Unit 3

Secrets of
the Dark

“To me, science is fiction because sometimes it

just seems unreal. Looking at bioluminescence,
it’s just beautiful. It’s artwork.” 1. In the photo, fireflies create a beautiful light. What
—David Gruber other things in nature produce light?
2. Bioluminescent animals use lights to communicate
with one another. How do humans use lights to
communicate?
Blue ghost fireflies 3. Where do you feel comfortable in the dark? Why?
42 43

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 1 What would be difficult about living without
sunlight for two months every year? Discuss.
Then listen and read. TR: 32

For most of us, the days are divided into day months. To the south are the red and gold exercise and eat foods with vitamins A and D, film and music festivals. And other people
and night. But for two months each winter in colors of the horizon. To the north, the sky is nutrients people normally get from being in the are spending time with friends in cafés and
northern Norway, it’s dark for 20 hours a day. a magnificent blue. Even the moon and stars sun. And darkness doesn’t stop Norwegians restaurants. Of course, not everyone is so
There is no sunrise or sunset because the sun look blue. In the towns, streetlights shine like from having a good time. Each winter, people active in the dark months. Many people are
never gets above the horizon. little yellow diamonds. are skiing on hills and skating on ponds that just going to sleep a little earlier until the sun
Would you like to live in darkness for People do need light to be healthy and are lit up. Some people are dogsledding (with returns in the spring.
this long? It may seem difficult, but many happy. Since they don’t have much daylight headlights, of course!). Others are going to
Norwegians love the beautiful colors of these during this time of the year, Norwegians

In the town of Longyearbyen, in northern Norway, there’s no

sunlight from November to January. However, the sun doesn’t set
from the end of April to the end of August.

2 Learn new words. Listen and repeat. TR: 33

3 Work in pairs. What would you like about living in the dark
for two months? What wouldn’t you like? Write three things
for each. Compare your list with your partner’s.
44 45
 4 read and write the words from the list. Make any necessary changes.
Spe AkINg S tr Ategy TR: 36

active dark darkness festival go to sleep Asking for help with schoolwork Helping with schoolwork
headlight light up south sunrise sunset
What does nocturnal mean? It means active at night.
How do you pronounce it? I’m not sure. I think you say nock-tur-null.
Light and are two things we don’t often think about. This is How do you spell it? It’s spelled n-o-c-t-u-r-n-a-l.
because we can have light any time at night. Thanks to electric lights, we’re able to do what
we need to at night. We because we’re tired, not just because
7 Listen. How do the speakers ask for help and respond? Write the
it’s . “Having all this energy to be able to have light at night is
phrases you hear. TR: 37
a really new thing for humans,” says scientist David Gruber. Until the nineteenth century,
people didn’t have lights like we do today. The light of day came from the sun, as it does now.
8
7 read and complete the dialogue.
But at night, only the light of the moon and the stars the sky.
People got up at and were all day. Mae: This video about carnivorous plants is really cool.
Then after they went to bed. Hwan:
Mae: things that eat meat.
This one is called a Nepenthes.
5 Learn new words. Listen for these words. Match each word to its definition.
Then listen and repeat. TR: 34 and 35 Hwan: What?
Mae: Let’s look it up.
daylight healthy streetlight N-e-p-e-n-t-h-e-s. Another name is pitcher plant. It
eats anthropods.

1. a light near a road Hwan: Anthro . . . what?

2. not sick Mae: an-throw-pod. You know,

insects, spiders, and things like that. Insects see the plant’s
3. light from the sun light and go to it. Then they fall inside and die! That’s how the
plant eats them.
Hwan: Amazing! A glowing pitcher plant
6 Choose an activity.
1. Work independently. Observe an animal at night.
What do you notice? What is surprising? Write your 9
7 Work in pairs. Talk about
It’s a Gila monster.
findings. Share them with the class. the animals on the cards.
2. Work in pairs. Imagine you lived hundreds of years Help your partner to spell, A what? How do you
ago. How was your life at night different from your life pronounce, and learn more pronounce that?
at night now? List at least five examples. about each animal.
3. Work in groups. When you don’t have electric light, 7 Work in groups. Think of a situation where you
10
what can you use to help you see in the dark? List three go to p. 157.
wanted to ask for help with schoolwork but didn’t.
things. Choose one thing from your list and make an
advertisement for it. Present your ad to the class.
A kinkajou Why didn’t you ask? How can knowing these
phrases help you in the future?
46 47
 14 Learn new words. Listen to learn about time zones. Then listen and repeat. TR: 40 and 41
gr AmmAr TR: 38
present progressive: Saying what is happening now
Non-action verbs Action verbs World time Zones
I like stories about unusual animals. While I’m reading in bed at night in Mexico,
my friend Akiko is reading at school in Japan!
Many animals see well enough to hunt While some animals are hunting in the dark, Anchorage
moscow
in the dark. others are hiding or sleeping. London Astana
Chicago Seoul
It is 2:00 a.m. in the jungle, but that The monkeys are sleeping in trees, but the NORTH Algiers
Beijing
tokyo
doesn’t mean all the animals are asleep. kinkajous are looking for food.
WeSt eASt

11 Listen. Circle the non-action verbs you hear. Underline the action verbs you hear. TR: 39 SOUTH

bake be drive enjoy fly help São paulo

know like need open search sleep Santiago
Wellington

12 read and complete the sentences. Use the –ing ending for action verbs.

