EFFECTS OF URBANISATION ON OZONE EXPOSURE AND

ITS EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH IN INDIA

GROUP- 03
NAME OF GROUP MEMBERS

1. ASHISH KUMAR SUBMITTED TO – DR. RAHUL MALIK

2. MUSKAN KHAN
3.KHUMLILA PRESENTED BY – ASHISH KUMAR
4. ANKIT KUMAR
5. HIMANSHU OJHA
INTRODUCTION

Surface ozone is a secondary air pollutant that is mainly produced by photochemical reactions of volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The rapid industrialization and urbanization of India has led to a
large increase in fossil fuel combustion that has released large quantities of these ozone precursors. High concentrations of
ozone are now common in densely populated areas and contribute to photochemical smog, which is damaging for human
health and ecosystems. The majority of the world’s population now lives in urban areas. This is projected to increase from 55
% in 2018 to 68 % of the global population by 2030, with 90 % of this growth occurring in Asia. Photochemical reactions in
the atmosphere then lead to the formation of a wide range of important secondary pollutants, including ozone (O3) and
secondary inorganic and organic aerosol. Tropospheric O3 is both an air pollutant and an important greenhouse gas
throughout the troposphere. High levels of O3 can adversely affect vegetation, global crop yields, and human health, with
long-term exposure increasing the risk of death from cardiovascular and respiratory illness , and short-term exposure leading
to the exacerbation of asthma in children. O3 exposure has been linked to both acute and chronic pulmonary and
cardiovascular health outcomes through both animal toxicological and human clinical studies. A recent study of the
implications of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on air quality compared pollutant levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, and O3 in
Delhi, and across other Indian cities, before and after a national lockdown. The results showed significant improvements in
post-lockdown air quality, with reductions in ambient NO2, PM2.5, and PM10 exceeding 50 % compared to business as
usual. However, increased concentrations of ground-level O3 (> 10 %) were also observed and were attributed to reductions
of NO leading to reduced consumption of O3. Prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, studies have observed high concentrations
of ambient O3 in New Delhi. In two 2018 studies at two different urban sites in Delhi, showed that 52 % and 57 % of the
measured mixing ratio were from combined petrol and diesel sources. Smaller contributions to the overall VOC burden were
found from solid fuel combustion, 16 % and 27 % To implement successful ground-level O3 reduction strategies, a good
understanding of the non-linear, chemically complex processing of its precursor species is imperative.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The effects of urbanization on ozone exposure and its effect on human health in different regions of the world
has been extensively studied by various researchers; i.e. Wang et al. (2018), Sakthivel and Reddy (2011), Li et
al. (), Gao et al. (2020) and many others. The significant works of some of the researchers are being discussed
below:

1. Wang et al. (2018)

Increasing ozone concentrations are becoming a severe problem for air pollution in China and have an adverse
impact on human health. The author has estimated premature deaths attributable to long-term ambient ozone
exposure over China for 2013–2017 using the NAQPMS model at 5 km resolution and relative risk estimates
derived from the ACS CPS-II cohort studies. we estimate that on a 5-year average basis there are approximately
186,000 respiratory deaths and 125,000 cardiovascular deaths. we find that the range of per capita respiratory
mortality for different provinces is between 0.03 and 0.31‰, with a maximum in Sichuan, and lower per capita
respiratory mortality in North China. We find that about 73,000 respiratory deaths occur in urban areas,
accounting for 39% of total deaths. In most provinces per capita mortality in rural areas is a little higher than in
urban areas. At a national level premature respiratory deaths increased from 170,000 to 223,000 between 2013
and 2017, increases of 14% and 31%, respectively. Although there are still far fewer premature deaths due to
long-term ozone exposure compared with PM2.5 exposure, increasing ozone concentrations are becoming a
severe problem in China. In addition to continuing to reduce PM2.5 concentration, ozone should be an important
focus of future emission controls. Policies that control ozone and related precursors are urgently needed at a
provincial level, particularly in northern, central and eastern coastal provinces.
2. Sakthivel and Reddy (2011)

