Compiled FluMach Problems - GROUP6 - BSME31

Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

CERT IFIED
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CERTIFICATENUMBER
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT AJA18-0190
FLUID MACHINERIES (MEEN 30203)

COMPILATION OF SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS FROM
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Submitted by:
Group 6
BSME 3-1
Members:
1. Briones, Christian Marjhun M. (Leader)
2. Antolin, John Carlo A.
3. Banayat Jr., Samuel L.
4. Incleto, Krysmarl P.
5. Mendoza, Allien Jem L.
6. Tamayao, Vicmar Howell P.
Submitted to:
Engr. Edwin C. Esperanza
Professor, Fluid Machineries
PUP NDC Compound, Anonas Street, Sta. Mesa, Manila 1016 Direct Line: 716-6273
Website: www.pup.edu.ph | Email: ce@pup.edu.ph
THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

CERT IFIED
PROBLEM SET IN FLUID MACHINERIES

CHAPTER NO. 1: ESTIMATING ENERGY HEAD AND LOSSES
ACTIVITY #1
Submitted by:
Group 6
BSME 3-1
Members:
Submitted to:

CERT IFIED
Problem #1
A pipe transmits water from a tank A to point C that is
lower than water level in the tank by 4 m. The pipe is 100 mm
diameter and 15 m long. The highest point on the pipe B is 1.5 m
above water level in the tank and 5 m long from the tank. The
friction factor (f) is 0.08, with sharp inlet and outlet to the pipe.
a. Determine the velocity of water leaving the pipe at C.

b. Calculate the pressure in the pipe at the point B.
Solution:
A. Velocity of water leaving pipe C.
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between A and C.
Head loss due to entry (tank exit, from table) = 0.5 ( 𝑣𝐶 2 /2𝑔)
Head loss due to exit into air without contraction= 0
Equation:
4𝑓𝐿 𝑣𝐶 2
𝑧𝐴 + 0 + 0 = 𝑧𝐶 + 0 + (𝑣𝐶 2 /2𝑔) + 0.5 (𝑣𝐶 2 /2𝑔) + 0 +
2𝑔𝐷
4 = (𝑣𝐶 2 /2𝑔) (1 + 0.5 + ((4) (0.08) (15)/0.1)
‫ = 𝐶𝑣 ؞‬1.26 m/s
B. Pressure of pipe B.
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between A and B.
Equation:
4𝑓𝐿 𝑣𝐵 2
𝑧𝐴 + 0 + 0 = 𝑧𝐵 + 𝑃𝐵 /ρg + (𝑣𝐵 2 /2𝑔) + 0.5 (𝑣𝐵 2 /2𝑔) + 0 +
2𝑔𝐷
- 1.5 = 𝑃𝐵 /(1000)(9.81) + (1.262 / (2)(9.81))*(1 + 0.5 + ((4) (0.08) (5)/ 0.1)
‫ = 𝐵𝑃 ؞‬-28.61 KN/m2

CERT IFIED
Problem #2
A nozzle inclined at an angle of 60 degrees with the

horizontal issues a 50-mm diameter water jet at the rate of
10 m/s. Neglecting air resistance, what is the area of the jet
at the highest point of the projectile?
Solution:
Solve for the velocity of the jet at the summit (Highest point).
𝑣𝑦 = 0
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑗 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑣𝑥 = 10𝑐𝑜𝑠60° = 5𝑚/𝑠
Since flow is continuous:
[𝑄𝑂 = 𝑄𝐴 ] ; Q= Av
𝐴𝑂 𝑣𝑂 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑣
𝜋/4 (0.05)2 (10) = 𝐴𝐴 (5)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴 = 0.0039 𝑚2
Problem #3
Water flows at the rate of 7.5 m/s through a 75-mm diameter

pipe and leaves through a 50-mm diameter and 65-mm diameter pipes
at the rate of 3 m/s and 3.5 m/s, respectively. Air at the top of the tank
escapes through a 50-mm diameter vent. Calculate the velocity of air
flow through the vent, assuming the flow to be incompressible.
Solution:
Assuming flow to be incompressible:
[𝑄𝐼𝑛 = 𝑄𝑂𝑢𝑡 ]
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(0.075)2 (7.5) = (0.05)2 (3) + (0.065)2 (3.5) + (0.6)2 𝑑ℎ/𝑑𝑡
4 4 4 4
𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡
= 0.0553 𝑚/𝑠

CERT IFIED
Considering the air above the tank:
[𝑄4 = 𝑄𝐴𝑖𝑟 ]
𝜋 𝜋
4
(0.05)2 (𝑣4 ) = 4
(0.6)2 (𝑑ℎ/𝑑𝑡)
𝜋 𝜋
(0.05)2 (𝑣4 ) = (0.6)2 (0.0553)
4 4
𝑚
𝑣4 = 7.963 𝑠
(velocity of air flow)
Problem #4
A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in size

from 150 mm at section 1 and 450 mm at section 2. Section 1 is 3.6
m below section 2 and the pressures are 90 KPa and 60 KPa,
respectively. If the discharge is 150 lit/sec, determine the head lost
and the direction of flow.
Solution:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 0.15 𝑚3 /𝑠
0.15
𝑣1 = 𝜋 = 8.49 𝑚/𝑠
(0.15)2
4
0.15
𝑣2 = 𝜋 = 0.943 𝑚/𝑠
(0.45)2
4
Taking ① as datum:
𝑣2 𝜌
Use formula for Energy head: + +𝑧
2𝑔 𝛾
𝑣1 2 𝜌1 (8.49)2 90
𝐸1 = + + 𝑍1 = + + 0 = 14.135 𝑚
2𝑔 𝛾 2(9.81) 9.81 (0.877)
𝑣2 2 𝜌2 (0.943)2 60
𝐸2 = + + 𝑍2 = + + 3.6 = 10.62 m
2𝑔 𝛾 2(9.81) 9.81 (0.877)
Note: Since 𝐸1 > 𝐸2 , then the direction of the flow is from 1 to 2.

Computing for head lost:
HL = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = (14.135 − 10.62) 𝑚
∴ 𝐻𝐿 = 3.515 𝑚

CERT IFIED
Problem #5
The diverging tube discharges water from a reservoir at the

depth of 10 m below the water surface. The diameter of the tube
gradually increases from 150 mm at the throat of 225 mm at the outlet.
Neglecting friction, determine the maximum possible rate of
discharge through this tube and the corresponding pressure at the
throat.
Solution:
A. Maximum rate of discharge:

(Neglecting head loss and datum along point 3)
𝐸1 = 𝐸3
𝑣1 2 𝜌1 𝑣3 2 𝜌3
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍3
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
3 𝑣 2
0 + 0 + 10 = 2(9.81) +0+0
𝑣3 = 14 𝑚/𝑠
Volume flow rate, Q:

𝜋 𝜋
𝑄1 = 𝑄3 = 4
(0.255)2 (𝑣3 ) = 4
(0.255)2 (14) = 0.557 𝑚3 /𝑠
B. Pressure at the throat

Energy equation between ② and ③:
𝑣2 2 𝜌2 𝑣3 2 𝜌3
+ + 𝑍2 = + + 𝑍3
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
8(0.557)2 𝜌2 142
+ + 0 = +0+0
𝜋 2 (9.81)(0.15)4 9.81 2(9.81)
𝜌2 = −398.75 𝑘𝑃𝑎