1. People (agree) that it’s good to spend time with family.

09:00 13:00 17:00 21:00 01:00 05:00
2. This is difficult for family members who (live) in While people in São Paulo are asleep for the night, people in Astana are already awake and starting the next day.
different countries.
3. It’s difficult because of different time zones. This (mean)
that it might be morning in one place and afternoon in another.
15 Work in pairs. Find these cities and their time zones on the map. How many time zones
4. For example, Omar in Santiago (eat) breakfast while his separate them? Write a sentence about what people might be doing in each city.
cousin Ali in Dubai (come) home from school. 1. Seoul / Santiago There are 12 time zones between Seoul and Santiago. While people
5. So when Ali (think) about calling Omar, he in Santiago are coming home from school and work, people in Seoul are asleep.
(have) to consider the time in Santiago first.
2. Beijing / London

13 Work in pairs. Write what you do at these times. Compare your answers with a partner.
3. Astana / Algiers
If it’s Monday night, I’m studying, but Julia is making dinner.

Me
4. Chicago / Moscow
Monday night
Wednesday during school
Friday evening 16 Work in groups. Find the place where you live on the map. Note the time
Saturday afternoon now. Choose three other cities. Say if they are to your east or west, and what
Sunday morning time it is there. Take turns comparing what you’re doing with what people in
those cities are probably doing.
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 There are incredible creatures living in
In the
17 Before you read, discuss in pairs. What do animal: ninety percent of the animals that live
you know about the ocean and life in the at the bottom of the ocean produce their own
the darkness.

Dark
ocean? What do you want to learn? light.
In the darkness before dawn, marine It’s easy to see why the darkness of the sea
biologist David Gruber dives into the ocean to fascinates David. “Marine animals in the dark
18 Look at the text and photos quickly. Then
observe the amazing creatures that live there. ocean produce lights to communicate with
answer the questions. “Seventy-one percent of Earth is ocean, and each other,” says David. “It’s an underwater
1. Who is this reading about? much of it is dark, with tons of life down there disco party. We human beings are the last ones
2. What sea animal has really big eyes? that we don’t know about,” he says. to join in!”
David discovered that many sea animals

Of the
19 Learn new words. Find the words in the text. can see colors in the water that we cannot. So
Guess their meaning. Then look at the first he designed a camera that allows him to see
A vampire squid
the colors just as a fish does. His camera shows

Ocean
meaning given for each word in the dictionary.
a secret world of neon green, red, and orange
Compare those meanings with your guesses.
colors on ocean life that glows in the dark.
Then listen and repeat. TR: 42
In this fascinating world, David discovered
a special kind of shark that glows bright with
dawn to fascinate to glow to observe pattern
green spots. “When you see all these little
bright spots and patterns it’s like flowers and
20 While you read, think about what makes butterflies. Why do they make patterns?
It’s to attract each other. It’s to recognize each
animals in the deep ocean different. TR: 43
other,” he says.
A shark glows bright green through
the filters of David’s camera. At the bottom of the ocean where there is
21 After you read, work in pairs. Check T for no light at all, many animals produce their
true or F for false. own light. The unusual vampire squid is an
example. It can turn itself on or off, just like
1. David observes life in the
t F a lamp. It also has very big eyes to help it see
ocean when it’s dark.
in the dark. In fact, compared to its body
2. We know a lot about everything size, the vampire squid has the largest eyes of
that lives in the ocean. t F any animal in the world. And this is just one 23 Discuss in groups.
3. We can see all the glowing colors
t F 1. What things about the ocean
in the ocean with our eyes.
fascinate you? Why do they
4. Only one type of animal glows fascinate you?
in the dark through the lens of
t F 2. It’s difficult to study the
David’s camera.
ocean at night because of
5. A lot of animals at the bottom of the darkness. What are some
the ocean make their own light. t F other difficulties David might
have when studying the
6. The vampire squid has very large ocean at night?
eyes to help it see in the dark. t F
3. Do you think it’s important to
learn about what lives in the
22 review. Look at your answers from Activity
ocean? Why or why not?
18. Were they correct? What else did you
50 learn about the person and the sea animal? 51
VIDE
27 After you watch, work in pairs to answer the questions.
1. What was David’s hobby when he was a teenager?
2. How does this hobby connect to his job?
3. What is special about how David studies the ocean?
4. What do the filters in David’s camera allow him to do?

28 Work in pairs. List three of the sea animals you saw in the
video. Describe what they look like. Now think of three sea
24 Before you watch, discuss in pairs. animals you know about or have seen photos of. How are
they different from the animals in the video?
1. What did you love doing as a small child? Do you still love it? What
else do you love doing now?
2. Are you interested in learning about what’s in the ocean? Why or
why not?

