Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014, Article ID 580508, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/580508

Research Article
Expansive Mappings and Their Applications in Modular Space

A. Azizi, R. Moradi, and A. Razani

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 34149-16818, Iran

Correspondence should be addressed to A. Razani; razani@ipm.ir

Received 19 September 2013; Revised 30 January 2014; Accepted 31 January 2014; Published 14 April 2014

Academic Editor: Mohamed Amine Khamsi

Copyright © 2014 A. Azizi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Some fixed point theorems for 𝜌-expansive mappings in modular spaces are presented. As an application, two nonlinear integral
equations are considered and the existence of their solutions is proved.

1. Introduction Definition 2. Let 𝑋 be an arbitrary vector space over 𝐾 = (R

or C). Then we have the following.
Let (𝑋, 𝑑) be a metric space and 𝐵 a subset of 𝑋. A mapping
𝑇 : 𝐵 → 𝑋 is said to be expansive with a constant 𝑘 > 1 such (a) A functional 𝜌 : 𝑋 → [0, ∞] is called modular if
that
(i) 𝜌(𝑥) = 0 if and only if 𝑥 = 0;
𝑑 (𝑇𝑥, 𝑇𝑦) ≥ 𝑘𝑑 (𝑥, 𝑦) ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵. (1)
(ii) 𝜌(𝛼𝑥) = 𝜌(𝑥) for 𝛼 ∈ 𝐾 with |𝛼| = 1, for all
Xiang and Yuan [1] state a Krasnosel’skii-type fixed point 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋;
theorem as follows.
(iii) 𝜌(𝛼𝑥 + 𝛽𝑦) ≤ 𝜌(𝑥) + 𝜌(𝑦) if 𝛼, 𝛽 ≥ 0, 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 1,
Theorem 1 (see [1]). Let (𝑋, ‖⋅‖) be a Banach space and 𝐾 ⊂ 𝑋 for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋.
a nonempty, closed, and convex subset. Suppose that 𝑇 and 𝑆 If (iii) is replaced by
map 𝐾 into 𝑋 such that (iii)󸀠 𝜌(𝛼𝑥 + 𝛽𝑦) ≤ 𝛼𝜌(𝑥) + 𝛽𝜌(𝑦) for 𝛼, 𝛽 ≥ 0, 𝛼 + 𝛽 =
(I) 𝑆 is continuous; 𝑆(𝐾) resides in a compact subset of 𝑋; 1, for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋, then the modular 𝜌 is called
(II) 𝑇 is an expansive mapping; a convex modular.
(III) 𝑧 ∈ 𝑆(𝐾) implies that 𝑇(𝐾) + 𝑧 ⊃ 𝐾, where 𝑇(𝐾) + 𝑧 = (b) A modular 𝜌 defines a corresponding modular space,
{𝑦 + 𝑧 | 𝑦 ∈ 𝑇(𝐾)}. that is, the space 𝑋𝜌 given by
Then there exists a point 𝑥∗ ∈ 𝐾 with 𝑆𝑥∗ + 𝑇𝑥∗ = 𝑥∗ .
𝑋𝜌 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 | 𝜌 (𝛼𝑥) 󳨀→ 0 as 𝛼 󳨀→ 0} . (2)
For other related results, see also [2, 3].
In this paper, we study some fixed point theorems for 𝑆+𝑇, (c) If 𝜌 is convex modular, the modular 𝑋𝜌 can be
where 𝑇 is 𝜌-expansive and 𝑆(𝐵) resides in a compact subset equipped with a norm called the Luxemburg norm
of 𝑋𝜌 , where 𝐵 is a closed, convex, and nonempty subset of 𝑋𝜌 defined by
and 𝑇, 𝑆 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 . Our results improve the classical version
of Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorems in modular spaces. 𝑥
‖𝑥‖𝜌 = inf {𝛼 > 0; 𝜌 ( ) ≤ 1} . (3)
Finally, as an application, we study the existence of a 𝛼
solution of some nonlinear integral equations in modular
function spaces. Remark 3. Note that 𝜌 is an increasing function. Suppose that
In order to do this, first, we recall the definition of 0 < 𝑎 < 𝑏; then property (iii), with 𝑦 = 0, shows that 𝜌(𝑎𝑥) =
modular space (see [4–6]). 𝜌((𝑎/𝑏)(𝑏𝑥)) ≤ 𝜌(𝑏𝑥).
2 Abstract and Applied Analysis

Definition 4. Let 𝑋𝜌 be a modular space. Then we have the Theorem 7 (Schauder’s fixed point theorem, page 825; see [1,
following. 8]). Let (𝑋, ‖ ⋅ ‖) be a Banach space and 𝐾 ⊂ 𝑋 is a nonempty,
closed, and convex subset. Suppose that the mapping 𝑆 : 𝐾 →
(a) A sequence (𝑥𝑛 )𝑛∈N in 𝑋𝜌 is said to be 𝐾 is continuous and 𝑆(𝐾) resides in a compact subset of 𝑋. Then
𝑆 has at least one fixed point in 𝐾.
(i) 𝜌-convergent to 𝑥 if 𝜌(𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥) → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞;
(ii) 𝜌-Cauchy if 𝜌(𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑚 ) → 0 as 𝑛, 𝑚 → ∞. We need the following theorem from [6, 9].