CERT IFIED

CHAPTER NO. 2: Gas Compressors
ACTIVITY #2
Submitted by:
Group 6
BSME 3-1
Members:
Submitted to:

CERT IFIED
Multiple Choice:
1. As a rule of thumb, for a specified amount of compressed air, the power consumption
of the compressor decreases by ______________ for each 3℃ drops in the temperature
inlet air to the compressor.
A. 1 percent
B. 1.5 percent
C. 2 percent
D. 2.5 percent
2. The mass flow rate produces by the compressor is __________.
A. Proportional to the mass of the suction vapor that the compressor takes in at
the suction inlet per unit time
B. Equal to the mass of the suction vapor that the compressor takes in at the
suction inlet per unit time
C. Less than the mass of the suction vapor that the compressor takes in at the
D. Greater that the mass of the suction vapor that the compressor takes in at the
3. It is simply the compression of the gas in two or more cylinders in place of a single
cylinder compressor
A. Intercooled Compression
B. Multistage Compression
C. Efficient Compression
D. Performance Compression
4. The function of a pump and compressor is to ________.
A. transfer heat from one fluid to another
B. increase the total energy content of the flow
C. extract energy from the flow
D. exchange heat to increase energy to the flow
5. Modern way of detecting air compressor leak is by using _________.
A. Soup and water
B. Air leak detector
C. Acoustic leak detector
D. Ammonia leak detector

CERT IFIED
Problem #1
Prove that the conventional volumetric efficiency in a single-stage
compressor in terms of suction and discharge volume is:
Solution:
From the diagram:

𝑉1 𝑉1 1 − 𝑉4
=
𝑉𝐷 𝑉𝐷
Note:
𝑉3
c= = 𝑉3 = 𝐶𝑉𝐷
𝑉𝐷
From polytropic relations:
1
𝑃3 𝑛
𝑉4 = 𝑉3 ( )
𝑃4
1
𝑃2 𝑛
= 𝐶𝑉 𝐷 (𝑃1) ; 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃3 = 𝑃2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃4 = 𝑃1
𝑉1 𝑛
𝑉4 = 𝐶𝑉𝐷 ( ) ; 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑛
𝑉2

CERT IFIED
Total Volume Swept:

𝑉1
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝐷 + 𝐶𝑉𝐷 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛: = 𝑛𝑣
𝑉𝐷
𝑉1 − 𝑉4
𝑛𝑣 =
𝑉𝐷
1
𝑃𝑑 𝑛
𝑉𝐷 +𝐶𝑉𝐷 −𝐶𝑉𝐷 ( )
𝑃𝑠
= ; where 𝑃2 = Pressure at discharge port, 𝑃𝑑
𝑉𝐷
𝑃1 = Pressure at suction port, 𝑃𝑠

1
𝑃 𝑛 𝑉1
Note: (𝑃2) =
𝑉2
1
𝑉 𝑉
𝑉𝐷 +𝐶𝑉𝐷 −𝐶𝑉𝐷 ( 1 ) 𝑉𝐷 (1+𝑐−𝑐)( 1)
𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑛𝑣 = =
𝑉𝐷 𝑉𝐷
𝑉1
∴ 𝑛𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 ( )
𝑉2
Problem #2
Prove that the polytropic compression work of a compressor in terms of suction
and discharge port pressure is:
-1
Solution:
From the energy balance of an air compressor
𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝐻 + 𝑊
For Reciprocating Compressors:
∆𝐾𝐸 = 0
And since, ∆𝑃𝐸 is 0
𝑄 = ∆𝐻 + 𝑊 or 𝑊 = 𝑄 − ∆𝐻

CERT IFIED
For Polytropic Compression: ∆𝐾𝐸 = 0, ∆𝑃𝐸 = 0
𝑊 = 𝑄 − ∆𝐻
𝑊 = 𝑚𝐶𝑛 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) − 𝑚𝐶𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
= 𝑚(𝐶𝑛 − 𝐶𝑝 )(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑐𝑣(𝑘−𝑛)
= 𝑚 [(
1−𝑛
) − 𝑘𝑐𝑣] (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑐𝑣𝑘−𝑛𝑐𝑣−𝑘𝑐𝑣+𝑛𝑘𝑐𝑣
= 𝑚(
1−𝑛
) (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑚𝑛𝑐𝑣 (𝑘−1) 𝑇2
= (𝑇 − 1)
1−𝑛 1
𝑛−1
𝑚𝑛𝑅𝑇1 𝑃𝑑 𝑛
= (𝑃 ) − 1; since PV=mRT
1−𝑛 𝑠
𝑛−1
𝑛𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝑃𝑑 𝑛
∴𝑊= (𝑃 ) −1
1−𝑛 𝑠
Problem #3
A 14x15 in. double-acting air compressor, whose clearance is 4% runs at 150 rpm.
At state 1, the air is at 14 psia and 80℉ discharge is at 56 psia, compression and re-
expansion processes are isentropic. The state of the surrounding is at 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡1 = 70℉. Estimate the free air in cfm using the conventional volumetric efficiency.
Also, compute for the horsepower for a compressor efficiency of 75% based on the work
input. Draw the conventional indicator diagram for the compressor.
Solution:
Find Volume Displacement, 𝑉𝐷

𝜋𝐷2
𝑉𝐷 = 𝐿𝑁𝑛𝑐 𝑛𝑝 ; where bore= 14 in
4
stroke= 15 in
*Substituting all values given:
𝜋(14𝑖𝑛)2
(15𝑖𝑛)(150 𝑟𝑝𝑚)(2)(1)
4
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑖𝑛3
1728 𝑓𝑡3
𝑓𝑡 3⁄
𝑉𝐷 = 400.88 𝑚𝑖𝑛

CERT IFIED
Find 𝑛𝑣 ,
1
𝑃𝑑 𝑘
𝑛𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 ( )
𝑃𝑠
*Substituting all values given:

1
56 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 1.4
𝑛𝑣 = 1 + 0.04 − 0.04 (14 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)
𝑛𝑣 = 0.932 or 93.2%
Solve for 𝑉𝑠1 using values from 𝑉𝐷 and 𝑛𝑣 :
𝑉𝑠1 = (𝑛𝑣 )(𝑉𝐷 )
𝑓𝑡 3⁄
𝑉𝑠1 = 373.62 𝑚𝑖𝑛
From the suction port and atmospheric condition for volume of free air;
𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 1 𝑃𝑎 𝑉𝑎 𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 1 𝑇𝑎
= => 𝑉𝑎 =
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑠 𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑡 3⁄
14 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 (373.62 𝑚𝑖𝑛)(530 𝑅)
𝑉𝑎 =
540 𝑅 (14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)
𝑓𝑡 3⁄
𝑉𝑎 = 349.24 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Solve for shaft work

𝑊𝑐 𝑊𝑐
𝑒= => 𝑊𝑏 =
𝑊𝑏 𝑒
Calculate 𝑊𝑐 :
𝑘−1
𝑘𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 1 𝑃𝑑 𝑘
𝑊𝑐 = [( ) − 1]
1−𝑘 𝑃𝑠
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3⁄ 𝑖𝑛2 1.4−1
1.4(14 )( 373.62 𝑚𝑖𝑛)(144 𝑓𝑡2) 56 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 1.4
𝑖𝑛2
= 𝑓𝑡∗𝑙𝑏𝑓 [( ) − 1]
(1−1.4)(778 ) 14
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐵𝑡𝑢 ℎ𝑝−𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑐 = −1646 ( )
𝑚𝑖𝑛 42.4𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑊𝑐 = −38.84 Hp