25 Work in pairs. The title of the video you’re going to watch is What David uses a camera with special
filters to explore the dark ocean.
Glows Beneath. Think of what you learned about David Gruber and his
work. Then make two lists: What I learned about David and What I want
to learn about David.

26 Watch scene 3.1. While you watch, circle the correct answers.

1. David first became fascinated by the ocean by surfing / scuba diving. 29 Choose an activity.
2. David wondered if it would be hard to study biology / what’s beneath 1. Work independently. Imagine that you went scuba diving
him in the water. and saw some of the animals in the video. Write a postcard to
a friend or family member, describing what you saw. In your
3. David wanted to photograph the ocean so that he can sell his photos to
postcard, explain how you were able to see the animals glow.
magazines / understand how fish see it.
2. Work in pairs. Role-play a conversation between David
4. David says that there’s still a lot to learn about / scientists have
and a reporter who’s asking him about his work. Share your
discovered all of the species of the ocean.
dialogue with the class.
5. According to David, the future of exploration is finding out why 3. Work in groups. Prepare a glow-in-the-dark presentation.
humans don’t glow / how humans fit in among nature. Each person finds out about a different sea animal that glows
in the dark. Draw it or find a photo of it. Write three pieces
of information about it. Present your group of animals to
the class.
52 53
 gr AmmAr TR: 44 WRITING
At, on, and in: Saying when things happen In sensory writing, we choose a topic such as an event or a place. We use
at eight o’clock / at night / at dinner adjectives, or describing words, to explain what we see, hear, taste, smell, and
on Monday(s) / on June 1 / on the weekend feel. Describing something using senses helps our reader imagine that he or she
in the winter / in the morning / in 2017 / in May is at that event or place.

33 read the model. Work in pairs to identify and underline the words that describe
30 read. Complete the paragraph with at, on, or in.
what people see, hear, taste, smell, and feel.
My family and I visited Marrakesh, Morocco, When thousands of glowing lanterns light up the city at night on the fifteenth day
2015. We went December. The weather is of the Chinese New Year, I know the Chinese Lantern Festival has arrived. All kinds
warm there the winter. Monday, of lanterns shine brightly against the dark night sky. Some of the lanterns are small,
and others are really big. Some look like beautiful flowers and dragons. The silk
our first day, we spent a lot of time in the Jemaa el lanterns feel soft. The plastic lanterns feel smooth and warm. Families walk happily
Fna, the old city square. lunchtime, we the Jemaa el Fna market in the crowded streets, looking at the many kinds of amazing lanterns. While some
ate at a rooftop café, and the afternoon, we people are enjoying the colorful lanterns, others are watching exciting parades
and traditional Chinese lion dance performances. The loud, popping sounds of
watched some dancers. five o’clock the evening, we watched the day
firecrackers fill the air. People prepare tasty rice dumplings in the morning for their
market stalls leave and the night market stalls arrive. night we enjoyed the families and friends to enjoy in the evening. The sweet smell makes me hungry for
storytellers, magicians, musicians, and acrobats, as well as the food from the many my favorite food. I love everything about this nighttime festival.
food stalls. The Jemaa el Fna is incredible both day and night!

31 Work in pairs. Talk about places you go to regularly. Use at, on, and in.

1. Tuesdays On Tuesdays, I go to the park after school.

2. night

3. afternoon

4. March

5. weekend

6. 8:00 a.m. A Lantern Festival celebration

in Shanghai, China

32 Work in pairs. Take turns tossing the In the summer, we go

34 Work in pairs. Can you imagine how it feels to be at the Chinese Lantern
cube. Talk about things that happen at to the beach often.
Festival? Why or why not?
different times.
35 Write. Describe a fun nighttime event. Use sensory words to say what you see,

go to p. 159.
hear, taste, smell, and feel at this event.
54 55
 Make an Impact
A Design a poster.
• Research animals or plants that glow in the dark. Find out how
and why they glow.
• Make a poster to describe three of the glow-in-the-dark
organisms you researched. Include photos.
• Present your poster to the class.

B Write a blog entry.

• Research a place that is light for more than two months a year.
• Pretend that you visit during the light season. Write a blog
about your visit. Include photos.
• Publish your blog. Answer questions and respond to your
classmates’ comments.

C make a “day-and-night” video.

Understand and Protect • Choose an interesting place in your region.

• Make a video of that place during the day and during
the night. Mention what is the same and
“People want to protect things they love and understand. The what is different.
more I can share about the amazing animals I get to explore,
the more people may want to help protect them.” • Share your video with the class.

—David Gruber
National Geographic Explorer, Marine Biologist

1. Watch scene 3.2. 3. What do you want to protect? Why? How

can you get others to care about this?
2. David cares deeply about the ocean and
ocean life. Why is it important to protect
animals in the ocean? How does David’s Bioluminescent fungi glowing
on a tree trunk
work help protect them?

56 57