There are many situations where human activities have significant effects on the environment.
Ozone layer damage is one of them. The objective of this paper is to review the origin, causes,
mechanisms and bio effects of ozone layer depletion as well as the protective measures of this
vanishing layer. Under the auspices of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
Governments of the world, including the United States have cooperatively taken action to stop
ozone depletion with the "The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer",
signed in 1987. Scientist's are concerned that continued global warming will accelerate ozone
destruction and increase stratospheric ozone depletion. Ozone depletion gets worse when the
stratosphere (where the ozone layer is), becomes colder. Because global warming traps heat in
the troposphere, less heat reaches the stratosphere which will make it colder. Greenhouse gases
act like a blanket for the troposphere and make the stratosphere colder. In other words, global
warming can make ozone depletion much worse right when it is supposed to begin its recovery
during the next century. Maintain programs to ensure that ozone-depleting substances are not
released and ongoing vigilance is required to this effect. In fact, global warming, acid rain,
ozone layer depletion, and ground-level ozone pollution all pose a serious threat to the quality
of life on Earth. They are separate problems, but, as has been seen, there are links between
each. The use of CFCs not only destroys the ozone layer but also leads to global warming.
3. Lippmann(2012)
Health and pollution control professionals and the general public need to develop a more complete
understanding of the health effects of ozone (O3) because: 1) we have been unable to significantly reduce
ambient O3 levels using current strategies and controls; 2) in areas occupied by more than half of the U.S.
population, current peak ambient O3 concentrations are sufficient to elicit measurable transient changes in
lung function, respiratory symptoms, and airway inflammation in healthy people engaged in normal outdoor
exercise and recreational activities. This Critical Review has shown that: 1) the control of ambient O3 to
levels within the current NAAQS presents an intractable problem; 2) the current NAAQS contains little, if
any, margin of safety against effects considered to be adverse; and 3) more than half of the U.S. population
resides in communities which exceed the O3 NAAQS. Thus, it is important that health scientists and control
agency personnel understand the nature and extent of human exposures and the effects they produce in
order to communicate health risks effectively to the public, and to help prioritize feasible options for
reducing exposures.
4. Gao et al. (2020)
This paper is about to study the seasonality of ozone (O3) pollution and its sources in both China and India.
Observations and model results suggest that O3 in the North China Plain (NCP), Yangtze River Delta (YRD),
Pearl River Delta (PRD), and India exhibit distinctive seasonal features, which are linked to the influence of
summer monsoons. Through a factor separation approach, we examined the sensitivity of O3 to individual
anthropogenic, biogenic, and biomass burning emissions. We found that summer O3 formation in China is more
sensitive to industrial and biogenic sources than to other source sectors, while the transportation and biogenic
sources are more important in all seasons for India. Tagged simulations suggest that local sources play an
important role in the formation of the summer O3 peak in the NCP, but sources from Northwest China should
not be neglected to control summer O3 in the NCP. For the YRD region, prevailing winds and cleaner air from
the ocean in summer lead to reduced transport from polluted regions, and the major source region in addition to
local sources is Southeast China. For India, sources in North India are more important than sources in the south.
These analyses emphasize the relative importance of source sectors and regions as they change with seasons,
providing important implications for O3 control strategies.
5. Nelson et al. (2021)
The Indian megacity of Delhi suffers from some of the poorest air quality in the world. While ambient NO2 and
particulate matter (PM) concentrations have received considerable attention in the city, high ground-level ozone
(O3) concentrations are an often overlooked component of pollution. A detailed chemical box model constrained
to an extensive observational dataset of 86 VOCs, 34 photolysis rates, NO, NO2, CO, SO2, HONO, temperature,
pressure, and relative humidity was used to explore the sensitivity of photochemical O3 production, P (O3), to
VOCs and NOx in the Indian megacity of Delhi. The urban measurement site at the Indira Gandhi Delhi
Technical University for Women is determined to be in a VOC-limited chemical regime. Our analysis examined
the sensitivity of VOC classes to mean morning P (O3), and the aromatic VOC class was identified as being the
most important, with a 50 % reduction in ambient concentrations leading to a reduction in modelled morning P
(O3) of 15.6 %, followed by monoterpenes and alkenes (13.1 % and 12.9 %, respectively). P (O3) was sensitive
to increasing photolysis, which may result from decreasing particulate matter that is likely to arise from future
emission reduction strategies. Though it is important to reduce NOx and particulate matter in all abatement
strategies, reducing NOx without reducing VOCs was found to significantly increase P (O3). This work
highlights that a careful approach, considering the complexities of chemical processing in the urban atmosphere,
is required for effective air quality improvement strategies.
6. Dhankar et al. (2024)