CERT IFIED
Finally solve for 𝑊𝑏 ;

−38.84 Hp
𝑊𝑏 = = 53.51 Hp
0.75
Problem #4
A two-stage, double acting compressor operating at 150 rpm takes in air at 14 psia,
80 degrees Fahrenheit. The low-pressure cylinder is 14x15-in, the stroke of the high-
pressure cylinder is 15 in and the clearance of both cylinders is 4%. Air is discharged at
56 psia from the LP cylinder, passes through the intercooler, and enters the HP cylinder
at 53.75 psia, 80 degrees Fahrenheit then it leaves the HP cylinder at 215 psia. Neglecting
the effects of piston rod on the crank end, environmental atmosphere conditions are 14.7
psia, 70 degrees Fahrenheit, compute for the following:
a. Volume of Free Air Compressed
B. Heat Transferred During Compression to Cooling Water Around
the LP Cylinder
C. Heat Rejected During Intercooling
D. Diameter of HP Cylinder
E. Work Required for The Compressor
Solution:
A. Volume Displacement (𝑽𝑫 ) at LP:
𝜋𝐷2
𝑉𝐷 𝐿𝑃 = 𝐿𝑁𝑛𝑐 𝑛𝑝
4
𝜋(14 𝑖𝑛)2
(15 𝑖𝑛)(150 𝑟𝑝𝑚)(2)
4
= 𝑖𝑛3
1728
𝑓𝑡3
𝑓𝑡 3⁄
𝑉𝐷 𝐿𝑃 = 400.88 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Solving for 𝑉𝑠1 ;

𝑉𝑠 1
𝑛𝑣 = => 𝑉𝑠 1 = (𝑛𝑣 )(𝑉𝐷 )
𝑉𝐷
1
𝑃 𝑛
Since, 𝑛𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 ( 𝑑)
𝑃𝑠

CERT IFIED
Find value of 𝑛𝑣 :
1
56 1.3
𝑛𝑣 = 1 + 0.04 − 0.04 ( )
14
𝑛𝑣 = 0.924 𝑜𝑟 92.4 %
Solve for 𝑉𝑠1
𝑓𝑡 3⁄
𝑉𝑠 1 = (0.924) (400.88 𝑚𝑖𝑛)
𝑓𝑡 3⁄
𝑉𝑠 1 = 370.41 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Find Volume of free air;

*consider atmospheric conditions and suction port
𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 1 𝑃𝑎 𝑉𝑎 𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 1 𝑇𝑎
= => 𝑉𝑎 =
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑠 𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑡 3⁄
14 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 (370.41 𝑚𝑖𝑛)(530 𝑅)
𝑉𝑎 =
540 𝑅 (14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)
𝑓𝑡 3⁄
𝑉𝑎 = 345.86 𝑚𝑖𝑛
B. Heat Transferred in the LP to the Intercooler

From the relation:
1 1
𝑃 𝑛 56 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 1.3
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 ( 𝑑) = 540𝑅 ( )
𝑃𝑠 14 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇2 = 743.59 𝑅
From the Diagram:
𝑓𝑡 3⁄
𝑉𝑠 = 1 + 𝑐 (𝑉𝐷 𝐿𝑃 ) = 1 + 0.04 (400.88 𝑚𝑖𝑛)
𝑓𝑡 3⁄
𝑉𝑠 = 416.92 𝑚𝑖𝑛

CERT IFIED
Calculating the mass entering suction port:
𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1
𝑅𝑇1 14(144)(416.92)
m= =
𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 53.342(540)
𝑙𝑏𝑚
m= 29.18
min
Heat rejected at LP:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑛 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑘−𝑛)
= (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
1−𝑛
𝐵𝑡𝑢
29.18 (𝑙𝑏𝑚/ min) (0.1715 )(1.4−1.3)
𝑙𝑏𝑚−𝑅
= (743.59 − 540)R
1−1.3
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄 = −339.61
𝑚𝑖𝑛
C. Heat rejection during Intercooling; 𝑸𝑹

*Using 𝑉𝑠 1 as a mass basis, since intercooling happened after being drawn):
𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 14(144)(370.41)
𝑚11 = =
𝑅𝑇1 53.342(540)
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑚11 = 25.92
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚11 𝑐𝑝 ( 𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇2 ) ; where 𝑇𝑥 = Intercooler Temperature

𝑇𝑥 = 80°𝐹 + 460 = 540𝑅
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝐵𝑡𝑢
= 25.92
𝑚𝑖𝑛
(0.24 𝑙𝑏𝑚−𝑅) (540 − 743.59)𝑅
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄𝑅 = −1266.49
𝑚𝑖𝑛

CERT IFIED
D. Volume displacement at HP cylinder; 𝑽𝑫 𝑯𝑷 :
Consider the 𝑚11 entering the intercooler (where HP cylinder is placed)

Solving for 𝑉3 :
lbm ft−lbf
m𝑅𝑇3 25.92 ( 53.342 )(540R)
min lbm−R
𝑉3 = = 𝑖𝑛2 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑃3 144 ( 53.75 )
𝑓𝑡2 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑡3
𝑉3 = 96.46
𝑚𝑖𝑛
Solve for 𝑉𝐷 𝐻𝑃 ;
𝑓𝑡3
𝑉3 96.46
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝐷 𝐻𝑃 = =
𝑛𝑣 0.924
𝑓𝑡3
𝑉𝐷 𝐻𝑃 = 104.39
𝑚𝑖𝑛
Solve for 𝐷𝐻𝑝 :

2
𝜋(𝐷𝐻𝑝 )
𝑉𝐷 𝐻𝑃 = L (𝑛𝑐 )(𝑛𝑝 )
4
2
𝑓𝑡3 𝜋(𝐷𝐻𝑝 ) 15in
104.39 = ( ) (2)(150 𝑟𝑝𝑚)
𝑚𝑖𝑛 4 12
𝐷𝐻𝑝 = 0.595 𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑟 7.14 𝑖𝑛
E. Work required for the compressor nth stage;
𝑠𝑛𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝑃𝑠 𝑛−1/2(𝑠)
𝑊𝑐 = (𝑉 ) −1
1−𝑛 𝑠
𝑓𝑡3
2(1.3)(144)(416.92
𝑚𝑖𝑛
) 56 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 1.3−1/1.3(2)
= (14 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 ) −1
1−1.3
𝑊𝑐 = −38.304 Hp
Since HP=LP, then;
𝑊𝑐 = 2𝑊𝑐
𝑊𝑐 = −76.608 Hp

CERT IFIED
Problem #5
In a single-acting three stage tandem air compressor, the piston diameters are
70,335 and 375 mm diameter respectively, the stroke is 380 mm and it is driven directly
from a motor running at 250 rpm. The suction pressure is atmospheric (1.013 bar) and
the discharge is 45 bar gauge pressure. Assuming that the air delivered to the reservoir
is cooled down to the initial suction temperature and taking the volumetric efficiency as
90%. Calculate the volume of compressed air delivered to the reservoirs per minute.
Solution:
Calculating area for the LP cylinder

