Supplementary Problems:: Mechanical Engineering Department

Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

C E R T IF IE D
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CERTIFICATENUMBER
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT AJA1 8-0 190
Supplementary Problems:
1. A vertical draft tube is installed on a Francis Turbine and the total head to the
center of the spiral casing at the inlet is 38 m and the velocity at the inlet is 5 m/s. The
discharge is 2.1 𝑚3/𝑠. The overall efficiency is 84%. The velocities at the inlet and exit
of the draft are 5 m/s and 1.5 m/s respectively. The top of the draft tube is 1 m below
the center flow of the spiral casing while the tailrace water level is 3 m from the top of
the draft tube. There is no velocity of whirl at either top and bottom of draft tube and
leakage losses are negligible. What is the power of the turbine? If the ratio of the
bucket velocity to the jet velocity is 0.45, and the turbine runs at the speed of 150 rps,
what is the size of the wheel?
Given: Required:
Q=2.1m 3 /s z 1=1 m Turbine Power

Size of the wheel in meters
e t =84 %∨0.84 z 2=3 m
γ =9.81kN ¿ m3 ∅=0.45
vinlet =5 m/ s
v exit=1.5 m/ s
N=150 rps
Solution:
Solve for Power of turbine, Pt :
Pt =γQ h n e t
Find value of net head, h n:

2 2
P v s −v d
Use formula: h n= + +( z 1 + z 2)
γ 2g
[( 5 m ) ¿ ¿ 2−( 1.5 m )2 ]
h n=38 m+ + ( 1+3 ) m ¿
m
(
2 9.81 2
s )
h n=43.16 m
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C E R T IF IE D
Find Pt :
kN m3 (
Pt =9.81 3 2.1
m s( )
43.16 m )( 0.84 )
Pt =746.87 kW
Solve for size of wheel:
∅=v p /v j
0.45=
πD ( 60N ) → πD ( 15060rps ) =0.45
√ 2 g hn m
√( )
2 9.81 2 ( 43.16 m )
s
D=1.667 m
2. A remote community in Mountain province plans to put a small hydroelectric plant to

service six closely-located barangays estimated to consume 52,650,000 KW-hr per
annum. Expected water flow is 1665 𝑚3/𝑚𝑖𝑛. The most favorable location for the
plant fixes the tailwater level at 480m. The manufacturer of turbine generator set has
indicated the following performance data: turbine efficiency 87%, generator efficiency
of 92%, loss in headwork not exceed 3.8% of available head. In order to pinpoint the
most suitable area for the dam, find the following:
A. Headwater elevation
B. If entering the penstock, what is the pipeline efficiency for the water will freely
flow?
C. Considering a hydraulic efficiency of 76%, what would be the utilized head
and the total hydraulic power utilization?

C E R T IF IE D
Given:
P=52,650,000 kW −hr per annum
m3 min
Q=(1665 )( )
min 60 sec
¿ 27.75 m 3 /sec
z tailwater =480 m
e t =87 %∨0.87
e g =92 %∨0.92
hloss =3.8 %∨0.038
Solution:
a.) Headwater Elevation
P=gQHe
kw−hr 1 year 1 day

P=52,650,000 (
year 365 days 24 hrs )( )
P=6,010.2740 kW
e (%) ¿ e t ( e g ) ( 100 %−hloss )
¿ ( 0.87 ) ( 0.92 ) ( 1−0.038 )
e ( % ) =0.77 0 r 77 %
P 6,010. 2740 kW
¿ =
H gQe m m3
s (
9.81 2 27.75
sec )
( 0.77 )
H ¿ 28.67 m
Calculate for headwater elevation
headwater elevation = H + Tailwater elevation
= (28.67 + 480)m
headwater elevation = 508.67 m

C E R T IF IE D
b.) Penstock Efficiency:
hn
e p=
hg
Find h n∧h g :
h g=h hw −htw
¿ ( 508.67−480 ) m
h g=28.67 m
h n=h g ( 1−%losses )
¿ 28.67 m ( 1−0.038 )
h n=27.58 m
h n 27.58
Penstock Efficiency e p= =
h g 28.67
e p=0.9620∨96.2 %
c.) Hydraulic Efficiency
e t 0.87
e h= =
e g 0.92
e h=0.9456∨94.56

C E R T IF IE D
3. A model of hydraulic turbine, to scale of 1/5 is tested under a head of 7.5m. The
prototype works under a head of 180 m and is to run at 500 rpm. At what speed
should the model be operated?
Given: Required:
h m=7.5 m Nm
h p =180 m
N p=500rpm
Dm 1
=
DP 5
Solution:
Using Combined Affinity Law, extract N m:
Dp hm 5 7.5
N m =N p
( )√
Dm hp
=500 rpm
1 ( ) √ 180
N m =510.36 rpm

C E R T IF IE D
4. A hydroelectric plant has 20 MW generator efficiency of 96%. The generator is

directly coupled to a vertical Francis type hydraulic turbine having an efficiency of
80%. The total gross head on the turbine is 150 m while the loss of head due to
friction is 4% of the gross head. The runway speed should not exceed 750 rpm.
Determine the flow of water of the turbine in cfs.
Given: Required:
Pg =20 Mw h f =4 % of hg Pt , Q
e g =96 %∨0.96 Ns=750 rpm
h g=150 m e t =80 %∨0.80
Solution:
Solve for Pt :
P g 20 Mw 1341.02 hp
Pt =
eg
=
0.96 1 MW ( )
Pt =27,397.04 hp
Solve for Q:
Pt
Q=
1 Mw
γ (h ¿ ¿ 0−h f )(e t )=
( 27,397.04 hp ) ( 1341.02 hp )
¿
KN
( )
9.81 3 (150−(0.04)(150)) m(0.8)
m
3
m3 ( 3.28 ft )
¿ 18.4347
s ( 1 m3 )
ft 3
Q=650.52
s

