21.06.01 유체역학2 14주차 강의I 노트
21.06.01 유체역학2 14주차 강의I 노트
21.06.01 유체역학2 14주차 강의I 노트
기계공학과
이경은
CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN-CHANNEL FLOWS
Open-channel flow: Refers to the flow of liquids in channels open to the atmosphere or in
partially filled conduits and is characterized by the presence of a liquid–gas interface called the
free surface.
Examples: Most natural flows encountered in practice, such as the flow of water in creeks,
rivers, and floods, as well as the draining of rainwater off highways, parking lots, and roofs are
open-channel flows. Human-made open-channel flow systems include irrigation systems, sewer
lines, drainage ditches, and gutters, and the design of such systems is an important application
area of engineering.
In an open channel, the flow velocity is zero at the side and bottom surfaces because of the
no-slip condition, and maximum at the midplane for symmetric geometries, typically somewhat
below the free surface.
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Chap. 10
- The One-Dimensional Approximation
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Laminar and Turbulent Flows in Channels
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Uniform and Varied Flows
Uniform flow: If the flow depth (and thus the average velocity) remains constant.
Nonuniform or Varied flow: The flow depth varies with distance in the flow direction.
Uniform flow conditions are commonly encountered in practice in long straight sections of
channels with constant slope, constant roughness, and constant cross section.
The flow depth in uniform flow is called the normal depth yn, which is an important
characteristic parameter for open-channel flows.
8
Chap. 10
Flow Classification by Froude Number
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FROUDE NUMBER AND WAVE SPEED
Open-channel flow is also classified as subcritical, critical, or supercritical,
depending on the value of the dimensionless Froude number:
Lc is taken to be the flow
depth y for wide
rectangular channels
The generation
and analysis of a
wave in an open
channel.
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Hydraulic jump Fr>1
Subcritical or tranquil flow: At low flow velocities (Fr < 1), a small disturbance travels
upstream (with a velocity c0 - V relative to a stationary observer) and affects the upstream
conditions.
Supercritical or rapid flow: At high flow velocities (Fr > 1), a small disturbance cannot
travel upstream and thus the upstream conditions cannot be influenced by the
downstream conditions. The flow in this case is controlled by the upstream conditions.
A liquid can accelerate from subcritical to supercritical flow. It can also decelerate from
supercritical to subcritical flow, and it can do so by undergoing a shock. The shock in
this case is called a hydraulic jump, which corresponds to a normal shock in
compressible flow.
12
Hydraulic jump Fr>1
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SPECIFIC ENERGY
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