𝜋
𝐴𝐿𝑃 = (𝐷32 − 𝐷12 )
4
𝜋
= (0.3752 − 𝑂, 072 )𝑚2
4
𝐴𝐿𝑃 = 0.1066 𝑚2
Solving for 𝑉𝐷 and 𝑉𝑠 1 ;
𝑉𝑠 1
𝑛𝑣 = => 𝑉𝑠 1 = 𝑛𝑣 (𝑉𝐷 )
𝑉𝐷
𝑉𝑠 1 = 0.90(0.1066 𝑚2 )(0.38 𝑚)(250 𝑟𝑝𝑚)
𝑉𝑠 1 = 9.115𝑚3
Volume being delivered:
𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 1 = 𝑃𝑑 𝑉𝑑
𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 1
𝑉𝑑 =
𝑃𝑑
1.013𝑏𝑎𝑟 (9.115 𝑚3 )
= (45+1.013)𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑉𝑑 = 0.2006 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

CERT IFIED
Problem #6
Reciprocating compressor is to compress 47 L/s of dry air from 1 atm and 32 deg.
C to 6 atm. The clearance in the compressor is 0.05 and the over-all efficiency is 65.6%.
Calculate the actual power required to drive the compressor assuming isentropic
compression and the piston displacement if the compressor is double acting and
operating at 200 strokes per minute.
Solution:
Solving work for isentropic compression
𝑘−1
𝑘𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 1 𝑃𝑑 𝑘
𝑊𝑐 = [ (𝑃 ) − 1]
1−𝑘 𝑠
𝑚3 1.4−1
1.4(101.325 𝐾𝑃𝑎 )(0.047 ) 6 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1.4
𝑠
= [ (14 𝑎𝑡𝑚) − 1]
(1−1.4)
𝑊𝑐 = 11.14 KW
Solving for shaft power, 𝑊𝑠 ;
𝑊𝑐 𝑊𝑐
𝑒𝑐 = => 𝑊𝑠 =
𝑊𝑠 𝑒𝑐
11.14 𝐾𝑊
𝑊𝑠 =
0.656
𝑊𝑠 = 16.98 𝐾𝑊
For 𝑉𝐷 ;
1
𝑃 𝑘
𝑒𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 ( 𝑑)
𝑃𝑠
1
6 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1.4
= 1 + 0.05 − 0.05 ( )
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑒𝑣 = 0.8701 𝑜𝑟 87.01%

CERT IFIED
Calculate 𝑉𝐷 ;
𝑉𝑠 1
𝑉𝐷 =
𝑒𝑣
0.047 𝑚3 /𝑠
=
0.8701
𝑚3
𝑉𝐷 = 0.054 𝑠
Since it is double acting, operating at 200 strokes/min:
𝑚3
𝑉𝐷 = 0.054 (60s/1min) (1min/200 strokes) (1 stroke/2 displacement)
𝑠
𝑉𝐷 = 8.1𝑥10−3 𝑚3
Problem #7
An air compressor is defined as a machine that uses electric motor or gas engine
to power a device that sucks in successive volumes of air from the atmosphere and
compresses (squeezes) each volume of air in a confined place to increase its pressure
by making the volume smaller, and then transfer the high-pressure air to a receiver tank.
How can you reduce a certain power requirement for a single-stage compressor? Show
some proof theoretically.
Answer:
In minimizing a certain power requirement in an air compressor, controls must be

applied. But certain factors are also considered for the said task.
Most of the air compressors have clearance volumes. Clearance volume is a

spacing between the top of the piston and the valve’s heads when the piston is at the end
of the delivery stroke. Good quality machines have a clearance volume of about 6% but
compressors with clearances of 30 – 35% are also commonly exist. For this instance, the
reciprocating compressor type will be used as the basis model.

CERT IFIED
Fig. 1: P-V diagram of a single-stage reciprocating Fig. 2: P-V diagram of a single-stage reciprocating
compressor with clearance volume. compressor with clearance volume depicting
valve bounce scenario.
At point 4 in figure above (See Fig.2), the clearance air actually reduced to
atmospheric pressure. The inlet valve in practice will not open. Reasons for that are; (i)
inlet valve inertia, (ii) there must be a pressure difference across the inlet valve in order
to move it. Thus, pressure drop away until the valve is forced off its seat. Some valve
bounce will then set in (wavy line) Therefore intake will become near enough steady at
some pressure below atmospheric pressure. The negative pressure difference, i.e. intake
depression settles naturally.
Similar situation occurs at point 2. There is a constant pressure rise, followed by

valve bounce and the pressure then settles at some pressure above external delivery
pressure (i.e. Receiver tank pressure). Thus, making volumetric efficiency inadequate for
a user requirement and allowing to work with higher power requirement. In order to solve
this issue, there must be a decrease in clearance volume to be more volumetrically
efficient.

CERT IFIED
Another factor is pressure delivery. There are certain disadvantages to increase

the delivery pressure to a high value.
Fig. 3: P-V diagram of a single-stage compressor in

continuous and incremental cycling.
Based on the figure above (See Fig.3), when the delivery pressure is increased
to p3, the volume of the fresh air induced is reduced from;
(𝑉𝑎 – 𝑉𝑑) 𝑡𝑜 (𝑉𝑎 – 𝑉𝑑’), and so on,
whereas swept volume Vs is remains constant. Since the volumetric efficiency is
given by
(𝑉𝑎 – 𝑉𝑑 )
ƞ𝑣𝑜𝑙 =
𝑉𝑠
The volumetric efficiency decreases with increasing delivery pressure. In order to
solve the issue on delivery pressure, measures in decreasing the delivery pressure
should be applied such as installation of a central supply side controller (since it can
greatly reduce the operational pressure band and orchestrate air production much more
efficiently and effectively.), checking leaks, running the compressor at require pressures
(not beyond), the like.
Note that for each two psig reduction cuts energy consumption and requirement
by one percent.

CERT IFIED
A stop-gap measure used in order to reduce the compressor power requirement is

the application of compressor controls, specifically the Load-Unload controls. All single-
stage air compressors use pressure at the discharge of the air compressor to control the
operation of the machine. Load/unload controls allow the air compressor to operate at its
two most efficient points on the “power curve,” meaning full load (compressing air) and
unload (running but not compressing air). Load/unload (sometimes called load / no-load
or dual control) requires storage receiver volume, and operates the compressor at full
capacity until the unload pressure (cut-out) set point is reached.
At the unload pressure, the compressor switches to unload, producing no
compressed air, and venting its internal pressure (blowing down). During this unload
period, demand of the plant must be met by the stored air in the receiver(s) and
piping. Once a lower load (cut-ins) pressure is reached, the compressor returns to full
capacity, and the cycle repeats. During the unload period, the compressor reaches a low
unloaded power consumption (approximately 25% of full load for lubricated screw and
vane compressors, and 10 to 20% for reciprocating, oil-free screw, and centrifugal
compressors).
On oil flooded screw and vane compressors, however, it may take 30 to 60
seconds of unload time for the compressor to reach this lowest unloaded power
consumption. For this reason, the efficiency of these compressors is greatly affected by
the amount of receiver volume present in the system, as well. More receiver volume
allows longer unloaded periods with lower power consumption. In addition, more receiver
volume causes the compressor to cycle less, reducing wear and tear on the machine.
Fig. 4: A graph for a compressor with load/unload controls
It’s important to note that the “most efficient” air compressor is the one that is
turned off, since the energy requirement is at zero.