C E R T IF IE D
5. Proposed hydroelectric power plant has the following data:
The turbine is to be connected to 60 cycle AC generator. Calculate the following:
a. Brake power of the turbine

b. Considering the total efficiency of 84.67% and the hydraulic efficiency of 56.5%,
what would be the mechanical efficiency of the turbine if the attached jet has a
coefficient of velocity=0.85 and a diameter of 12 m?
c. Given the parameters from the second problems, how many jets can be used to
couple with the turbine? What would be the power generated in the jet?
Solution:
Solve for brake power of the turbine

C E R T IF IE D
6. Calculate the power that can be developed from a hydroelectric power station having
the following data: Catchment area is 100 sq.km, average annual rainfall 117 cm,
run-off 82%, available head is 356 m and the overall station efficiency is 77%.
Given: Required:
e g =77 %∨0.77 Pg
kN
γ =9.81 h n=356 m x=117 cm=1.17 m R0 =82 %∨0.82
m3
A=100 km2=100× 106 m 2
Solution:
Find Q:
( 100× 106 m2 ) ( 1.17 m )( 0.82 )

Q= A R 0=
( 8760
1 yr
hr 3600 sec
×
hr )
Q=3.04 m3 /sec
Find Pw :
kN m3 (
(
Pw =γQ hn = 9.81
m3 )( 3.04
sec) 356 m )
Pw =10 , 616.77 kW
Compute for Pg :
Pg =Pw e g=( 10,616.77 kW )( 0.77 )
Pg =8174.91 kW

C E R T IF IE D
7. Pelton wheel develops 70 kW under a head of 65 m of water. It rotates at 400

rev/min. the diameter of penstock is 200 mm. the ratio of bucket speed of jeet velocity
is 0.475 and overall efficiency of the installation is 85%. Calculate the wheel diameter
in mm.
Given: Required:
P=70 kW Wheel diameter in mm.

rev
h n=65 mN=400 d=200 mm∅=0.475e 0=85 %∨0.85
min
Solution:
Solve for wheel diameter:
N
∅=v /v = ∅=
( 60 )
=D=
πD
∅ √2 g h n
p j
√2 g h N
π( ) n
60
∅ √ 2 g hn
( 0.475 )
(√ ( ) )
2 9.81
m (
s2
65 m )
D= = ( 1001 mmm )
π ( 60N ) π
400
( 600 )
D=810 mm
8. In a single-stage impulse turbine, water enters at an absolute velocity of 356 m/s at

an angle of 40° (𝛼1= 40°), at 0.5 kg/s. the blade speed is 60 m/s and the bucket
velocity coefficient is 0.8. If the blades have equal entrance and exit angles, what is
the power generated in kW?
Given: Required:
V = 356 m/s Power, P

m = 0.5 kg/s
c v = 0.8
Angle = 40˚

C E R T IF IE D
Solution:
Find A:
m 0.5 kg /s
A = ρV = 3
(1000 kg/m )( 356 m/s)
A ¿ 1.4 x 10−6 m2
Find h n:
V1 = Cv √ 2 g h n → 356 m/s=0.8 √ 2 ( 9.8 m / s 2 ) ( hn )
h n=10,103.32m
Find Q:
Q= AV =(1.40 x 10−6 m2)(356 m/s)
Q=¿4.98 x 10-4 m3/s
Compute for Power,P:
m3 ( kN
(
P=γQ hn = 4.98 x 10− 4
s ) (
10,103.32 m ) 9.81 3
m )
P=0.049 kW

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Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Q=2.1m 3 /s z 1=1 m Turbine Power

Solve for Power of turbine, Pt :

Find value of net head, h n:

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

Solve for size of wheel:

2. A remote community in Mountain province plans to put a small hydroelectric plant to

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

kw−hr 1 year 1 day

e (%) ¿ e t ( e g ) ( 100 %−hloss )

¿ ( 0.87 ) ( 0.92 ) ( 1−0.038 )

Calculate for headwater elevation

headwater elevation = H + Tailwater elevation

headwater elevation = 508.67 m

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b.) Penstock Efficiency:

c.) Hydraulic Efficiency

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4. A hydroelectric plant has 20 MW generator efficiency of 96%. The generator is

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5. Proposed hydroelectric power plant has the following data:

The turbine is to be connected to 60 cycle AC generator. Calculate the following:

a. Brake power of the turbine

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( 100× 106 m2 ) ( 1.17 m )( 0.82 )

Pg =Pw e g=( 10,616.77 kW )( 0.77 )

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7. Pelton wheel develops 70 kW under a head of 65 m of water. It rotates at 400

P=70 kW Wheel diameter in mm.

Solve for wheel diameter:

8. In a single-stage impulse turbine, water enters at an absolute velocity of 356 m/s at

V = 356 m/s Power, P

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

V1 = Cv √ 2 g h n → 356 m/s=0.8 √ 2 ( 9.8 m / s 2 ) ( hn )

Q= AV =(1.40 x 10−6 m2)(356 m/s)

Q=¿4.98 x 10-4 m3/s

Compute for Power,P:

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