This study investigate the impact of urbanization on air quality in Dehradun district, India. Utilizing satellite and
ground- based data, the research analyses changes in land use, temperature, and pollutant concentrations from 2003
to 2023. Findings indicate significant urban expansion, leading to increased levels of nitrogen dioxide and
formaldehyde, while carbon monoxide levels have decreased. The study highlights the correlation between urban
growth and declining air quality, emphasizing the need for sustainable urban planning to mitigate environmental
impacts. The research concludes that urbanization in Dehradun significantly deteriorates air quality, driven by
increased built-up areas and anthropogenic activities. Addressing these challenges requires informed urban
planning and management strategies to limit uncontrolled sprawl and protect environmental health in the region.

7. Li et al. (2014)

This paper examines the combined effects of urbanization and climate change on the urban thermal environment in
Africa. It highlights how rapid urban growth and climate change exacerbate the urban heat island effects, leading to
increased temperatures and altered microclimates. Over 300 millions urban residents in Africa may face extreme
heat events by 2100, significantly impacting health, productivity, and urban liveability. The authors call for
sustainable urban planning and green infrastructure to mitigate these effects. Findings indicate that urbanization
and climate change significantly threaten Africa’s urban thermal environments, with serious implications for public
health and ecosystem stability. To address these challenges, the authors recommend implementing sustainable
urban designs, enhancing green spaces, and adopting climate-resilient technologies.
8. Leun et al. (2009)
The 2009 progress report by the United Nations Environment Programme’s Environmental Effects Assessment
Panel (EEAP) evaluates the impact of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change. It highlights
increased UV radiation’s. the report indicates the Montreal protocol has led to some recovery of the ozone layer,
the long-term consequences of zone depletion and climate change remain significant and regionally variable. The
report concludes that understanding the interaction between ozone depletion And climate change is crucial for
addressing ongoing environmental challenges. Continued monitoring and research are necessary to assess the
long-term effects on health and ecosystems, ensuring effective policy responses to mitigate these impacts.

9. Li et al. (2022)

This study examines urban impact on ozone concentrations using high-resolution (1km) nested WRF-Chem
simulations in phoenix. It introduces as monotonic cubic interpolation (MCI) method for downscaling emission,
yielding better alignment with observation data. Key findings indicate that urbanization raises nighttime ozone
levels by 10-20 ppb, while daytime concentrations remain largely unchanged. The results highlights the influence
of urban heat islands on ozone dynamics, emphasizing the need for effective urban planning to address air quality
challenges & concludes that urbanisation significantly affects nighttime ozone levels due to the UHIEs. The MCI
methods enhances emissions modelling accuracy, providing critical insights for policy makers and urban planners
in mitigating air quality issues in growing urban areas.
10. Qian et al. (2021)
This review synthesizes research on urbanization’s impacts on regional climate and extreme weather. It examines
effects on urban heat islands, moisture, pollution, precipitation, and storms. Limitations of current method and
research gaps are highlighted. Key findings suggest urbanization significantly Alters local weather and climate,
with consequences for growing urban populations. The study underscores the urgent need to better
understanding complex interactions between cities and the environment as urban areas expands globally. The
review concludes urbanization profoundly impact regional climate and extreme weather. As cities grown, it is
crucial to address research gaps. Future research priorities include urbanization-climate change interactions,
urban vegetation’s role in mitigation, and advanced observation and modelling techniques for urban
environments. Addressing these priorities can provide insights to develop effective strategies for building
resilient and sustainable cities in a changing climate.
11. Civerolo et al. (2007)
It is found that urbanization in the New York City metropolitan region are more probably associated with
changes in the surface meteorology and the concentration of ozone. Such population growth is expected to
cause an increase in the temperature rise close to the surface, elevation of planetary boundary layer tops as well
as a decrease in water vapor mixing ratio. Such meteorological changes could worsen the heat stress and
change the local weather condition. Also, the effect on the ozone layer does not have a straightforward trend
either, as there are places, which report an increase while others a decrease, projecting the localized effects of
urban development. Such observations stress the importance of urban development and air quality
improvement policies for further expansion of cities responsibly from climate and public health points of view.
The study draws a conclusion that indicates that introduction of detailed land cover parameters in high
resolution models is useful in assessing the effect of increased urban land cover and pollution emissions within
ozone layer combination in the New York City area. The outcomes suggest that the forecasted changes and also
the changes in the emission patterns as well as urbanized areas may greatly change the weather and ozone level
in the region. This approach is beneficial for the formulation of measures aimed at improvement of urban air
quality and management of climate effects.
12. Mickiewicz et al. (2021)