CERT IFIED

CERT IFIED

CHAPTER NO. 3: PUMPS
ACTIVITY #3
Submitted by:
Group 6
BSME 3-1
Members:
Submitted to:

CERT IFIED
I. Multiple choice:
1. The size of a steam reciprocating pumps is generally designated by a three-digit number

as 645. What does the first digit indicate?
A. number of cylinders
B. percent clearance
C. inside diameter of the steam cylinder measured in inches
D. stroke of the pump in inches
2. If 𝑄𝑠 is the actual discharge flow and 𝑄𝑏 is the theoretical discharge flow, what will be the
coefficient of discharge be equal to during positive displacement slip?
A. 𝑄𝑠 𝑥 𝑄𝑏
B. 𝑄𝑠 / 𝑄𝑏
C. 𝑄𝑏 / 𝑄𝑠
D. 1-𝑄𝑠 / 𝑄𝑏
3. A pump in which the pressure is developed principally by the action of centrifugal force.
A. centrifugal pump
B. end suction pump
C. horizontal pump
D. in line pump
4. A pump having its suction nozzle on the opposite side of the casing from the stuffing box
and having the face of the suction nozzle perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
shaft.
A. centrifugal pump
B. end suction pump
C. horizontal pump
D. in line pump
5. A centrifugal pump whose drive unit is supported by the pump having its suction and
discharge flanges on approximately the same center.
A. centrifugal pump
B. end suction pump
C. horizontal pump
D. in line pump

CERT IFIED
6. If 𝑄𝑠 is the actual discharge flow and 𝑄𝑏 is the theoretical discharge flow, what will be the
coefficient of discharge be equal to during negative displacement slip?
A. 𝑄𝑠 𝑥 𝑄𝑏
B. 𝑄𝑠 / 𝑄𝑏
C. 𝑄𝑏 / 𝑄𝑠
D. 1-𝑄𝑠 / 𝑄𝑏
7. Two pumps are connected in series. If 𝑄1 is the discharge of pump 1 and 𝑄2 is the
discharge of pump 2 where 𝑄1 < 𝑄2, what is the discharge of the series pump?
A. 𝑄2
B. 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
C. 𝑄1
D. 𝑄1/ 𝑄2
8. Which pump is more suitable for an application where very high pressure is required to
be developed at moderate discharge?
A. Reciprocating pump
B. Centrifugal pump
C. In line pump
D. Horizontal pump
9. The process of filling the liquid into the suction pipe and pump casing up to the level of
delivery valve is called as _________.
A. Filling
B. Pumping
C. Priming
D. Leveling
10. With increasing flow rate, what will happen with the hydraulic efficiency of a centrifugal
pump?
A. Increases Then Decreases

B. Remains Constant
C. Decreases Then Increases
D. Monotonically Increasing

CERT IFIED
11. The dynamic pressure of the liquid at pump section less the corresponding to the
temperature at the same point, converted to liquid.
A. net positive suction head
B. specific head
C. pump operating head
D. suction head
12. The algebraic difference of the discharge and suction heads
A. pump operating head
B. total dynamic head
C. net positive suction head
D. Both a and b are correct
13. In order to avoid cavitation in a centrifugal pump, which of the following is true?
A. Installation NPSH  pump NPSH
B. Installation NPSH  pump NPSH

C. Installation NPSH < pump NPSH
D. Installation NPSH should be negative
II. Supplementary Problems
1. A pump is to deliver 80 gpm at 140F with a discharge pressure of 150 psig. Suction
pressure indicates 2 in. of mercury vacuum. The diameter of the suction and discharge
pipes are 5 in and 4 in respectively. The pump has efficiency of 70% while the motor
efficiency is 80%. Determine the power input to the driver motor.
Given:
𝑔𝑎𝑙 1 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 = 80 ∗ ∗ 𝑒𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 70% = 0.7
𝑚𝑖𝑛 264 𝑔𝑎𝑙 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 5.0505𝑥10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 80% = 0.8
3.38639 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑠 = 2𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔 ∗ = 6.7728 𝐾𝑃𝑎
1 𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔
𝑃𝐷 = 1034.25 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑑𝑆 = 5 𝑖𝑛 = 0.127 𝑚
𝑑𝐷 = 4 𝑖𝑛 = 0.102 𝑚

CERT IFIED
Solution:
Find the velocity at the discharge and suction of the pump:

𝑄 5.0505𝑥10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴 = 𝜋 = 0.39869 𝑚/𝑠
( )(0.127 𝑚)2 .
4
𝑄 5.0505𝑥10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉𝐷 = 𝐴 = 𝜋 = 0.61808 𝑚/𝑠
( )(0.102 𝑚)2 .
4
Find head loss (H), considering no elevation.

𝑃𝐷− 𝑃𝑆 (𝑉𝐷2 −𝑉𝑆2 )
𝐻 = (𝑧𝐷− 𝑧𝑆 ) + 𝑤
+ 2𝑔
𝑚 2 𝑚 2
1034.25 𝐾𝑃𝑎−6.7728 𝐾𝑃𝑎 [(0.61808 𝑠 ) − (0.39869 𝑠 ) ]
= 0+ 9.81𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3 + m
2(9.81 2 )
s
𝐻 = 104. 749 𝑚
Solve for power input to the driver motor;

𝑃𝑤 𝑤𝑄𝐻 (9.81𝐾𝑁/𝑚3 )(5.0505𝑥10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐)(104.749 𝑚)
𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑒 = =
𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑒𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ) 𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑒𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ) 0.8(0.7)
𝑃. 𝐼 = 9.268 𝑘𝑊
2. Water from an open reservoir A at 8 m elevation is drawn by motor driven pump to an

open reservoir B at 70 m elevation. The inside diameter of the suction pipe is 200 mm
and 150 mm for the discharge pipe. The suction line has a loss of head three times
that the velocity head in the 200 mm pipe. The discharge line has a loss of head twenty
times that of the velocity head in the discharge pipeline. The pump centerline is at 4m.
Overall efficiency of the system is 78%. For a discharge rate of 10 liter per seconds,
find the:
A. Power input
B. Pressure gage readings installed just at the outlet and inlet of the pump
in kPag
Given:
𝐿
𝑄 = 10
𝑠
𝑑𝑆 = 200 𝑚𝑚
𝑍𝑆 = 8𝑚 𝑑𝐷 = 150 𝑚𝑚
𝑍𝐷 = 70𝑚 𝑒𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 78% = 0.78

CERT IFIED
Solution:
A. Power Input
𝑄 0.010 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚
𝑉𝑆 = = 𝜋 = 0.311831
𝐴 ( )(0.2𝑚)2 . 𝑠
4
𝑄 0.010𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚
𝑉𝐷 = 𝐴
= 𝜋 = 0.566 𝑠
( )(0.15𝑚)2 .
4
Find the head loss at the discharge and suction of the pump:
𝑚3 2
(𝑣12 ) 8𝑄 2 8(0.01 )
𝑠
ℎ𝑣1 = 2𝑔
= 𝜋2 (𝑔)(𝑑𝑠 )4
= 𝜋2 (9.81 𝑚/𝑠2 )(0.2𝑚)4
= 0.005124 𝑚
𝑚3 2
(𝑣22 ) 8𝑄 2 8(0.01 )
𝑠
ℎ𝑣2 = 2𝑔
= 𝜋 (𝑔)(𝑑𝐷 )4
2 = 𝜋 (9.81 𝑚/𝑠 )(0.15𝑚)4
2 2 = 0.01632 𝑚
𝑚 2
𝐻𝐿(𝑣 2 ) 3(0.311831 𝑠 )
ℎ𝐿𝑆 = = 𝑚 = 0.01549𝑚
2𝑔 2(9.81 2 )
𝑠
𝑚
𝐻𝐿(𝑣 2 ) 20(0.566 )2
𝑠
ℎ𝐿𝐷 = 2𝑔
= 𝑚 = 0.32642 𝑚
2(9.81 2)
𝑠
Find the total head loss:

