Lab Experiment# 08

Roll No. ____20CS005___________ Date of Conduct: ______________

Submission Date: _______________ Grade Obtained: ______________

Signature of Tutor: _____________ Date: _____________________

LAB DATA
ABILITY TO
SUBJECT ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OBSERVATION/RE
PERFORMANCE KNOWLEDGE INTERPRETATI
CONDUCT PRESENTATION
AND CODING SULTS
SCORE
EXPERIMENT
INDICATOR ON

OBJECTIVE:
 To construct the dc power supply with help of voltage regulator LM7805 IC on Breadboard.
COMPONENTS:
1) A bread board 5) LM7805 Voltage regulator IC (+5V)
2) A diode bridge(IN4004) 6) Shunt capacitor (2500µF)

3) A step-down transformer (6+6 V ) 7) A miliammeter.

4) A voltmeter
Introduction:
A Voltage Regulator is an electrical device designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It
may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. It has only three legs
and appears to be a comparatively simple device but it is actually a very complex integrated circuit, as
shown in figure 7.1.

1 3
LM78
05
Input 7805 Output

2
Common

Figure 7-1: Schematic symbol for LM7805 Voltage regulator IC

The pin description of the 7805 is described in the following table:

PIN
PIN DESCRIPTION
NO.

1 INPUT Pin 1 is the INPUT Pin. A positive unregulated voltage is given as input to this
pin.
 PIN
PIN DESCRIPTION
NO.

2 GROUND Pin 2 is the GROUND Pin. It is common to both Input and Output.

3 OUTPUT Pin 3 is the OUTPUT Pin. The output regulated 5V is taken at this pin of the IC.

Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more a.c or d.c voltages. It maintains constant
output voltage (within certain limits) in spite of changing line voltage and/or load current. Voltage regulator
ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 9 and 12V) or variable output voltages as illustrated in table 1-1.
The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for
use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload
protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').

Name Voltage
LM7805 + 5 volts
LM7809 + 9 volts
LM7812 + 12 volts
LM7905 - 5 volts
LM7909 - 9 volts
LM7912 - 12 volts
Table 1.1: LM78XX Voltage regulator IC Series
Within this lab our emphasis will be on LM7805 IC that supplies 5 volts at 1 amp maximum with an input of
7-25 volts.

Circuit Diagram: The circuit diagram below represents a typical use of a voltage regulator, using LM7805.

Figure-7.2 .The LM7805 can reliably deliver 1 amp at a constant voltage.

Circuit operation: The transformer drops the 240-volt 'mains' voltage to 8.5 volts. The diode 'bridge'
rectifies the 8.5 volts AC from the output side of the power transformer into DC. The 2500uF capacitor
helps to maintain a constant input into the regulator. As a general guide this capacitor should be rated at a
minimum of 1000uF for each amp of current drawn and at least TWICE the input voltage. Voltage
regulators are very robust. They can withstand over-current draw due to short circuits and also over-heating.
In both cases the regulator will shut down before damage occurs. The only way to destroy a regulator is to
apply reverse voltage to its input.  Reverse polarity destroys the regulator almost instantly. To avoid this
possibility you should always use diode protection of the power supply. This is especially important when
using nine-volt battery supplies, as it is common for people to 'test' the battery by connecting it one way and
then the other. Even this short 'test' could destroy the regulator if a protection diode is not used.
PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit diagram as shown in figure 7.2.
2. Initially consider the 220 V A.C power supply. Using portion of power supply reduce this voltage

up D.C range (0−12 v) . Then apply this voltage to the input of the Voltage regulator IC. You
might observe that this voltage varying continuously.
3. Now use Voltage regulator IC to keep this voltage constant.
4. Take different A.C or using step-down transformer the D.C voltage.
5. Repeat all the previous steps
6. Take at least 5 different reading and fill the observation table.

 7805 Regulator Features

 5V Positive Voltage Regulator.
 Minimum Input Voltage is 7.2V.
 Maximum Input Voltage is 35V.
 Maximum current is 5mA.     

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.N A.C input Step down Shunt Input to Regulator
O Voltage to Transformer Regulator IC Output
Capacitor
transformer (V ) (V ) (V )
(μF )
(V )
01
02
03
04

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. What do you mean by voltage regulation?

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2. If we use 78IM05 IC, what will be range of voltages that we can achieve?

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3. If we need a constant 12V , what kind of IC you will suggest?

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4. What are the applications, advantages and disadvantages of voltage regulations?