There is another pressing problem associated with worldwide warming and other environmental complications
which require an even greater number of alternative approaches to emission reduction. However, rather a lot of
such tools and mechanisms have been developed by specialists, many of them are of little assistance in real life.
At the same time, green technology has been beneficial to the ecology, economy and society to a great extent
especially in terms of emissions and to a lesser extent, improving the health of the population. According to the
bibliometric analysis, the interest to the green electricity production technologies burgeoned in 1996 with the
number of articles soaring to 857 in Scopus in 2019. To this end, the European Commission decided it was
necessary to effect a conceptual change in its energy policies and unveiled a New Green Deal Policy towards the
end of 2019 in order to stop increasing carbon emissions. The effectiveness of Central electricity generation
technologies coupled with post-process gas heat offers many ecological, and economic and social advantages,
especially in cities. These technologies cut down on wastes and costs, improve energy efficiency and lower the
levels of pollutants, thereby promoting the health of the urban environment and society.
13.Prasad et al. (2020)

Urbanization is one of the major causes of global warming. Urbanization has a significant impact on the
climate of the basin. Urbanization has an impact on climate change and air Pollution. Urban Heat Island
(UHI) is a phenomenon that brings about increase in urban temperature compared with its rural areas the
phenomenon termed "Urban Heat Island" (UH) created by land use changes from Urbanization . The
Baitarani basin is located in northern Odisha, India. The population and temperature data were Utilized in
this study. Correlation and regression methods were used to investigate relationship between population
and temperatures. The coefficient correlation analysis reflects population growth as a significantly
determinant of temperature in the Basin. Further research efforts should be geared towards finding ways
of mitigating the negative effects of Urbanization on climate. The study concludes that urbanization is a
major driver of temperature increases in the Baitrani Basin , Northen Odisha , India contributing to the
Urban Heat Island (UHI) Through correlation and regression analyses, a significant relationship was
found between population growth and rising temperatures, indicating that urban expansion directly
influences local climate conditions. These findings underscore the impact of land use changes associated
with urbanization on regional climates and highlight the importance of addressing urbanization's role in
global warming and air pollution . To mitigate these negative effects, further research and strategic urban
planning efforts are essential. This includes developing and implementing sustainable practices and
policies that minimize the environmental footprint of urban growth while improving the quality of life for
residents.
14. Pishin et al. (2017)
In this paper time series and characteristics of gaseous and particulate air pollutants (O3, NO, NO2, CO, PM2. 5,
PM10) have been evaluated from October 2010 to December 2014 in Delhi NCR region. The survey data
collected was collected from eight ground based Air Quality Monitoring Stations (AQMSs) spread over a large
area of nearly 2000sq. km. Temporal variation of the mixing ratios of the pollutants within well defined
microenvironments of the urban megacity with reference to daily, monthly, seasonal, annually, and spatial
variation is to be studied. Despite the ability of the backward air mass trajectories calculated and the residence
time estimate given to the study site, during the intensification of summer to supply the correct amount of
accumulated photochemical O3 as well. In the Results’ section there is positive sign of O3 COIN with the fresh
air masses and their impact which is significant at p<0. 05. In the given study, large scale anthropogenic
emission from the nearby regions which contributed to the formation of O3 within the study site has been taken
into account, where long-range transport factor was remained active only during pre-monsoon period. hence, the
conclusion reached in this study can be useful for the future evaluations of spatial and temporal patterns of AQ in
Delhi-NCR and than using this information for combating air pollution in this mega-city. The measurement of
gaseous and particulate air pollutants in Delhi NCR during 2010–2014, has shown that the concentrations were
highly variable in both time and space because of local emissions and long-range transport, with a prominent rise
in pollution levels in the pre-monsoon season. The measurements indicate the scale of anthropogenic influence
on air quality and need for monitoring and mitigating strategies to decrease the environmental and health risks
associated with pollution levels in megacities.
15. Kulkarni (2022)
Routine measurements of the atmospheric international electric circuit (GEC) the use of plane or balloons pose
enormous demanding situations due to the complexities in estimating contributions from various sources, such as
thunderstorms and electrified bathe clouds. Traditional models necessitate determining the worldwide
thunderstorm frequency, making it hard to examine secular variations inside the GEC. This paper introduces a
unique regular-state version for low-latitude DC GEC, which directly calculates international electric parameters
with out aggregating the contemporary contributions from one-of-a-kind assets. By studying a complete month-
to-month dataset of GEC parameters from 1980 to 2009 using principal component analysis, the look at reveals a
declining trend in the GEC from 1996 to 2009, likely due to decreased thunderstorm depth. The effects are
consistent with preceding aircraft measurements and provide a greater accurate and efficient technique for
estimating GEC parameters, facilitating multi-disciplinary research into Earth's electric surroundings. This paper
puts forward an analytical steady-state model new method to estimate global electric circuit (GEC) parameters
more accurately, which eliminates the influence of different kinds of current source, especially the diversity of
different Ionizing current sources. The results show that GEC indeed decrease from 1996-2009 relative to 1960-
1995, and the main cause is probably the decrease of thunderstorm activity. It demonstrates that our approach is
capable of enriching human's revelation on Earth's Electrical Environment.
16. Simon (2019)

Climate sensitive urban planning involves the implementation of green infrastructure as one measure to
mitigate excessive heat in urban areas. Depending on thermal conditions, certain trees tend to emit more
biogenic volatile organic compounds, which act as precursors for ozone formation, thus hampering air
quality. Combining a theoretical approach from a box model analysis and microscale modeling from the
microclimate model ENVI-met, we analyze this relationship for a selected region in Germany and provide
the link to air quality prediction and climate sensitive urban planning. A box model study was conducted,
indicating higher ozone levels with higher isoprene concentration, especially in NO-saturated atmospheres.
ENVI-met sensitivity studies showed that different urban layouts strongly determine local isoprene
emissions of vegetation, with leaf temperature, rather than photosynthetic active radiation, being the
dominant factor. Differing from previous mesoscale and idealized modeling studies, as well as stand-alone
box models, we undertake a combined analysis of different approaches. The originality of this work is
reflected by linking theoretical understanding of fundamental processes and practical application for real
urban environments in one study. Our study shows that certain tree types can indeed be harmful for local air
quality during periods of extensive heat and weak winds. Whenever there are enough pollutants available,
emitted isoprene can act as an agent for ozone production.
17. Piracha (2022)

Many cities of the world suffer from air pollution because of poor planning and design and heavy traffic in
rapidly expanding urban environments. These conditions are exacerbated due to the Urban Heat Island (UHI)
effect. While there have been studies linking the built environment and air pollution with health, they have
ignored the aggravating role of UHI. The past urban planning literature in this field has also ignored the science
of materials, vehicles and air pollution, and technological solutions for reducing cumulative health impacts of
air pollution and UHI. Air Pollution, built environment and human health are complex discussion factors that
involve several different fields. The built environment is linked with human health through opportunities of
physical activity and air quality. The literature from technology fields speaks to the issue of air pollution
directly. Zero emission cars, green infrastructure and building materials that absorb air pollutants and reduce
UHI fall within this category. This paper identifies main themes in the two streams of urban air pollution and
UHI that impact human health and presents a systematic review of the academic papers, policy documents,
reports and features in print media published in the last 10–20 years. Human health is harmed from the by-
products of reduced physical activity and air pollution from motor vehicles. The matter is made worse by the
UHI effect in cities made of materials that absorb and retain heat. In recent decades, a number of new
overlapping urban planning and design concepts have been developed to counter this situation. These concepts
promote compact development, walkability, transport choice and attractive public open spaces. These concepts
have been gaining traction and have been adopted widely.
18. Sakthivel (2011)

There are many situations where human activities have significant effects on the environment. Ozone layer
damage is one of them. The objective of this paper is to review the origin, causes, mechanisms and bio effects
of ozone layer depletion as well as the protective measures of this vanishing layer. The chlorofluorocarbon and
the halons are potent ozone depletors. One of the main reasons for the widespread concern about depletion of
the ozone layer is the anticipated increase in the amounts of ultraviolet radiation received at the surface of the
earth and the effect of this on human health and on the environment. The prospects of ozone recovery remain
uncertain. In the absence of other changes, stratospheric ozone abundances should rise in the future as the
halogen loading falls in response to regulation. However, the future behavior of ozone will also be affected by
the changing atmospheric abundances of methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, sulphate aerosol, and changing
climate. Under the auspices of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Governments of the world,
including the United States have cooperatively taken action to stop ozone depletion with the "The Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer", signed in 1987. Scientist's are concerned that continued
global warming will accelerate ozone destruction and increase stratospheric ozone depletion. Ozone depletion
gets worse when the stratosphere (where the ozone layer is), becomes colder. Because global warming traps
heat in the troposphere, less heat reaches the stratosphere which will make it colder. Greenhouse gases act like a
blanket for the troposphere and make the stratosphere colder
.
19. Zhan (2023)

Urbanization affects air pollutants via urban expansion and emission growth, thereby inevitably changing
the health risks involved with air pollutants. However, the health risks related to urbanization are rarely
estimated, especially for cities with complex terrain. In this study, a highly urbanized city with severe air
pollution and complex terrain (Chengdu) is selected to explore this issue. The effects of urban expansion
are further compared with emission growth because air quality management is usually achieved by
regulating anthropogenic emissions. Air pollution in Chengdu was mainly caused by PM2.5 and O3 from
2015 to 2021. PM2.5 pollution tended to appear in cold months (November to February) owing to the
blocking of air and the stable atmospheric layer, whereas O3 pollution was likely to occur in warm months
(April to August) that experience high-temperature and strong-sunlight conditions and are dominated by
high- pressure systems. The results show that urban land use led to an increase in the air temperature and
boundary layer height compared with cropland, which was conducive to the diffusion of PM2.5. Thus, the
monthly average surface PM2.5 concentrations decreased by 10.8 µg m−3 (7.6 %) in January. However,
the monthly average daily maximum 8 h average (MDA8) O3 concentrations increased by 10.6 µg m−3
(6.0 %) in July owing to the stronger photochemical production and better vertical mixing during daytime.
In this case, premature mortality from ANACs due to PM2.5 decreased by 171 (95 % CI of 129–200, or
about 6.9 %) in January, and that due to O3 increased by 203 (95 % CI of 122–268, or about 9.5 %) in
July.
20. Georgescu (2014)

The effects of urbanization on ozone levels have been widely investigated over cities primarily located in
temperate and/or humid regions. In this study, nested WRF-Chem simulations with a finest grid resolution of 1
km are conducted to investigate ozone concentrations [O3] due to urbanization within cities in arid/semi-arid
environments. First, a method based on a shape preserving Monotonic Cubic Interpolation (MCI) is developed
and used to downscale anthropogenic emissions from the 4 km resolution 2005 National Emissions Inventory
(NEI05) to the finest model resolution of 1 km. Next, two additional sets of experiments are conducted, with
the recommended MCI approach, to examine impacts of urbanization on ozone production: (1) the urban land
cover is included and, (2) the urban land cover is replaced with the region’s native shrubland. Impacts due to the
presence of the built environment on [O3] are highly heterogeneous across the metropolitan area. Increased
near surface [O3] due to urbanization of 10–20 ppb is predominantly a nighttime phenomenon while simulated
impacts during daytime are negligible.
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 PRESENTED BY :- ASHISH KUMAR
(DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING )

PRESENTED BY :- ASHISH KUMAR

(DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING )

DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY

DEHRADUN,UTTARAKHAND.