𝐻 = (𝑧𝐷− 𝑧𝑆 ) + 𝑤
+ (ℎ𝐿𝑆 + ℎ𝐿𝐷 ) + 2𝑔
Since, there are no pressure heads;

𝑚 2 𝑚 2
(0.566 ) − (0.311831 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝐻 = (66 − 4)𝑚 + 0 + (0.01549 + 0.32642)𝑚 + 𝑚
2(9.81 2)
𝑠
𝐻 = 62.35𝑚
Solve for Power Input;

𝑃𝑤 𝑤𝑄𝐻 (0.010)(9.81)(62.353)
𝑃. 𝐼 = = = = 7.84𝑘𝑊
𝑒 𝑒 0.78
B. Pressure gage readings installed just at the outlet and inlet of the pump in kPag
Use energy equation between A and 1
𝑉2 𝑃𝐴 𝑉2 𝑃
𝐴
(2𝑔 + 𝑤
1
+ 𝑧𝐴 ) − ℎ𝑆 = (2𝑔 + 𝑤1 + 𝑧1 )
0.005124𝑚 𝑃1
(0 + 0 + 8𝑚) − 0.01549𝑚 = ( 𝑚 + + 4)
2(9.81 2) 9.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝑠
𝑃1 = 39.04 𝐾𝑃𝑎𝑔

CERT IFIED
Use energy equation between B and 2
𝑉2 𝑃 𝑉2 𝑃𝐵
2
(2𝑔 + 𝑤2 + 𝑧2 ) − ℎ𝑑 = (2𝑔
𝐵
+ 𝑤
+ 𝑧𝐵 )
𝑃2
(0.01632𝑚 + + 4) − 0.3264𝑚 = (0 + 0 + 70𝑚)
9.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝑃2 = 650.50 𝐾𝑃𝑎𝑔
3. A boiler feed pump receives 45 liter per second of water at 190C and enthalpy of
839.33 kJ/kg. It operates against a head of 952 m with efficiency of 70%. Estimate the
water leaving temperature assuming that the temperature rise is due to the inefficiency
of the input energy.
Given:
𝑄 = 45 𝐿/𝑠
𝑡1 = 190𝐶
ℎ1 = 839.33 kJ/kg
𝑒 = 70% = 0.7
Solution:
Assume m(w) as mass flow rate, kg/sec:
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑚𝑤(𝐻)(0.00981)

𝑚𝑤(ℎ2 − ℎ1) = 𝑚𝑤(𝐻)(0.00981)
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = (𝐻)(0.00981)
ℎ2 = (𝐻)(0.00981) + ℎ1
= (952)(0.00981) + 839.33
ℎ2 = 848.67 Kj/kg
(848.67 − 839.33) = (4.187)(𝑡2 − 190)(0.70)
T2= 191C

CERT IFIED
4. A large centrifugal pump has a 254-mm diameter inlet and a 127 mm diameter outlet
pipe. The measured flow rate is 51.6 liter per second of cold water. The measured
inlet pressure is 127 mmHg above atmospheric and discharge pressure at a point 2
m above the pump outlet is 243.5 KPa abs. If the pump input is 15 Hp, determine the
pump efficiency.
Given:
𝑑𝑆 = 254 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝐷 = 127 𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝑆 = 127 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝑃𝐷 = 243.5 𝐾𝑃𝑎
Solution:
Pump efficiency formula:
𝑒 = 𝑃𝑤⁄𝑃𝐼
Solve for the velocities of the discharge and suction of the pump:
𝑄 0.0516 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴 = 𝜋 = 1.018 𝑠
( )(0.254𝑚)2.
4
𝑄 0.0516 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚
𝑉𝐷 = 𝐴 = 𝜋 = 4.073 𝑠
( )(0.127𝑚)2 .
4
Solve for Head loss, (H)

𝐻 = (𝑧𝐷− 𝑧𝑆 ) + 𝑤
+ 2𝑔
𝑚 2 𝑚 2
(243.5−118.257)𝐾𝑃𝑎 (4.073 ) −(1.018 )
𝑠 𝑠
= (2 − 0)𝑚 + + 𝑚
9.81𝐾𝑁/𝑚3 2(9.81 2 )
𝑠
𝐻 = 15.51 𝑚
Find e:
𝐾𝑁 𝑚 𝐻𝑝
𝑤(𝑄)(𝐻)⁄ [(9.81 𝑚3 ) (0.0516 𝑠 ) (15.5086𝑚)] (1.341 𝑘𝑊)
𝑒= = ⁄
𝑃𝐼 15 𝐻𝑝
𝑒 = 0.7018 𝑜𝑟 70.18%

CERT IFIED
5. A double suction, single stage, centrifugal pump delivers 900 cmh of sea water
(S.G.=1.03) from a source where the water level varies 2 m from the high tide to low
tide level. The pump centerline is located 2.6m above the surface of the water at high-
tide level. The pump discharges into a surface condenser, 3 m above pump centerline.
Loss of head due to friction is 0.80 m and that in discharge side is 3 m. Pump is directly
coupled to a 1750 rpm, 460V, 3 phase, 60 Hz motor. Find the specific speed of the
pump in rpm.
Solution:
Specific Speed formula;

0.5
𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁(𝑄) ⁄ 3
𝐻4
Total suction head = (2 + 2.6 + 0.80) m

= 5.4 m or 17.71 ft
Total discharge head = (3 + 3) m

= 6 m or 19.686 ft
Solve for Q, double suction;

𝑄 = 900/2
𝑚3 𝑔𝑎𝑙
= 450 ℎ𝑟 𝑜𝑟 1981 ℎ𝑟
Solve for H;
𝐻 = (17.71 + 19.68) 𝑚
= 37.392𝑚
Find 𝑁𝑆 ;
0.5
𝑁𝑆 = 1750(1981) ⁄ 3 = 5151 𝑟𝑝𝑚
(37.392)4

CERT IFIED
6. A pump is used by a mechanical engineer to supply gasoline (SG=0.75) at the rate of

40 L/s to a location having a gage reading of 140 KPa, an elevation of 1.7 m above
the pump centerline and a reading of 230 mmHg in vacuum. By design, the discharge
pipe has a diameter of 100mm and 160 mm for the suction pipe. Calculate the power
delivered to the fluid if the pump efficiency given is 90%. Determine also the cost of
power for 24 hours operation if the power cost P0.30/kW-hr.
Given:
Gasoline (SG=0.75)
𝑚3
Q= 40 L/s = 0.04 𝑠
Pd= 140KPa
Zd= 1.7m
0.133322 𝐾𝑃𝑎
Ps= 230 mmHg * ( ) = 30.66 KPa
𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝑑𝑆 = 160 mm
𝑑𝐷 = 100 mm
𝑒𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 90% = 0.9
Solution:
Solve for the velocities of the discharge and suction of the pump:
𝑄 0.04 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚
𝑉𝑆 = = 𝜋 = 1.99
𝐴 ( )(0.16𝑚)2 . 𝑠
4
𝑄 0.04 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚
𝑉𝐷 = 𝐴 = 𝜋 = 5.09 𝑠
( )(0.10𝑚)2 .
4
Solve for Head loss, (H)