(b) 𝑋𝜌 is 𝜌-complete if every 𝜌-Cauchy sequence is 𝜌- Theorem 8 (see [6, 9]). Let 𝑋𝜌 be a 𝜌-complete modular space.
convergent. Assume that 𝜌 is a convex modular satisfying the Δ 2 -condition
and 𝐵 is a nonempty, 𝜌-closed, and convex subset of 𝑋𝜌 . 𝑇 :
(c) A subset 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑋𝜌 is said to be 𝜌-closed if for any
sequence (𝑥𝑛 )𝑛∈N ⊂ 𝐵 and 𝑥𝑛 → 𝑥 then 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵. 𝐵 → 𝐵 is a mapping such that there exist 𝑐, 𝑘, 𝑙 ∈ R+ such
that 𝑐 > 𝑙, 0 < 𝑘 < 1 and for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 one has
(d) A subset 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑋𝜌 is called 𝜌-bounded if 𝛿𝜌 (𝐵) =
sup 𝜌(𝑥 − 𝑦) < ∞, for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵, where 𝛿𝜌 (𝐵) is 𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇𝑦)) ≤ 𝑘𝜌 (𝑙 (𝑥 − 𝑦)) . (7)
called the 𝜌-diameter of 𝐵. Then there exists a unique fixed point 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑇𝑧 = 𝑧.
(e) 𝜌 has the Fatou property if
Theorem 9. Let 𝑋𝜌 be a 𝜌-complete modular space. Assume
𝜌 (𝑥 − 𝑦) ≤ lim inf 𝜌 (𝑥𝑛 − 𝑦𝑛 ) , (4) that 𝜌 is a convex modular satisfying the Δ 2 -condition and 𝐵 is
a nonempty, 𝜌-closed, and convex subset of 𝑋𝜌 . 𝑇 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 is
whenever 𝑥𝑛 → 𝑥 and 𝑦𝑛 → 𝑦 as 𝑛 → ∞. a 𝜌-expansive mapping satisfying inequality (5) and 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑇(𝐵).
Then there exists a unique fixed point 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑇𝑧 = 𝑧.
(f) 𝜌 is said to satisfy the Δ 2 -condition if 𝜌(2𝑥𝑛 ) → 0
whenever 𝜌(𝑥𝑛 ) → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞. Proof. We show that operator 𝑇 is a bijection from 𝐵 to 𝑇(𝐵).
Let 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 be in 𝐵 such that 𝑇𝑥1 = 𝑇𝑥2 ; by inequality (5),
2. Expansive Mapping in Modular Space we have 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 ; also since 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑇(𝐵) it follows that the inverse
of 𝑇 : 𝐵 → 𝑇(𝐵) exists. For all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑇(𝐵),
In 2005, Hajji and Hanebaly [7] presented a modular version 1
of Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem, for a 𝜌-contraction and 𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑓𝑥 − 𝑓𝑦)) ≤ 𝜌 (𝑙 (𝑥 − 𝑦)) , (8)
𝑘
a 𝜌-completely continuous mapping.
Using the same argument as in [1], we state the modular where 𝑓 = 𝑇−1 . We consider 𝑓 = 𝑇−1 |𝐵 : 𝐵 → 𝐵, where
version of Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem for 𝑆 + 𝑇, where 𝑇−1 |𝐵 denotes the restriction of the mapping 𝑇−1 to the set 𝐵.
𝑇 is a 𝜌-expansive mapping and the image of 𝐵 under 𝑆 ; that Since 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑇(𝐵), then 𝑓 is a 𝜌-contraction. Also since 𝐵 is a 𝜌-
is, 𝑆(𝐵) resides in a compact subset of 𝑋𝜌 , where 𝐵 is a subset closed subset of 𝑋𝜌 , then, by Theorem 8, there exists a 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵
of 𝑋𝜌 . such that 𝑓𝑧 = 𝑧. Also 𝑧 is a fixed point of 𝑇.
Due to this, we recall the following definitions and For uniqueness, let 𝑧 and 𝑤 be two arbitrary fixed points
theorems. of 𝑇; then

Definition 5. Let 𝑋𝜌 be a modular space and 𝐵 a nonempty 𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑧 − 𝑤)) ≥ 𝜌 (𝑙 (𝑧 − 𝑤)) = 𝜌 (𝑙 (𝑇𝑧 − 𝑇𝑤))
(9)
subset of 𝑋𝜌 . The mapping 𝑇 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 is called 𝜌-expansive ≥ 𝑘𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑧 − 𝑤)) ;
mapping, if there exist constants 𝑐, 𝑘, 𝑙 ∈ R+ such that 𝑐 > 𝑙,
𝑘 > 1 and hence (𝑘 − 1)𝜌(𝑐(𝑧 − 𝑤)) ≤ 0 and 𝑧 = 𝑤.
We need the following lemma for the main result.
𝜌 (𝑙 (𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇𝑦)) ≥ 𝑘𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑦)) , (5)
Lemma 10. Suppose that all conditions of Theorem 9 are
for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵. fulfilled. Then the inverse of 𝑓 := 𝐼 − 𝑇 : 𝐵 → (𝐼 − 𝑇)(𝐵)
exists and
Example 6. Let 𝑋𝜌 = 𝐵 = R+ and consider 𝑇 : 𝐵 → 𝐵 with
𝑇𝑥 = 𝑥𝑛 + 4𝑥 + 5 for 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 and 𝑛 ∈ N. Then for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵, 1
𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑓−1 𝑥 − 𝑓−1 𝑦)) ≤ 𝜌 (𝑙󸀠 (𝑥 − 𝑦)) , (10)
we have 𝑘−1
󵄨󵄨 󵄨 󵄨 𝑛 󵄨 for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑓(𝐵), where 𝑙󸀠 = 𝛼𝑙 and 𝛼 is conjugate of 𝑐/𝑙; that
󵄨󵄨𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇𝑦󵄨󵄨󵄨 = 󵄨󵄨󵄨𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 (𝑥 − 𝑦)󵄨󵄨󵄨
𝑛
is, (𝑙/𝑐) + (1/𝛼) = 1 and 𝑐 > 2𝑙.
󵄨 󵄨
= 󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨(𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑦𝑥𝑛−2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑦𝑛−1 ) + 4 (𝑥 − 𝑦)󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨 Proof. For all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵,
󵄨 󵄨 𝜌 (𝑙 (𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇𝑦)) = 𝜌 (𝑙 ((𝑥 − 𝑓𝑥) − (𝑦 − 𝑓𝑦)))
≥ 4 󵄨󵄨󵄨𝑥 − 𝑦󵄨󵄨󵄨 .
(6) ≤ 𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑦)) + 𝜌 (𝛼𝑙 (𝑓𝑥 − 𝑓𝑦)) ; (11)
Therefore 𝑇 is an expansive mapping with constant 𝑘 = 4. 𝑘𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑦)) − 𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑦)) ≤ 𝜌 (𝛼𝑙 (𝑓𝑥 − 𝑓𝑦)) ,
Abstract and Applied Analysis 3

then Proof. By condition (III), for each 𝑤 ∈ 𝐵, there exists 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋𝜌

󸀠 such that 𝑥 − 𝑇𝑥 = 𝑆𝑤. If 𝑆(𝐵) ⊂ (𝐼 − 𝑇)(𝐵), then 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵; if
(𝑘 − 1) 𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑦)) ≤ 𝜌 (𝑙 (𝑓𝑥 − 𝑓𝑦)) . (12)
𝑆(𝐵) ⊂ (𝐼 − 𝑇)(𝑋𝜌 ), then by Lemma 10 and condition (III),
Now, we show that 𝑓 is an injective operator. Let 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 𝑥 = (𝐼 − 𝑇)−1 𝑆𝑤 ∈ 𝐵. Now (𝐼 − 𝑇)−1 is a 𝜌-continuous and so
and 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦; then by inequality (12), (𝑘 − 1)𝜌(𝑐(𝑥 − 𝑦)) ≤ 0 (𝐼 − 𝑇)−1 𝑆 is a 𝜌-continuous mapping of 𝐵 into 𝐵. Since 𝑆(𝐵)
and 𝑥 = 𝑦. Therefore 𝑓 is an injective operator from 𝐵 into resides in a 𝜌-compact subset of 𝑋𝜌 , so (𝐼−𝑇)−1 𝑆(𝐵) resides in
𝑓(𝐵), and the inverse of 𝑓 : 𝐵 → 𝑓(𝐵) exists. Also for all a 𝜌-compact subset of the closed set 𝐵. By using Theorem 7,
𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑓(𝐵), we have 𝑓−1 𝑥, 𝑓−1 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵. Then for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑓(𝐵), there exists a fixed point 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑧 = (𝐼 − 𝑇)−1 𝑆𝑧.
by inequality (12) we get
1 Using the same argument as in [2], we can state a new
𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑓−1 𝑥 − 𝑓−1 𝑦)) ≤ 𝜌 (𝑙󸀠 (𝑥 − 𝑦)) . (13) version of Theorem 11, where 𝑆 is 𝜌-sequentially continuous.
𝑘−1
Definition 13. Let 𝑋𝜌 be a modular space and 𝐵 a subset of
Theorem 11. Let 𝑋𝜌 be a 𝜌-complete modular space. Assume 𝑋𝜌 . A mapping 𝑇 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 is said to be
that 𝜌 is a convex modular satisfying the Δ 2 -condition and 𝐵
(1) 𝜌-sequentially continuous on the set 𝐵 if for every
is a nonempty, 𝜌-closed, and convex subset of 𝑋𝜌 . Suppose that
sequence {𝑥𝑛 } ⊂ 𝐵 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝜌(𝑥𝑛 −𝑥) → 0,
(I) 𝑆 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 is a 𝜌-continuous mapping and 𝑆(𝐵) then 𝜌(𝑇𝑥𝑛 − 𝑇𝑥) → 0;
resides in a 𝜌-compact subset of 𝑋𝜌 ; (2) 𝜌-closed if for every sequence {𝑥𝑛 } ⊂ 𝐵 such that
(II) 𝑇 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 is a 𝜌-expansive mapping satisfying 𝜌(𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥) → 0 and 𝜌(𝑇𝑥𝑛 − 𝑦) → 0, then 𝑇𝑥 = 𝑦.
inequality (5) such that 𝑐 > 2𝑙;
(III) 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆(𝐵) implies that 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑥 + 𝑇(𝐵), where 𝑇(𝐵) + 𝑥 = Definition 14. Let 𝑋𝜌 be a modular space and 𝐵, 𝐶 two subsets
{𝑦 + 𝑥 | 𝑦 ∈ 𝑇(𝐵)}. of 𝑋𝜌 . Suppose that 𝑇 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 and 𝑆 : 𝐶 → 𝑋𝜌 are two
mappings. Define
There exists a point 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑆𝑧 + 𝑇𝑧 = 𝑧.
𝐹 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 : 𝑥 = 𝑇𝑥 + 𝑆𝑦 for some 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶} . (16)
Proof. Let 𝑤 ∈ 𝑆(𝐵) and 𝑇𝑤 = 𝑇 + 𝑤. Consider the mapping
Theorem 15. Let 𝑋𝜌 be a 𝜌-complete modular space. Assume
𝑇𝑤 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 ; then by Theorem 9, the equation 𝑇𝑥 + 𝑤 = 𝑥
that 𝜌 is a convex modular satisfying the Δ 2 -condition and 𝐵 is
has a unique solution 𝑥 = 𝜂(𝑤). Now, we show that 𝜂 is a
a nonempty, 𝜌-closed, and convex subset of 𝑋𝜌 . Suppose that
𝜌-contraction. For 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 ∈ 𝑆(𝐵), 𝑇(𝜂(𝑤1 )) + 𝑤1 = 𝜂(𝑤1 )
and 𝑇(𝜂(𝑤2 )) + 𝑤2 = 𝜂(𝑤2 ). Applying the same technique in (I) 𝑆 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 is 𝜌-sequentially continuous;
Lemma 10, (II) 𝑇 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 is a 𝜌-expansive mapping satisfying
(𝑘 − 1) 𝜌 (𝑐 (𝜂 (𝑤1 ) − 𝜂 (𝑤2 ))) ≤ 𝜌 (𝑙󸀠 (𝑤1 − 𝑤2 )) , (14) inequality (5) such that 𝑐 > 2𝑙;
(III) 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆(𝐵) implies that 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑥 + 𝑇(𝐵), where 𝑇(𝐵) + 𝑥 =
where 𝑙󸀠 = 𝛼𝑙. Then {𝑦 + 𝑥 | 𝑦 ∈ 𝑇(𝐵)};
1 (IV) 𝑇 is 𝜌-closed in 𝐹 and 𝐹 is relatively 𝜌-compact.
𝜌 (𝑐 (𝜂 (𝑤1 ) − 𝜂 (𝑤2 ))) ≤ 𝜌 (𝑙󸀠 (𝑤1 − 𝑤2 )) . (15)
𝑘−1
Then there exists a point 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑆𝑧 + 𝑇𝑧 = 𝑧.
Therefore, mapping 𝜂 : 𝑆(𝐵) → 𝐵 is a 𝜌-contraction and
hence is a 𝜌-continuous mapping. By condition (I), 𝜂𝑆 : 𝐵 → Proof. Let 𝑤 ∈ 𝐵, and 𝑇𝑆𝑤 = 𝑇 + 𝑆𝑤. One considers the
𝐵 is also 𝜌-continuous mapping and, by Δ 2 -condition, 𝜂𝑆 mapping 𝑇𝑆𝑤 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 ; by Theorem 9, the equation
is ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -continuous mapping. Also 𝜂𝑆(𝐵) resides in a ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -
compact subset of 𝑋𝜌 . Then using Theorem 7, there exists a 𝑇𝑥 + 𝑆𝑤 = 𝑥 (17)
𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑧 = 𝜂(𝑆(𝑧)) which implies that 𝑇𝑧 + 𝑆𝑧 =
𝑧. has a unique solution 𝑥 = 𝜂(𝑆𝑤) ∈ 𝐵.
Now, we show that 𝜂𝑆 = (𝐼 − 𝑇)−1 exists. For any 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 ∈
The following theorem is another version of Theorem 11. 𝐵 and by the same technique of Lemma 10, we have

