commands are the instructions used for controlling a modem. AT stands for
Attention. Each and every command line starts with "AT" or "at". Because of this modem
commands are called AT commands. Many of the commands are also used for controlling wired
dial-up modems. These are supported by GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones. Apart from
this common AT command set, GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones also support an AT
command sets which are specific to the GSM technology, which also includes SMS-related
commands.
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

Basic Commands and Extended Commands

There are two types of AT commands: They are basic commands and extended commands.
a) Basic commands are AT commands that do not start with "+". For example, D (Dial),
A (Answer), H (Hook control) and O (Return to online data state) are basic commands.
b) Extended commands are AT commands that start with "+". All GSM AT commands are
extended commands. For example, +CMGS (Send SMS message), +CMSS (Send SMS
message from storage), +CMGL (List SMS messages) and +CMGR (Read SMS messages) are
extended commands.

Operation of GSM

AT commands are used by the computers to control modems. Both the GSM modems and dialup
modems support a fixed set of standard AT commands. GSM modem can be used like a dial-up
modem. Apart from the standard AT commands, GSM modems also support an extended set of
AT commands. These extended set of AT commands are defined in the GSM standards. With the
extended AT commands, several things are done:

 To read, write and delete SMS messages

 To send SMS messages
 To monitor the signal strength
 To monitor the charging status and charge level of the battery
 Reading, writing and searching phone book entries
 The number of SMS messages processed by a GSM modem per minute is very low only
six to ten SMS messages per minute.

GSM Network

Utilizing an existing cellular network for data transportation requires no additional equipment or
software, resulting in a significant savings in both time and capital. Cellular technology utilizes
an encryption technique to prevent an outside source from receiving the transmitted data.
The cellular network provides full two-way communications, allowing scheduled reads, demand
reads, alarm and event reporting, power outage reporting and power restoration reporting.
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

BC548 NPN transistor

BC548 is general purpose silicon, NPN, bipolar junction transistor. It is used for amplification
and switching purposes. The current gain may vary between 110 and 800. The maximum DC
current gain is 800.

Fig 1 BC548 Pin Diagram

The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its
characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor
is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and
taken at the emitter. BC548 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage
divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so
that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets
completely off

Relay
Relay is one of the most important electromechanical devices highly used in industrial
applications specifically in automation. A relay is used for electronic to electrical interfacing i.e.
it is used to switch on or off electrical circuits operating at high AC voltage using a low DC
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

control voltage. A relay generally has two parts, a coil which operates at the rated DC voltage
and a mechanically movable switch. The electronic and electrical circuits are electrically isolated
but magnetically connected to each other. Hence any fault on either side does not affect the other
side.

Figure2 DC Relay

Relay switch shown in the image above consists of five terminals. Two terminals are used to
give the input DC voltage also known as the operating voltage of the relay. Relays are available
in different operating voltages like 6V, 12V, 24V etc. The rest of the three terminals are used to
connect the high voltage AC circuit. The terminals are called Common, Normally Open (NO)
and Normally Closed (NC). Relays are available in various types & categories and in order to
identify the correct configuration of the output terminals, it is best to see the data sheet or
manual. You can also identify the terminals using a multi-meter and at times it is printed on the
relay itself.

Buzzer
For alarm purposes a lot of electric bells, alarms and buzzers are available in the market that has
got different prices and uses. The buzzer being used in this project is a 5-12 V buzzer and has got
enough alarm sound to be used in a fire alarm system. Louder buzzer would have been even
better but then their operating voltages are high as we had a supply of maximum up to 12V
available with us on the board.
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

Figure 3 Buzzer

DC motor

A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct current (DC).
The stator is stationary in space by definition and therefore the current in the rotor is switched by
the commentator to also be stationary in space. This is how the relative angle between the stator
and rotor magnetic flux is maintained near 90 degrees, which generates the maximum torque.
DC motors have a rotating armature winding (winding in which a voltage is induced) but non
rotating armature magnetic field and a static field winding (winding that produce the main
magnetic flux) or permanent magnet. Different connections of the field and armature winding
provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can
be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature or by changing the field current.
The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed
control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems called DC drives.
The introduction of DC motors to run machinery eliminated the need for local steam or internal
combustion engines, and line shaft drive systems. DC motors can operate directly from
rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles. Today DC
motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate
steel rolling mills and paper machines.
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

Figure 4 DC motor

GPS Module

GPS or Global Positioning System is a satellite navigation system that furnishes location and
time information in all climate conditions to the user. GPS is used for navigation in planes, ships,
cars and trucks also. The system gives critical abilities to military and civilian users around the
globe. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is made up of satellites, ground stations, and
receivers. GPS is a system. It's made up of three parts: satellites, ground stations, and receivers.
Once the receiver calculates its distance from four or more satellites, it knows exactly where you
are. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides relocation and time information to a
GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four
or more GPS satellites. The GPS system consists of three segments:

 The space segment is the number of GPS satellites used to route/navigation signals and to
store and retransmit the route/navigation message sent by the control segment.
 The control system comprises of a master control station.
 The user segment comprises of the GPS receiver, which receives the signals from the
GPS satellites and determine how far away it is from each satellite.
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

Figure 5 GPS Module

Diode
Diode is an electronic device that allows the passage of current in only one direction. The diodes
commonly used in electronic circuits are semiconductor diodes. There are different diodes used
in electronic circuits such as Junction diode, Zenger diode, Photo diodes, and tunnel diode.
Junction diodes consist of junction of two different kinds of semiconductor material. The Zenger
diode is a special junction type diode, using silicon, in which the voltage across the junction is
independent of the current through the junction. It is important to know that each diode will be
immediately destroyed unless its current is limited. This means that a conductor must be
connected in parallel to a diode.

Figure 6 Diode
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

16x2 LCD
Liquid Crystal Display, abbreviated LCD, is a display module technology that generally used in
TVs, monitors, tablets, and smartphones, etc. The LCD has several advantages over other kinds
of the monitor such as low cost, simple to program, good for brightly lit environments, use little
electricity and generate little heat. 16x2 LCD means the LCD can display two lines. Each line
can have sixteen characters. It has two registers, which is Command and Data. The command
register saves the command instructions provided to the LCD, for example: initializing the LCD,
set the cursor position, etc. The data register saves the info to be displayed on screen below
shows the images of 16x2 LCD screen characteristics.

Figure 7 16x2 LCD screen characteristics

The 16x2 LCD has total 16 pins, there are (from left to right):

 VSS (Ground): ground pin to connect the system ground

 Vdd (+5 Volt): supply voltage (4.7V – 5.3V)
 VE: adjust the contrast level
 Register Select (RS): selects between the command and data register
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

 Read/Write: used to read or write the data.

 Enable: control the data send to data pin.
 Data pin 0 – 7: 8 bits data pins.
 LED + and LED -: backlight LED power supply.
(16x2 LCD datasheet, 2008)

Smoke Sensor

One of the main characteristics of fire is the smoke. Thus smoke sensors can play a vital role in
detecting fire in the forest. We have used MQ-2 sensor for detecting smoke depending upon its
availability and cost. MQ-2 gas sensor has high sensitivity to LPG, Propane and Hydrogen, also
could be used to Methane and other combustible steam, it is with low cost and suitable for
different application. Sensitive material of MQ-2 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower
conductivity in clean air. When the target combustible gas exist, the sensor’s conductivity is
higher along with the gas concentration rising. Please use simple electro circuit, Convert change
of conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration.

Figure MQ-2 Sensor

 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

Servo motor

Inside a servo motor, there are a small DC motor, potentiometer, and a control circuit. The
motor is attached by gears to the control wheel. The motor rotates, the potentiometer's resistance
changes, so the control circuit can precisely regulate how much movement there is and in which
direction. The servo motor in this project operates on 6V. Servo motors are mainly used for
armature movement. The servo serves as a means of moving the supporting structure vertically
with precision. The speed of servo motor can be varied. The speed of the motor can be controlled
by providing consecutive pauses. A pause of hundred milliseconds was chosen after each degree
movement of the motor.

Figure Servo motor

REFERENCE

1) Zhang, L. and Wang, G. (2009) Design and Implementation of Automatic Fire Alarm System
Based on Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the International Symposium on
Information Processing (ISIP’09), Huangshan, 21-23 August 2009, 410-413.
 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND FIRE CONTROLLING SYSTEM

2) R.Divya, D.Maheshwari ,”A Novel Fire Detection System using Image Processing and
Artificial Intelligence Techniques” ,International Conference on Emerging Technology Trends
on Advanced Engineering Research (ICETT’12).

3) K.Angayarkanni,N.Radhakrishnan,"Efficient Forest Fire Detection System: A Spatial Data

Mining and
Image Processing Based Approach",IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and
Network Security,VOL.9 No.3, March 2009.

4) Joydeb Roy Choudhury, Tribeni Prasad Banerjee, Swagatam Das, Ajith Abraham and
VáclavSnášel,
"Fuzzy Rule Based Intelligent Security and Fire Detector System",Computational Intelligence in
Security for Information Systems Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 2009, Volume
63/2009, 45-51, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04091-7_6 .

5) Life Safety Consultants. (n.d) History of fire alarms. Retrieved 10th March 2019, accessed
at :
https://www.lifesafetycom.com/the-history-of-fire-alarms/