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 Lab Experiment# 09
Roll No. ____20CS005___________ Date of Conduct: ______________

Submission Date: _______________ Grade Obtained: ______________

Signature of Tutor: _____________ Date: _____________________

LAB DATA
ABILITY TO
SUBJECT ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OBSERVATION/RE
PERFORMANCE KNOWLEDGE INTERPRETATI
CONDUCT PRESENTATION
AND CODING SULTS
SCORE
EXPERIMENT
INDICATOR ON

OBJECTIVE:
 To become familiar with bipolar junction transistor (BJT).
 To observe the Output characteristics of BJT amplifier (a) Kit (b) Breadboard (c) Electronic workbench
(simulation).
EQUIPMENTS:
 Oscilloscope

 0−+ 15 Power supply

COMPONENTS:
1) BEE 422B Module 5) A breadboard
2) Transistor (2N2222A) 6) Millimeter
3) D.C. Voltmeter. 7) Milli-ammeter
4) Micro-ammeter 8) 10−kΩ resistor
Introduction:
The word transistor has been derived from two words, “trans” means transfer of signal and “istor” as same general
family resistor, so we can say transistor simply transfer the resistance. Transistor is a three terminal device, when
these three terminals are used in biasing arrangement they form two p-n junctions, one junction is called emitter base
junction and other is called collector base junction. Emitter base junction is forward biased and offer very low
resistance and collector base junction is reverse biased and it offers a very high resistance. Therefore, the transistor
transfers the signal from low resistance to high resistance.
Types of Transistors: There are two types of transistors.
1. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
2. Field effect Junction Transistor (FET).
Bipolar Junction Transistor: BJT is a three terminal component, which is constructed with three doped
semiconductor regions separated by two p-n junctions; the three regions are Emitter (E), Base (B) and collector(C).
There are two types of BJT, such as
a) NPN b) PNP
NPN transistor has N-type emitter and collector and a P-type base, while PNP has P-type emitter and collector and a
N-type base as shown in figure 8-1(a)and (b).
 Figure 8.1 (a): NPN transistor
Figure 8.1(b): PNP transistor
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF BJT:
When dealing with the transistor configurations, characteristics curves are very important because they can predict the
performance of a transistor. There are three curves, an input characteristic curve, a transfer characteristic curve and an
output characteristic curve. Of these curves, the most useful for predicating the transistor performance is the output
characteristics curve. The output characteristic curves for a BJT are a graph displaying the output voltages and
currents for different input currents. It simply provides the V-I relationship at the output terminals, with either the
input current or input voltage as parameters. For each transistor configuration, CE, CC and CB, the output curves are
slightly different.
Common Emitter output characteristics curve:
In common emitter configuration, the input is applied between base and emitter and output is taken from the collector

and emitter as shown in figure 8-2. In CE input current is

I B and output current is I C .

Figure 8.2: Common Emitter configurations.

In order to determine the output characteristics of CE configuration

I B is maintained constant at several convenient

levels. At each fixed level of base current ( I B ) , collector emitter voltage (V CE ) is adjusted in steps and
corresponding values of collector current ( IC ) are recorded. Then for each level of
I B , I C is plotted v/s
V CE . A typical output characteristic for a BJT in CE mode is shown in figure 8.3.
Figure.9-3 Output characteristics of BJT in CE mode
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections according to the figure 8-4.
2. Rotate both variable controls to minimum.
3. Switch ON the power supply.

4. Set 10−k Ω to give a base current of 2.5 A.

5. Starting from 0.5 V vary

V CE according to table and note down the corresponding values of Ic.
I
6. Take similar readings with different values of B .
7. Fill the following table and plot the graph representing the output characteristics of NPN transistor for CE mode.

Figure 8-4: BJT output characteristics

I
Keeping the base current B fixed at some value say (2.5μA) and varies the value
V
CE say some value (0.5V) and
cheeks increases or decreases within the current on ammeter. After checking the current increases (0.8mA) then plot
reading on graph paper, taking Ic along y-axis and Vce along x-axis this gives the output characteristics at (
I B = 2.5 μA).

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No V CE 0.5V 3V 5V 10V 15V 20V

I B (μA) Ic (m Ic (m Ic (m Ic (m Ic (m Ic (m
A) A) A) A) A) A)
1 2.5

2 5

3 10

4 15

5 20
REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. How many regions of operation does a BJT have?

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2. Define saturation, cutoff and Active region?

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3. What is the behavior of device in active region?

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4. What is the relation between

I C and I B ?

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5. Give the EB and CB junction’s condition in the three regions of operation.

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