Theorem 12. Let 𝑋𝜌 be a 𝜌-complete modular space. Assume 1

𝜌 (𝑐 (𝜂 (𝑆𝑤1 ) − 𝜂 (𝑆𝑤2 ))) ≤ 𝜌 (𝑙󸀠 (𝑤1 − 𝑤2 )) , (18)
that 𝜌 is a convex modular satisfying the Δ 2 -condition and 𝐵 𝑘−1
is a nonempty, 𝜌-closed, and convex subset of 𝑋𝜌 . Suppose that
where 𝑙󸀠 = 𝛼𝑙. This implies that 𝜂𝑆 = (𝐼 − 𝑇)−1 exists and for
(I) 𝑆 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 is a 𝜌-continuous mapping and 𝑆(𝐵) all 𝑤 ∈ 𝐵, 𝜂𝑆𝑤 = (𝐼 − 𝑇)−1 𝑆𝑤 and 𝜂𝑆(𝐵) ⊂ 𝐹.
resides in a 𝜌-compact subset of 𝑋𝜌 ; We show that 𝜂𝑆 is 𝜌-sequentially continuous in 𝐵. Let
(II) 𝑇 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 or 𝑇 : 𝑋𝜌 → 𝑋𝜌 is a 𝜌-expansive {𝑥𝑛 } be a sequence in 𝐵 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝜌(𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥) → 0.
mapping satisfying inequality (5) such that 𝑐 > 2𝑙; Since 𝜂𝑆(𝑥𝑛 ) ∈ 𝐹 and 𝐹 is relatively 𝜌-compact, then there
exists 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝜌(𝜂𝑆𝑥𝑛 − 𝑧) → 0. On the other hand,
(III) 𝑆(𝐵) ⊂ (𝐼 − 𝑇)(𝑋𝜌 ) and [𝑥 = 𝑇𝑥 + 𝑆𝑦, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 implies
by condition (I), 𝜌(𝑆𝑥𝑛 − 𝑆𝑥) → 0. Thus by (17), we get
that 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵] or 𝑆(𝐵) ⊂ (𝐼 − 𝑇)(𝐵).
Then there exists a point 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑆𝑧 + 𝑇𝑧 = 𝑧. 𝑇 (𝜂𝑆𝑥𝑛 ) + 𝑆𝑥𝑛 = 𝜂𝑆𝑥𝑛 ; (19)
4 Abstract and Applied Analysis

then convex modular. Also, if 𝜌 satisfies the Fatou property and

Δ 2 -condition, then 𝜎 satisfies the Fatou property and Δ 2 -
𝑇 (𝜂𝑆𝑥𝑛 ) − (𝑧 − 𝑆𝑥) (𝜂𝑆𝑥𝑛 − 𝑆𝑥𝑛 ) − (𝑧 − 𝑆𝑥) condition (see [9]).
𝜌( ) = 𝜌( )
2 2 To study the integral equation (23), we consider the
following hypotheses.
≤ 𝜌 (𝜂𝑆𝑥𝑛 − 𝑧) + 𝜌 (𝑆𝑥𝑛 − 𝑆𝑥) ;
(20) (1) 𝜙 : 𝐼 × 𝐿𝜑 → 𝐿𝜑 is a 𝜌-expansive mapping; that is,
there exist constants 𝑐, 𝑘, 𝑙 ∈ R+ such that 𝑐 > 2𝑙, 𝑘 ≥ 2
therefore when 𝑛 → ∞, condition (IV) implies that 𝑇𝑧 = and for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐿𝜑
𝑧 − 𝑆𝑥; that is, 𝑧 = 𝜂𝑆𝑥 and
𝜌 (𝑙 (𝜙 (𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝜙 (𝑡, 𝑦))) ≥ 𝑘𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑦)) (24)
𝜌 (𝜂𝑆𝑥𝑛 − 𝜂𝑆𝑥) 󳨀→ 0; (21)
and 𝜙 is onto. Also for 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, 𝜙(𝑡, ⋅) : 𝐿𝜑 → 𝐿𝜑 is 𝜌-
then 𝜂𝑆 is 𝜌-sequentially continuous in 𝐹. By Δ 2 -condition, continuous.
𝜂𝑆 is ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -sequentially continuous. Let 𝐻 = co‖⋅‖𝜌 𝐹, where (2) 𝜓 is a function from 𝐼 × 𝐼 × 𝐿𝜑 into 𝐿𝜑 such that
co‖⋅‖𝜌 denotes the closure of the convex hull in the sense of 𝜓(𝑡, 𝑠, ⋅) : 𝑥 → 𝜓(𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑥) is 𝜌-continuous on 𝐿𝜑 for
‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 . Then 𝐻 ⊂ 𝐵 and is a compact set. Therefore 𝜂𝑆 is almost all 𝑡, 𝑠 ∈ 𝐼 and 𝜓(𝑡, ⋅, 𝑥) : 𝑠 → 𝜓(𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑥)
‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -sequentially continuous from 𝐻 into 𝐻. Then using is measurable function on 𝐼 for each 𝑥 ∈ 𝐿𝜑 and
Theorem 7, 𝜂𝑆 has a fixed point 𝑧 ∈ 𝐻 such that 𝜂𝑆𝑧 = 𝑧. for almost all 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼. Also, there are nondecreasing
From (17), we have continuous functions 𝛽, 𝛾 : 𝐼 → R+ such that
𝑡
𝑇 (𝜂𝑆𝑧) + 𝑆𝑧 = 𝜂𝑆𝑧; (22) lim 𝛽 (𝑡) ∫ 𝛾 (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠 = 0,
𝑡→∞ 0 (25)
that is, 𝑇𝑧 + 𝑆𝑧 = 𝑧.
𝜌 (𝑐 (𝜓 (𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑥))) ≤ 𝛽 (𝑡) 𝛾 (𝑠) ,
The following theorem is another version of Theorem 15.
for all 𝑡, 𝑠 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑠 ≤ 𝑡 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐿𝜑 .
Theorem 16. Let 𝑋𝜌 be a 𝜌-complete modular space. Assume
that 𝜌 is a convex modular satisfying the Δ 2 -condition and 𝐵 is (3) There exists measurable function 𝜂 : 𝐼 × 𝐼 × 𝐼 → R+
a nonempty, 𝜌-closed, and convex subset of 𝑋𝜌 . Suppose that such that

(I) 𝑆 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 is 𝜌-sequentially continuous; 𝜌 (𝜓 (𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑥) − 𝜓 (𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑥)) ≤ 𝜂 (𝑡, 𝑟, 𝑠) , (26)