𝐻 = (𝑧𝐷− 𝑧𝑆 ) + 𝑤
+ 2𝑔
𝑚 2 𝑚 2
(140−30.66)𝐾𝑃𝑎 [(5.09 𝑠 ) −(1.99 𝑠 ) ]
= (1.7𝑚 − 0) + 9.81𝐾𝑁/𝑚3
+ 𝑚
2(9.81 2)
𝑠
𝐻 = 13.96 𝑚

CERT IFIED
Calculate for power and cost of power for 24 hours operation if the power cost P0.30/kW-
hr.
9.81𝐾𝑁 𝑚3
𝑃𝑤 = 𝑤𝑄𝐻 = [𝑤(𝑆. 𝐺)](𝑄)(𝐻) = 0.75 ( 𝑚 3 ) (0.04 𝑠
) (13.96 𝑚)
𝑃𝑤 = 4.108 𝑘𝑊
𝑃0.30
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟 (4.108 𝑘𝑊)(24 ℎ𝑟)
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃29.5776
7. Water in the rural areas is often extracted from underground water source whose free
surface is 60 m below the ground level. The water is to be raised 5 m above the ground
by a pump. The diameter of the pipe is 10cm at the inlet and 15 cm at the exit.
Neglecting any heat interaction with the surroundings and frictional heating effects,
find the necessary power input to the pump in Hp for a steady flow rate of water at
18.5 liter per second. Let the pump efficiency=75.67%
Given:
𝑄 = 18.5 𝑙/𝑠 = 0.0185 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑆 = 10 cm
𝑑𝐷 = 15 cm
𝑍𝑆 = -60 m
𝑍𝐷 = 5 m
𝑒𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 75.67% = 0.7567
Solution:
Elevation:

𝑄 0.0185 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚
𝑉𝑆 = = 𝜋 = 2.3555
𝐴 ( )(0.10𝑚)2 . 𝑠
4
𝑄 0.0185𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚
𝑉𝐷 = 𝐴
= 𝜋 = 1.0469 𝑠
( )(0.15𝑚)2 .
4

CERT IFIED
Find the total head loss:

𝐻 = (𝑧𝐷− 𝑧𝑆 ) + 𝑤
+ 2𝑔
Since, there are no pressure heads;

𝑚 2 𝑚 2
(2.3555 ) − (1.0469 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝐻 = (5 − (−60))𝑚 + 0 + 𝑚
2(9.81 2)
𝑠
𝐻 = 65.23𝑚
Solve for Power Input;

𝑃𝑤 𝑤𝑄𝐻 (0.0185)(9.81)(65.23)
𝑃. 𝐼 = = = = 15.65𝐾𝑊
𝑒 𝑒 0.7567
8. Explain the operation and application of a centrifugal pump. Why is priming important
and why is it required in the construction consideration of a centrifugal pump.
Answer:
The centrifugal pump is used to move fluid by the use of rotational energy from the
impeller. Centrifugal pumps are designed and suitable for low viscosity fluids such as
water or light oil. The more viscous the fluid, the more power is required for the pump to
work. Different types of impellers are used to handle different types of fluid depending on
its design. Generally, the more viscous the fluid is, an open impeller is needed thus the
opposite for less viscous fluids, an enclosed impeller is needed.
This impeller is driven by a motor connected via a shaft and is sealed so that no
leaking can be present. The impeller has a series of curved vanes fitted inside a shroud
plate. The impeller is rotated producing a centrifugal force pushing fluid radially out, since
the rotational energy of the impeller is transferred to the fluid, the pressure and kinetic
energy of the fluid is increased. The center of the impeller or the “eye”, negative pressure
is present due to the fluid being displaced outward, causing the suction of fluid.
That is why priming is important in the initial start of the pump. Without water inside
the casing initially, the negative pressure produced by the impeller is negligibly small to
suck water from the suction line. Priming aids this by filling water inside the casing of the
impeller. With water inside the casing, the amount of centrifugal force will increase, and
that will create a large amount of negative pressure and would be enough to produce or
pump a continuous stream of water from the suction line. The water moving radially out
of the impeller would move in the same rotational direction of the impeller to the discharge
line.

CERT IFIED
The casing would have an increasing area along the flow of direction. The increase
in area would help accommodate incoming water from the suction line and help reduce
the exit flow velocity, which in turn increase static pressure.

CERT IFIED

CHAPTER NO. 4: FANS AND BLOWERS
ACTIVITY #4
Submitted by:
Group 6
BSME 3-1
Members:
Submitted to:

CERT IFIED
Supplementary Problems:
1. In a ventilation system, it includes a fan with 545 cubic meter per minute. A
capacity discharging through a 142x115 cm air duct against a 30 mm static

pressure. Air temperature is at 21 ℃ and a barometric pressure of 720 mmHg.
Determine the input power required to give the fan an efficiency of 45.6%.
Given: Required:
m3
Q: 545
min
Pb= ?
Pd: 30 mm
Ad: 142x155 cm
hwater : 720 mmHg
efan: 45.6%
Solution:
Formula for Pb
𝑃
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑛
Find 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 :
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (720 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)( )
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = 𝑘𝐽
𝑅𝑇 (0.287 )(21 ℃+273)
𝑘𝑔∙𝐾
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.14 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
For hs :
0.001𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝑃𝑑 − 𝑃𝑠 (30 𝑚𝑚)( )(1000 3 )
1 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
ℎ𝑠 = = 𝑘𝑔 = 26.32 m
𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟 1.14 3
𝑚
For ℎ𝑣 :
𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
(545 )( )
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 𝑚
( )2 −(0 )2
1 𝑚2 𝑠
(142 𝑐𝑚)(155 𝑐𝑚)( )
𝑣2𝑑 −𝑣2𝑠 10000 𝑐𝑚2
ℎ𝑣 =
2𝑔
= 𝑚
2(9.81 2 )
= 0.87 𝑚
𝑠

CERT IFIED
Find h:
ℎ = 26.32 𝑚 + 0.868 𝑚 = 27.19 𝑚
Solve P:
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ = (1.14 ) (9.81 2 ) (545 )( ) (27.19 𝑚)
𝑚3 𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠
𝑘𝑔−𝑚2 1𝑊 1 𝑘𝑊
= 2760 ( 𝑘𝑔∙𝑚2
)( )
𝑠3 1 3 1000𝑊
𝑠
𝑃 = 2.76 𝑘𝑊
Now, solve for Pb:
2.76 𝑘𝑊
Pb = (0.456)
Pb = 6.05 𝑘𝑊
2. The air handling unit for an air-conditioning system has a centrifugal fan with
backward curve blades mounted on a scroll housing driven by a motor at 750

rpm. The fan blades deliver 2000 cfm of air against 3 in. WC static pressure
(including resistance of ducts, elbows, cooling coils and outlet grills) and 0.74
in WC velocity pressure. Calculate the tip speed of the wheel.
Given: Required:
𝑓𝑡3
𝑄 = 2000 Tip speed of wheel, v
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑁 = 750 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃𝑠 = 3 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝐶
𝑃𝑣 = 0.74 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝐶

CERT IFIED
Solution:
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
Consider 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.075 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 62.4
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 3
Find ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 :
1𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (0.74 𝑖𝑛)( )(62.4 3 )
12 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = 𝑙𝑏
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 0.075 3
𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 51.31 𝑓𝑡
Solve for v:
𝑓𝑡
𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 = √2(32.2 𝑠2
)(51.31 𝑓𝑡 )
𝑓𝑡
𝑣 = 57.48 𝑠
3. A fan is listed as having the following performance with standard air:
Volume discharge= 120 cms

Speed= 7 rps
Static pressure= 310 mmHg water gage
Brake power= 620 KW
The system duct will remain the same and the fan will discharge the same
volume of 120 cms of air at 90 ℃ and a barometric pressure of 735 mmHg
while its speed is 7 rps. Find the brake power input and the static pressure
head required.

CERT IFIED
Solution:
Find values of 𝜌1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌2 :
𝜌1 = 𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑃
𝜌2 =
𝑅𝑇
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
735 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 ( )
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
= 𝑘𝐽
0.287 (90+273)𝐾
𝑘𝑔−𝑘
𝑘𝑔
𝜌2 = 0.9406
𝑚3
Solve for brake power input, 𝑃𝑏 :
𝜌
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ( 2)
𝜌1
𝑘𝑔
0.9406
𝑚3
= 620𝑘𝑊 ( 𝑘𝑔 )
1.225 3
𝑚
𝑃𝑏 = 476. 059 𝑘𝑊
Solve for static pressure head, 𝑃𝑠 :
Since the fan has constant speed and volume flow rate,
𝑘𝑔
𝜌2 𝑃𝑠2 0.9406 𝑃𝑠2
𝑚3
= → 𝑘𝑔 =
𝜌1 𝑃𝑠1 1.225 3 310 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑚
𝑃𝑠2 = 238. 029 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒

CERT IFIED
4. A blower operating at 15000 rpm compresses air from 20℃ and 1 atm to 1.68
atm. The design flow is 38 cubic meter per minute and at this point the power
input is 84.3 KW. Find the blower efficiency at the design flow.
Given:
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 84.3 𝑘𝑊 𝑇1 = (20 + 273) = 293 𝐾
𝑚3
𝑝1 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑉1 = 38
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑝2 = 1.68 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑛 = 15000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
Required:
Blower efficiency, 𝑒𝑏
Solution:
𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Blower efficiency, 𝑒𝑏 =
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
Find value of Isentropic Power;

𝑘−1
𝑘𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑘
Isentropic Power = [( ) − 1]
𝑘−1 𝑝1
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1.4−1

1.4 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ( )(38 )( ) 1.68 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1.4
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 min 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= [( ) − 1]
1.4−1 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
Isentropic Power = 35. 886 𝑘𝑊
Calculate Blower efficiency, 𝑒𝑏 :
35.886
𝑒𝑏 = = 0.4257 𝑜𝑟 42.57%
84.3

CERT IFIED
5. Steam generator supplies 180,000 kg of steam per hour at 5.5 MPa and 540
℃ (hs=3520 KJ/kg) with feedwater at 176 ℃. At this output, the thermal

efficiency is 85% when burning 42,456 KJ/kg fuel oil and 15% excess air. The
products of combustion with an average molecular weight of 30 are removed
from the unit by a pair of duplicate-induced draft fans operating in parallel and
the flue gas temperature at each fan suction is 150℃. Find the estimated
capacity of each fan if 7.5 kg air is required for the complete combustion for
each 23200 KJ per kg heating value of oil. The differential pressure is 190 mm
WC.
Given: Required:
𝑘𝑔 𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 = 0.85
𝑚𝑠 = 180000 Capacity of each fan and 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 0.15
ℎ𝑠 = 3520
𝑘𝑔
𝑡𝑠 = 150𝐶
𝑘𝐽
𝑄ℎ = 42456 𝑧 = 158.33 𝑚
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑚𝑤 = 30
𝐻𝑉 = 23200
𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 7.5 𝑘𝑔
Solution:
Compute for 𝑚𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟:
𝑚𝑠 (ℎ𝑠 −ℎ𝑣 )
𝑚𝑓 =
𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑄ℎ
(180000)(3520−746)
=
(0.85)(42456)
𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑓 = 13836.33
ℎ𝑟

CERT IFIED
Compute for 𝑚𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑑:
𝑄ℎ
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 ( ) (𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 )
𝐻𝑉
42456 0.15
= (7.5) ( ) (1 + )
23200 𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑚𝑎 = 15.784
𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
Compute for 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝑚𝑓 ) = 15.784(13836.33) = 218389.174 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
Compute for 𝑚̇𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟:
(15.784+13836.33) 𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑚𝑓 = = 116086.81 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑛
2 ℎ𝑟
Solve Q:
𝑅 8.314
𝑚̇𝑔𝑎𝑠 ( )𝑇 116086.81 ( )(150+273)
𝑚𝑤 𝑠 30
𝑄= =
101.3 101.3
𝑚3 ℎ𝑟
= 134339.14 ( )
ℎ𝑟 3600𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚3
𝑄 = 37.32 estimated capacity of each fan.
𝑠𝑒𝑐
Solve 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 :
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ = 1.2(9.81)(37.32)(158.33)
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 69.56 𝑘𝑊

CERT IFIED
6. An engineer is tasked to select a fan that will operate an 80,000 cfm capacity
at 80 degree Fahrenheit, 15 psi condition. Considering 50% static fan efficiency

and a static motor of 2 in WC on full delivery, determine the size of motor that
should be selected.
Given: Required:
𝑚3
𝑄 = 37.756 𝑃𝑏
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑃 = 103.425 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑒𝑠 = 𝑒𝑚 = 0.50
𝑇 = 80𝐹 → 26.667𝐶
Solution:
Find value of 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 :
𝑃
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 =
𝑅𝑇
103.425 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝑘𝑁−𝑚
(0.287 )(26.667+273)𝐾
𝑘𝑔−𝐾
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.20 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Find value of ℎ𝑠 :
𝜌𝐻2𝑂 (ℎ𝐻2𝑂 )
ℎ𝑠 =
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑘𝑔
1000 3 (2𝑖𝑛) 𝑓𝑡 0.3048
𝑚
= 𝑘𝑔 ( )( )
1.20 3 12 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡
𝑚
ℎ𝑠 = 42.33 𝑚 = ℎ

CERT IFIED
Solve value of 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 :
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ = (1.2 3
) (37.756 ) (42.33 𝑚) (9.81 )
𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 18.814 𝑘𝑊
Calculate value of 𝑃𝑏 :
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 18.814 𝑘𝑊 ℎ𝑝
𝑃𝑏 = = ( )
𝑒𝑚 0.50 0.746 𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑏 = 50.44 ℎ𝑝
7. A mixed centrifugal blower having a flow capacity of 4500 cfm has a suction
and discharge diameter of 24 in and 20 in, respectively. The manometer

reading at the suction and discharge line are measured to be 10-in Hg vacuum
and 20 in-Hg. If the existing barometric conditions are 14.3 psia and 550 degree
Fahrenheit, determine the required horsepower of the blower motor if the rate
efficiency of the fan is 89%.
Given: Required:
𝑄 = 4500 𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑃 = 14.3 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 Power Input, 𝑃𝑏
𝐷𝑠 = 24 𝑖𝑛 𝑄 = 550F
𝐷𝑑 = 20 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑚 = 89% 𝑜𝑟 0.89
ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑑 = 20 𝑖𝑛
ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑠 = 10 