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Pollution in UK

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To Establish The Extent Of Health

Damage Attributable To Pollution In


UK

CONTENTS
Establish The Extent of Health Damage Attributable to Pollution in UK

1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................2

2. AIR POLLUTION LEADING TO CARDIAC DISORDERS..............................................3

2.1 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)..............................................................5

2. 2 CONCLUSION FROM ALL ABOVE DISCUSSION...................................................8

3. IMPACTS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE ON HEALTH.........................................................8

3.1 RECOMMENDATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS........................................................9

4. COMEAP: Quantification of mortality and hospital admissions associated with ground-


level ozone...............................................................................................................................10

5. NON-EXHAUST PARTICULATE MATTER FROM ROAD TRANSPORT: HEALTH


EFFECTS.................................................................................................................................13

6. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT......................................................................................14

6.1 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND RURAL AFFAIRS


ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS ON AIR QUALITY........15

7 CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................................16

BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................17

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Establish The Extent of Health Damage Attributable to Pollution in UK

1. INTRODUCTION
As the pollution is increasing day by day some statistics are described showing effect due to
constant effects and exposure to particulate matter of size 2.5 micrometer.

Figure 1 PM 2.5 impacts

Graph above is showing the impacts the damage to health caused due to pollution in UK.
The main aim which is resulting creation and spreading of problems. The best studied
effects after the analysis and detailed studies have led to know that as recommended for
hearts and veins and lings kidney issues and mortality.

Evidence for the of long-term exposure to the common air pollutant gases (Sulphur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide and ozone) is less also one thing to be noted is that it will result in large
pollution. Due to poor condition of air and pollutants amount in air the air quality has badly
affected. The health have badly affected and evidences are gathered and studied in detail
[CITATION Dou181 \l 1033 ]

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Establish The Extent of Health Damage Attributable to Pollution in UK

2. AIR POLLUTION LEADING TO CARDIAC DISORDERS


The effects reported are inconsistent. It is the hypothesis that HRV is not entirely sustained
and these diseases are causing high harm to health of human beings. The reports show that
authors suggested an increase in the continuous use of such products and items undergoing
such activities activity. [ CITATION Dou181 \l 1033 ] reported no effects of 1.0 ppm O3 (6 to 12
hours per day, 2 to 3 days per week for 14 weeks). The report further exposed that the value
is 0.81 ppm of O3 with and without PM. In the case of the combination exposure, HF HRV
is increasing rapidly thereby causing effect on the climate and causing air pollution as it was
suggested that vagal activity had increased.

Figure 2 Air pollution and cardiovascular diseases

After studying and analyzing the reports, it is described that the term ‘estimate’ is which are
described in the very first line of column. It is observed that leading to exposure to fine
particles and such particles are the major cause of mortality.

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Establish The Extent of Health Damage Attributable to Pollution in UK

Figure 3 Results if long term exposure to particulate matter

The graph is showing the distribution elements and members which are calculated as
uncertainty liking and increasing in long term exposure to particulate matter.

2.1 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)

World Health Organization (WHO) has discussed about the factors of health. The WHO
shows, exposure to mortality and death rate. The organization has maintained and was being
observed in Reanalysis (Health Effects Institute, 2000). It is the fact that people all around
are taking the cause of increased pollution as a serious issue worldwide but is violently
increasing in UK because of extensive development and betterment which is increasing day
by day. According to [ CITATION Dou181 \l 1033 ] The WHO report fives the standards, issues
and suggests suitable measures. The report did not reveal statistically significant
autocorrelation.

COMEAP was responsible for the issue includes coefficients with comments on the
coefficients being actuality in working and functioning from the very beginning step up till
now and they were related to the total particulates and particles spreading pollution and

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Establish The Extent of Health Damage Attributable to Pollution in UK

causing poor effect over the environment. These are discussed further. Some of the points
are mentioned below

a. There is a variety of studies that report an association showing relevancy of emissions and
exposure to particles. They are describing factors causing high risk and causing much
impacts due to such pollutants

b It is by deep study of UK it is known that numerous particles are causing pollution and it is
necessary for future demands and knowledge gaining

c The issue is causing a lot of pollution there by increasing impact of pollution.

d. The interpretation describes that Sulphur dioxide is the major factor polluting the air as it
has adverse impact on environment and this will surely impact the health of people.

Now it was observed that PM15 was also dangerous as is the effects caused by other once.
The conclusion with the discussion of the HEI Reanalysis (Health Effects Institute, 2000).
The most basic study should be based on the impact of particulate matter (PM), especially
the one which is measured as PM2.5[ CITATION Dou181 \l 1033 ]

2. 2 CONCLUSIONS FROM ALL ABOVE DISCUSSION


Given the above discussion, it is clear that how dangerous are the lighter particles and they
are not needed and which are very hazardous. [ CITATION Dou181 \l 1033 ]

3. IMPACTS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE ON HEALTH


Studies of long-term exposure to NO2 can cause various diseases such as various health
diseases. These are causing much effect on health of people and are disastrous if children are
exposed to it. Lung issues are also caused by this type of diseases and are hazardous. NO2
presence ensures that other pollutants are also strongly present within the environment and
we can say that is the indicator that there are further a lot of pollutant in environment. The
impact of N02 is too much on respiratory track causing respiratory issues weight of evidence
which is for the period of little time and may be very harmful and in some cases may be
fatal. If they are exposed for relatively longer durations, they can cause serious impacts.

The US EPA’s (2015) current draft shows the current situation of long-term exposure and
respiratory effects but that there are also chances of cardiac disorders and other

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Establish The Extent of Health Damage Attributable to Pollution in UK

cardiovascular diseases. These are suggestive but not sufficient to for larger emissions and
problems. [CITATION Dou15 \l 1033 ].

Studies of long-term exposure to NO2 with all-cause, respiratory and cardiovascular


mortality, diseases. The circumstances further include children’s respiratory symptoms and
lung function. There are still uncertainties about the exposure to NOx meaning that NO2
may be an indicator for other pollutants. This can result in serious respiratory disorders.

For NO2, ‘Moderate’ condition, this condition prevails is crossing the value of 300 µg/m3. In
this the part which is colored shows categories of the Daily Air Quality Index.

3.1 RECOMMENDATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS


Some recommendations include:
 We recommend the estimate reported by [ CITATION Dou181 \l 1033 ] of 1.96 (99% CI:
1.07 - 1.09) per 17 μg/m3 for quantification of mortality on the basis of PM2.5
concentrations.
 This coefficient is not adjusted properly if all the pollutants are considered. This
means that:
o Mortality estimates factors are majorly caused by other correlated pollutants
(e.g. NO2) to some extent.
o If mortality effects estimated factors of mortality effects associated with other
pollutants, these are the effects of the pollution mix [ CITATION Dou15 \l 1033 ].

4. COMEAP: Quantification of mortality and hospital admissions


associated with ground-level ozone
The long term exposure to the pollutants such as sup hates, nixes, soxes and carbon
monoxide is not creating good health impacts and long term exposures may lead to fatality
and even death. Also the future is on high risks because of such issues and causing poor
impacts over the heath. During the hotter months when temperature is hot, the concentration
of ozone is not so alarming but some studies are required to ensure the health impacts and
health factors which can mainly be affected because of such illness. Therefore, long term
exposures to the radiations, emissions are never recommended. We work to develop quality
level terms for the analysis in future in order to help save the future generation. [ CITATION
Fra15 \l 1033 ]

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Establish The Extent of Health Damage Attributable to Pollution in UK

With respect to the current air quality index, it is observed that following are the statistics.
The breakpoints of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter which are of
lesser in diameter, PM10) are more stringent. Particulate matter of less than 2.5 µm in
diameter (PM2.5) has been considered most dangerous throughout. Carbon monoxide has
been removed as they are considered pollutants [ CITATION Fra15 \l 1033 ].

4.1 ALL INDEX POLLUTANTS

Further analysis was conducted on data which was having information regarding with the
collection and presentation of seasonal variations of the different pollutants. This indicates
that there will be High air pollution days, or low pollution days and a decrease in the number
of pollutants. At background sites in UK, the overall proportion of days of Low air pollution
would fall from 72% in the current system to 57% in the system which was actually
proposed for the functioning. This step is further initiated and the graph below shows the
statistics shown in graphical form [ CITATION Fra15 \l 1033 ].

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Establish The Extent of Health Damage Attributable to Pollution in UK

The CMAQ model is a very efficient model to provide 48-hour continuous air quality
forecasts at 70 km resolution and high precision and accuracy for Europe and 16 km
resolution across the UK land. The results for O3, CO, SO2, NO2, and PM2.5 are measured
and obtained for the forecasting team for the purpose of analyzing, interpreting and guiding
for further facts and signaling analysis. Thus air quality can be minting by such modelling
technique and it ensures proper quality parameters and aspects for proper cleansing and
purifying of air as the issue of global warming and other air related issues are rapidly
increasing in United Kingdom[ CITATION JGA15 \l 1033 ]

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Establish The Extent of Health Damage Attributable to Pollution in UK

5. NON-EXHAUST PARTICULATE MATTER FROM ROAD


TRANSPORT: HEALTH EFFECTS
Toxicological studies have revealed that the tires and wheels the potential to cover the
higher loadings but it is unclear whether real part time is good for exposures or not
especially for health. Epidemiological studies of health are describing full details of such
facts.

Several of the studies reviewed have described about health outcomes with non-exhaust
particles, others did report significant matters but covered a considerable range of different
health effects. However there is some connection with the air and standards should be meet
up to the mark to meet the requirements and makes it difficult to identify an independent
impact of various particles existing [ CITATION JGA15 \l 1033 ].

6. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT


Most AQMAs in the United Kingdom are in urban areas and they required to address the
contribution to air pollution because of emissions from traffic of nitrogen dioxide or
particulates and in some cases both. But such pollutants higher concentrations are really
alarming and exposure to such pollutants may be death causing and be fatal.

A small number are for SO2. There are no longer any elements further for studies. The
number of AQMAs for PM10 in Scotland is relatively high because of the stricter rules for
prohibition of the emission of PM10 adopted in Scotland Various models are described
which are showing analyses and interpretations on daily basis and had come forward to
know the impacts of health as well as the environmental issues caused by such disorders.

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Establish The Extent of Health Damage Attributable to Pollution in UK

6.2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND RURAL AFFAIRS


ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS ON AIR QUALITY

For 2030 and onwards reduction commitments are set as a goal for SO2, but for the other
pollutants, it is uncertain according to the ranges reported. The possibility that the Clean Air
Strategy policies are required and they will lower emission reductions up to the marks
[ CITATION Pét18 \l 1033 ]

7 CONCLUSIONS
Thus concluding, we came to know that how can pollutants be harmful to health and
therefore decreasing the air standards and air quality of locality even like UK and is actually
a alarming state facing pollution issues.

UK should work for its betterment and for improvement in air quality by reducing NO2 and
other harmful pollutants and in turn reducing the health damage to human beings and other
species. [ CITATION Pét18 \l 1033 ].

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REFERENCES

1. Yang, Y., Tang, R., Qiu, H., Lai, P.C., Wong, P., Thach, T.Q., Allen, R., Brauer, M.,
Tian, L. and Barratt, B., 2018. Long term exposure to air pollution and mortality in
an elderly cohort in Hong Kong. Environment international, 117, pp.99-106.
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A.V., Holguin, F., Hong, Y., Luepker, R.V., Mittleman, M.A. and Peters, A., 2010.
Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the
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Bechle, M., Gilliat, K.S., Vernon, S.E., Robinson, A.L. and Burnett, R.T., 2019.
Mortality risk and fine particulate air pollution in a large, representative cohort of
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