(II) 𝑇 : 𝐵 → 𝑋𝜌 is a 𝜌-expansive mapping satisfying for all 𝑡, 𝑟, 𝑠 ∈ 𝐼 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐿𝜑 ; also
inequality (5), such that 𝑐 > 2l; 𝑏
lim𝑡 → 𝑟 ∫0 𝜂(𝑡, 𝑟, 𝑠)𝑑𝑠 = 0.
(III) 𝑆(𝐵) ⊂ (𝐼 − 𝑇)(𝑋𝜌 ) and [𝑥 = 𝑇𝑥 + 𝑆𝑦, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵] implies
that 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 (or 𝑆(𝐵) ⊂ (𝐼 − 𝑇)(𝐵)). (4) 𝜌(𝜓(𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑥) − 𝜓(𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑦)) ≤ 𝜌(𝑥 − 𝑦) for all 𝑡, 𝑠 ∈ 𝐼 and
𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐿𝜑 .
(IV) 𝑇 is 𝜌-closed in 𝐹 and 𝐹 is relatively 𝜌-compact.
Remark 17 (see [7]). We consider 𝐿𝜑 , the Musielak-Orlicz
Then there exists a point 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑆𝑧 + 𝑇𝑧 = 𝑧.
space. Since 𝜌 is convex and satisfies the Δ 2 -condition, then
Proof. By (III) for each 𝑤 ∈ 𝐵, there exists 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋𝜌 such 󵄩󵄩 󵄩
󵄩󵄩𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 󳨀→ 0 ⇐⇒ 𝜌 (𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥) 󳨀→ 0, (27)
that 𝑥 − 𝑇𝑥 = 𝑆𝑤 and 𝑥 = (𝐼 − 𝑇)−1 𝑆𝑤 ∈ 𝐵. By the
same technique of Theorem 15, (𝐼 − 𝑇)−1 𝑆 : 𝐵 → 𝐵 is 𝜌- as 𝑛 → ∞ on 𝐿𝜑 . This implies that the topologies generated
sequentially continuous and there exists a 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 such that by ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 and 𝜌 are equivalent.
𝑧 = (𝐼 − 𝑇)−1 𝑆𝑧.
Theorem 18. Suppose that the conditions (1)–(4) are satisfied.
Further assume that 𝐿𝜑 satisfies the Δ 2 -condition. Also 𝜔(𝑡) =
3. Integral Equation for 𝜌-Expansive Mapping 𝑡
𝛽(𝑡) ∫0 𝛾(𝑠)𝑑𝑠 and 𝜔(0) = 0; also sup{𝜌(𝑐(𝜙(𝑡, V))), 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, V ∈
in Modular Function Spaces 𝐿𝜑 } ≤ 𝜔(𝑡). Then integral equation (23) has at least one
In this section, we study the following integral equation: solution 𝑥 ∈ 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ).

𝑡 Proof. Suppose that

𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝜙 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) + ∫ 𝜓 (𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐶 (𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) ,
0 𝑇𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝜙 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) ,
(23)
𝑡 (28)
where 𝐿𝜑 is the Musielak-Orlicz space and 𝐼 = [0, 𝑏] ⊂ R. 𝑆𝑥 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝜓 (𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠.
0
𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) denote the space of all 𝜌-continuous functions from
𝐼 to 𝐿𝜑 with the modular 𝜎(𝑥) = sup𝑡∈𝐼 𝜌(𝑥(𝑡)). Also 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) Conditions (1) and (2) imply that 𝑇 and 𝑆 are well defined
is a real vector space. If 𝜌 is a convex modular, then 𝜎 is a on 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ). Define the set 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ); 𝜌(𝑐(𝑥(𝑡))) ≤
Abstract and Applied Analysis 5

𝜔(𝑡) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼}. Then 𝐵 is a nonempty, 𝜌-bounded, then

𝜌-closed, and convex subset of 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ). Equation (23) is
equivalent to the fixed point problem 𝑥 = 𝑇𝑥 + 𝑆𝑥. By 𝜌 (𝛼𝑙 ((𝐼 − 𝑇) 𝑥 (𝑡) − (𝐼 − 𝑇) 𝑦 (𝑡)))
(36)
Theorem 12, we find the fixed point for 𝑇 + 𝑆 in 𝐵. Due to ≥ (𝑘 − 1) 𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑦 (𝑡))) ,
this, we prove that 𝑆 satisfies the condition (𝐼) of Theorem 12.
For 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵, we show that 𝑆𝑥 ∈ 𝐵. Indeed, where 𝛼 is conjugate of 𝑐/𝑙. Let 𝑟 = 𝛼𝑙; since 𝑘 ≥ 2, then
𝑡
𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑆𝑥 (𝑡))) = 𝜌 (𝑐 (∫ 𝜓 (𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠)) 𝜌 (𝑟 (𝐼 − 𝑇) 𝑥 (𝑡)) ≥ (𝑘 − 1) 𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑥 (𝑡))) ≥ 𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑥 (𝑡))) . (37)
0
𝑡 Now, assume that 𝑥 = 𝑇𝑥 + 𝑆𝑦 for some 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵. Since 𝑐 > 2𝑙,
≤ ∫ 𝜌 (𝑐 (𝜓 (𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)))) 𝑑𝑠 then 𝑟 < 𝑐, and
0 (29)
𝑡
𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑥 (𝑡))) ≤ 𝜌 (𝑟 (𝐼 − 𝑇) 𝑥 (𝑡)) = 𝜌 (𝑟 (𝑆𝑦 (𝑡)))
≤ ∫ 𝛽 (𝑡) 𝛾 (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠 (38)
0
≤ 𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑆𝑦 (𝑡))) ≤ 𝜔 (𝑡) ,
= 𝜔 (𝑡) ;
which shows that 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵. Now, define a map 𝑇𝑧 as follows:
then 𝑆𝑥 ∈ 𝐵. Since 𝑆(𝐵) ⊂ 𝐵 and 𝐵 is 𝜌-bounded, 𝑆(𝐵) is
𝜎-bounded and by Δ 2 -condition ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜎 -bounded. 𝑇𝑧 : 𝐶 (𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) 󳨀→ 𝐶 (𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) , (39)
We show that 𝑆(𝐵) is 𝜌-equicontinuous. For all 𝑡, 𝑟 ∈ 𝐼
and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐿𝜑 such that 𝑡 < 𝑟, for each 𝑧 ∈ 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ); by
𝑡 𝑟
𝑇𝑧 𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝑇𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑧 (𝑡) , (40)
𝑆𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑆𝑥 (𝑟) = ∫ 𝜓 (𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠 − ∫ 𝜓 (𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠;
0 0
(30) for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ),

then by condition (3), 𝜌 (𝑙 (𝑇𝑧 𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑇𝑧 𝑦 (𝑡))) = 𝜌 (𝑙 (𝑇𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑇𝑦 (𝑡)))

(41)
𝑏 ≥ 𝑘𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑦 (𝑡))) ;
𝜌 (𝑆𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑆𝑥 (𝑟)) ≤ ∫ 𝜂 (𝑡, 𝑟, 𝑠) 𝑑𝑠; (31)
0
therefore
𝑏
since lim𝑡 → 𝑟 ∫0 𝜂(𝑡, 𝑟, 𝑠)𝑑𝑠 = 0, then 𝑆(𝐵) is 𝜌- 𝜎 (𝑙 (𝑇𝑧 𝑥 − 𝑇𝑧 𝑦)) ≥ 𝑘𝜎 (𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑦)) ; (42)
equicontinuous. By using the Arzela-Ascoli theorem,
we obtain that 𝑆 is a 𝜎-compact mapping. Next, we show then 𝑇𝑧 is 𝜎-expansive with constant 𝑘 ≥ 2 and 𝑇𝑧 is onto. By
that 𝑆 is 𝜎-continuous. Suppose that 𝜀 > 0 is given; we find a Theorem 9, there exists 𝑤 ∈ 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) such that 𝑇𝑧 𝑤 = 𝑤; that
𝛿 > 0 such that 𝜎(𝑥 − 𝑦) < 𝛿, for some 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵. Note that is, (𝐼 − 𝑇)𝑤 = 𝑧. Hence 𝑆(𝐵) ⊂ (𝐼 − 𝑇)(𝐿𝜑 ) and condition
(III) of Theorem 12 holds. Therefore by Theorem 12, 𝑆 + 𝑇 has
𝑡 𝑡
𝑆𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑆𝑦 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝜓 (𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠 − ∫ 𝜓 (𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑦 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠; a fixed point 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 with 𝑇𝑧 + 𝑆𝑧 = 𝑧; that is, 𝑧 is a solution to
0 0 (23).
(32)
Now, we consider another integral equation.
also Let 𝐿𝜑 be the Musielak-Orlicz space and 𝐼 = [0, 𝑏] ⊂ R.
𝑡 𝑡 Suppose that 𝜌 is convex and satisfies the Δ 2 -condition. Since
𝜌 (𝑆𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑆𝑦 (𝑡)) ≤ ∫ 𝜌 (𝑥 (𝑠) − 𝑦 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠 ≤ ∫ 𝜎 (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑠; topologies generated by ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 and 𝜌 are equivalent, then we
0 0
(33) consider Banach space (𝐿𝜑 , ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 ) and 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) denote the
space of all ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -continuous functions from 𝐼 to 𝐿𝜑 with the
then modular ‖𝑥‖𝜎 = sup𝑡∈𝐼 ‖𝑥(𝑡)‖𝜌 ; also 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) is a real vector
𝑏 space. Consider the nonlinear integral equation
𝜎 (𝑆𝑥 − 𝑆𝑦) ≤ ∫ 𝜎 (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑠 ≤ 𝜀; (34)
0 𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝜙 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡))
therefore 𝑆 is 𝜎-continuous. 𝑡
Since 𝜙 is 𝜌-continuous, it shows that 𝑇 transforms + 𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝑡, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠, (43)
𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) into itself. In view of supremum 𝜌 and condition (1), 0
it is easy to see that 𝑇 is 𝜎-expansive with constant 𝑘 ≥ 2. For
𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐶 (𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) ,

𝜌 (𝑙 (𝑇𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑇𝑦 (𝑡))) where

(1) 𝜙 : 𝐼 × 𝐿𝜑 → 𝐿𝜑 is a ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -expansive mapping; that
≤ 𝜌 (𝑐 (𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑦 (𝑡))) (35) is, there exists constant 𝑙 ≥ 2 such that
󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩
+ 𝜌 (𝛼𝑙 ((𝐼 − 𝑇) 𝑥 (𝑡) − (𝐼 − 𝑇) 𝑦 (𝑡))) ; 󵄩󵄩𝜙(𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝜙(𝑡, 𝑦)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 ≥ 𝑙󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑥 − 𝑦󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 , (44)
6 Abstract and Applied Analysis

for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐿𝜑 and 𝜙 is onto; also for 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, 𝜙(𝑡, ⋅) : For 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵, we show that 𝑆𝑥 ∈ 𝐵. Consider
𝐿𝜑 → 𝐿𝜑 is ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -continuous;

(2) 𝜓 is function from 𝐼 × 𝐿𝜑 into 𝐿𝜑 such that 𝜓(𝑡, ⋅) : ‖𝑆𝑥 (𝑡)‖𝜌

𝐿𝜑 → 𝐿𝜑 is a ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -continuous and 𝑡 → 𝜓(𝑡, 𝑥) 󵄩󵄩 𝑡 󵄩󵄩
󵄩 󵄩
is measurable for every 𝑥 ∈ 𝐿𝜑 . Also, there exist = 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝑡, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠󵄩󵄩󵄩
󵄩󵄩 0 󵄩󵄩𝜌
functions 𝛽 ∈ 𝐿1 (𝐼) and a nondecreasing continuous
function 𝛾 : [0, ∞) → (0, ∞) such that 󵄩󵄩 𝑡 󵄩󵄩
󵄩 󵄩
= 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) − 𝜆 (𝑡, 0) + 𝜆 (𝑡, 0)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝑡, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠󵄩󵄩󵄩
󵄩󵄩 0 󵄩󵄩𝜌
󵄩󵄩 󵄩
󵄩󵄩𝜓(𝑡, 𝑥)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 ≤ 𝛽 (𝑡) 𝛾 (‖𝑥‖𝜌 ) , (45) 𝑡
≤ (𝑎‖𝑥 (𝑡)‖𝜌 + ℎ) 𝑟 ∫ 𝛽 (𝑠) 𝛾 (‖𝑥 (𝑠)‖𝜌 ) 𝑑𝑠
0

for all 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐿𝜑 . Also for 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑥 → 𝜓(𝑡, 𝑥) is 𝑡

nondecreasing on 𝐿𝜑 ; ≤ (𝑎𝑘 + ℎ) 𝑟 ∫ 𝛽 (𝑠) 𝛾 (𝑘) 𝑑𝑠
0

(3) 𝜆 is function from 𝐼 × 𝐿𝜑 into 𝐿𝜑 such that 𝜆(𝑡, ⋅) : 𝑏 𝑘𝛾 (𝑘)

𝐿𝜑 → 𝐿𝜑 is ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -continuous and there exists a 𝑎 ≥ 0 ≤ (𝑎𝑘 + ℎ) 𝑟 ∫ 𝑑𝑠
0 (𝑎𝑘 + ℎ) 𝑟𝑏𝛾 (𝑘)
such that
≤ 𝑘.
󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩
󵄩󵄩𝜆(𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝜆(𝑡, 𝑦)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 ≤ 𝑎󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑥 − 𝑦󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 , (46) (50)

Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 and assume that 𝑡 > 𝜏 ∈ 𝐼 such that |𝑡 − 𝜏| < 𝛿, for

for all 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐿𝜑 ; also for 𝑥 ∈ 𝐿𝜑 , 𝑡 → 𝜆(𝑡, 𝑥) a given positive constant 𝛿. We have
is nondecreasing on 𝐼 and for 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑥 → 𝜆(𝑡, 𝑥) is
nondecreasing on 𝐿𝜑 ;
‖𝑆𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑆𝑥 (𝜏)‖𝜌
(4) 𝜔 is function from 𝐼 × 𝐼 into R+ . For each 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, 𝜔(𝑡, 𝑠)
is measurable on [0, 𝑡]. Also 𝜔(𝑡) = esssup |𝜔(𝑡, 𝑠)| is 󵄩󵄩 𝑡
󵄩
= 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝑡, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠
bounded on [0, 𝑏] and 𝑟 = sup |𝜔(𝑡)|. The map 𝜔(⋅, 𝑠) : 󵄩󵄩 0
𝑡 → 𝜔(𝑡, 𝑠) is continuous from 𝐼 to 𝐿∞ (𝐼). Also for 𝜏 󵄩󵄩
𝑠 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑡 → 𝜔(𝑡, 𝑠) is nondecreasing on 𝐼. 󵄩
−𝜆 (𝜏, 𝑥 (𝜏)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝜏, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠󵄩󵄩󵄩
0 󵄩󵄩𝜌
Theorem 19. Suppose that the conditions (1)–(4) are satisfied 󵄩󵄩 𝑡
and there exists a constant 𝑘 ≥ 0 such that for all 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, 󵄩
= 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝑡, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠
󵄩󵄩 0
𝑡 𝑡
𝑘 1 𝑡
∫ 𝛽 (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠 < ∫ 𝑑𝑠, (47) ± 𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝜏, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠
0 (𝑎𝑘 + ℎ) 𝑟𝑏 0 𝛾 (𝑘) 0
𝑡
where ℎ := sup{‖𝜆(𝑡, 𝑥)‖𝜌 , 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐿𝜑 } and also ± 𝜆 (𝜏, 𝑥 (𝜏)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝜏, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠
sup{‖𝜙(𝑡, 𝑥)‖𝜌 , 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐿𝜑 } ≤ 𝑘. Then integral equation (43) 0

has at least one solution 𝑥 ∈ 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ). 𝜏 󵄩󵄩

󵄩 (51)
−𝜆 (𝜏, 𝑥 (𝜏)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝜏, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠󵄩󵄩󵄩
0 󵄩󵄩𝜌
Proof. Define
󵄩󵄩 𝑡
󵄩
≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) (∫ 𝜔 (𝑡, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠
𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐶 (𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) ; ‖𝑥 (𝑡)‖𝜌 ≤ 𝑘 ∀𝑡 ∈ 𝐼} ; (48) 󵄩󵄩 0
𝑡 󵄩󵄩
󵄩
then 𝐵 is a nonempty, ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -bounded, ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -closed, and − ∫ 𝜔 (𝜏, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠)󵄩󵄩󵄩
0 󵄩󵄩𝜌
convex subset of 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ). Consider
󵄩󵄩
󵄩
+ 󵄩󵄩󵄩 (𝜆 (𝜏, 𝑥 (𝜏)) − 𝜆 (𝜏, 𝑥 (𝜏)))
𝑇𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝜙 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) , 󵄩󵄩
𝑡 (49) 𝑡 󵄩󵄩
󵄩
𝑆𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝑡, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠. × ∫ 𝜔 (𝜏, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠󵄩󵄩󵄩
0 0 󵄩󵄩𝜌
󵄩󵄩 𝑡 󵄩󵄩
󵄩 󵄩
It is easy that by the hypothesis 𝑇 and 𝑆 are well defined on + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜆 (𝜏, 𝑥 (𝜏)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝜏, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠󵄩󵄩󵄩 ;
𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ). 󵄩󵄩 𝜏 󵄩󵄩𝜌
Abstract and Applied Analysis 7

󵄩󵄩 𝑡 󵄩󵄩
󵄩 󵄩
since ≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) − 𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑦 (𝑡))) ∫ 𝜔 (𝑡, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠󵄩󵄩󵄩
󵄩󵄩 𝑡 󵄩󵄩 0 󵄩󵄩𝜌
󵄩󵄩
󵄩󵄩𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) (∫ 𝜔 (𝑡, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩
󵄩󵄩 0 󵄩
𝑡
󵄩
𝑡 󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑦 (𝑡)) ∫ (𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) − 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑦 (𝑠))) 𝑑𝑠󵄩󵄩󵄩
󵄩 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩𝜌
− ∫ 𝜔 (𝜏, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠)󵄩󵄩󵄩 0
0 󵄩󵄩𝜌 𝑡
𝑘𝑎 󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩
󵄩󵄩
󵄩
𝑡 󵄩󵄩
󵄩
≤ 󵄩󵄩𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑦 (𝑡)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 + (𝑎𝑘 + ℎ) 𝑟 ∫ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑥 (𝑠) − 𝑦 (𝑠)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 𝑑𝑠
= 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) (∫ (𝜔 (𝑡, 𝑠) − 𝜔 (𝜏, 𝑠)) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠)󵄩󵄩󵄩 𝑎𝑘 + ℎ 0
󵄩󵄩 0 󵄩󵄩𝜌
𝑘𝑎 󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩
󵄩󵄩 ≤ 󵄩𝑥 − 𝑦󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜎 + (𝑎𝑘 + ℎ) 𝑟𝑏󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑥 − 𝑦󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜎
󵄩󵄩 𝑎𝑘 + ℎ 󵄩
≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩 (𝜆 (𝜏, 𝑥 (𝜏)) − 𝜆 (𝜏, 0) + 𝜆 (𝜏, 0))
󵄩󵄩 ≤ 𝜀.
󵄩
󵄩󵄩
𝑡 󵄩󵄩 (53)
× (∫ (𝜔 (𝑡, 𝑠) − 𝜔 (𝜏, 𝑠)) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠) 󵄩󵄩󵄩
0 󵄩󵄩
󵄩𝜌 Since 𝜙 is ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -continuous, it shows that 𝑇 transforms
𝑡 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) into itself. In view of supremum ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 and condition
≤ (𝑎𝑘 + ℎ) |𝜔 (𝑡, 0) − 𝜔 (𝜏, 0)|𝐿 ∞ ∫ 𝛽 (𝑠) 𝛾 (𝑘) 𝑑𝑠 (1), it is easy to see that 𝑇 is ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜎 -expansive with constant
0
𝑙 ≥ 2.
𝑘 For 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵,
≤ |𝜔 (𝑡, 0) − 𝜔 (𝜏, 0)|𝐿 ∞ ,
𝑟
󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩 󵄩
󵄩󵄩
𝑡
󵄩 󵄩󵄩𝑇𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑇𝑦 (𝑡)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌
󵄩󵄩(𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) − 𝜆 (𝜏, 𝑥 (𝜏))) ∫ 𝜔 (𝜏, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 (54)
󵄩󵄩 0 󵄩󵄩𝜌 ≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑦 (𝑡)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝐼 − 𝑇) 𝑥 (𝑡) − (𝐼 − 𝑇) 𝑦 (𝑡)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 ;
󵄩󵄩 𝑡 󵄩󵄩
󵄩 󵄩
≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) − 𝜆 (𝜏, 𝑥 (𝜏))) 𝑟 ∫ 𝛽 (𝑠) 𝛾 (𝑘) 𝑑𝑠󵄩󵄩󵄩 then
󵄩󵄩 0 󵄩󵄩𝜌
󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩
𝑘 󵄩󵄩(𝐼 − 𝑇)𝑥(𝑡) − (𝐼 − 𝑇)𝑦(𝑡)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 ≥ (𝑙 − 1) 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑦 (𝑡)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 ; (55)
≤ (‖𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) − 𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝜏))‖𝜌
𝑎𝑘 + ℎ since 𝑙 ≥ 2, then
+‖𝜆 (𝜏, 𝑥 (𝜏)) − 𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝜏))‖𝜌 )
‖(𝐼 − 𝑇)𝑥(𝑡)‖𝜌 ≥ (𝑙 − 1) ‖𝑥(𝑡)‖𝜌 ≥ ‖𝑥(𝑡)‖𝜌 . (56)
𝑘
≤ (𝑎‖𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑥 (𝜏)‖𝜌 + ℎ) , Now, assume that 𝑥 = 𝑇𝑥 + 𝑆𝑦 for some 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵. Then
𝑎𝑘 + ℎ
󵄩󵄩 𝑡 󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩
󵄩󵄩
󵄩󵄩𝜆 (𝜏, 𝑥 (𝜏)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝜏, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠󵄩󵄩󵄩
󵄩 ‖𝑥(𝑡)‖𝜌 ≤ ‖(𝐼 − 𝑇)𝑥(𝑡)‖𝜌 = 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑆𝑦(𝑡)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 ≤ 𝑘, (57)
󵄩󵄩 𝜏 󵄩󵄩𝜌
󵄩󵄩 which shows that 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵. Now for each 𝑧 ∈ 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) we define
󵄩󵄩 a map 𝑇𝑧 as follows:
= 󵄩󵄩󵄩 (𝜆 (𝜏, 𝑥 (𝜏)) − 𝜆 (𝜏, 0) + 𝜆 (𝜏, 0))
󵄩󵄩
󵄩 𝑇𝑧 : 𝐶 (𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) 󳨀→ 𝐶 (𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) ; (58)
󵄩󵄩
𝑡 󵄩󵄩
× ∫ 𝜔 (𝜏, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠󵄩󵄩󵄩 by
𝜏 󵄩󵄩
󵄩𝜌
𝑡 𝑇𝑧 𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝑇𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑧 (𝑡) ; (59)
≤ (𝑎𝑘 + ℎ) 𝑟 ∫ 𝛽 (𝑠) 𝛾 (𝑘) 𝑑𝑠
𝜏 for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ),
𝑘 󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩
≤ |𝑡 − 𝜏| , 󵄩󵄩𝑇𝑧 𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑇𝑧 𝑦(𝑡)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 = 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑇𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑇𝑦(𝑡)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 ≥ 𝑙󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑦 (𝑡)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌 ;
𝑏
(60)
(52)
then 𝑆(𝐵) is ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -equicontinuous. By using the Arzela-Ascoli therefore
Theorem, we obtain that 𝑆 is a ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -compact mapping. 󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩
We show that 𝑆 is ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜌 -continuous. Suppose that 𝜀 > 0 is 󵄩󵄩𝑇𝑧 𝑥 − 𝑇𝑧 𝑦󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜎 ≥ 𝑙󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑥 − 𝑦󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜎 ; (61)
given. We find a 𝛿 > 0 such that ‖𝑥 − 𝑦‖𝜎 < 𝛿. We have then 𝑇𝑧 is ‖ ⋅ ‖𝜎 -expansive with constant 𝑙 ≥ 2 and 𝑇𝑧 is onto.
󵄩󵄩 󵄩 By Theorem 9, there exists 𝑤 ∈ 𝐶(𝐼, 𝐿𝜑 ) such that 𝑇𝑧 𝑤 = 𝑤;
󵄩󵄩𝑆𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑆𝑦 (𝑡)󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜌
that is, (𝐼 − 𝑇)𝑤 = 𝑧. Hence 𝑆(𝐵) ⊂ (𝐼 − 𝑇)(𝐿𝜑 ). Therefore by
󵄩󵄩 𝑡 Theorem 12, 𝑆 + 𝑇 has a fixed point 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 with 𝑇𝑧 + 𝑆𝑧 = 𝑧;
󵄩
= 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑥 (𝑡)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝑡, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑥 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠 that is, 𝑧 is a solution of (43).
󵄩󵄩 0
𝑡 󵄩󵄩
󵄩 Finally, some examples are presented to guarantee Theo-
−𝜆 (𝑡, 𝑦 (𝑡)) ∫ 𝜔 (𝑡, 𝑠) 𝜓 (𝑠, 𝑦 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠󵄩󵄩󵄩
0 󵄩󵄩𝜌 rems 18 and 19.
8 Abstract and Applied Analysis

Example 20. Consider the following integral equation:

𝑡
9𝑥 (𝑡) 5𝑡 (1 + 𝑠) √𝑥 (𝑠)
𝑥 (𝑡) = 2
+ ∫ arctan ( ) 𝑑𝑠,
1+𝑡 0 (1 + 𝑡)3 (1 + √𝑥 (𝑠))
(62)

where 𝐿𝜑 = R+ , 𝐼 = [0, 1].

For 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ R+ and 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, we have

󵄨󵄨 󵄨 󵄨󵄨 9𝑥 9𝑦 󵄨󵄨󵄨 9 󵄨󵄨
󵄨󵄨 ≥ 󵄨𝑥 − 𝑦󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨 .
󵄨󵄨𝜙 (𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝜙 (𝑡, 𝑦)󵄨󵄨󵄨 = 󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨 − (63)
󵄨1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2 󵄨󵄨 2 󵄨
Therefore by Theorem 18, the integral equation (62) has at
least one solution.

Example 21. Consider the following integral equation:

𝑡
9𝑥 (𝑡) 1 𝑡
𝑥 (𝑡) = 2
+ arcsin 𝑥 (𝑡) ∫ 𝑥 (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠, (64)
1+𝑡 8 0 𝑡+𝑠

where 𝜙(𝑡, 𝑥) = (9𝑥/(1+𝑡2 )), 𝜆(𝑡, 𝑥) = (1/8) arcsin 𝑥, 𝜔(𝑡, 𝑠) =

𝑡/(𝑡 + 𝑠), and 𝜓(𝑡, 𝑥) = 𝑥. Also 𝐿𝜑 = R+ , 𝐼 = [0, 1]. Therefore
by Theorem 19, the integral equation (64) has at least one
solution.

Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regar-
ding the publication of this paper.

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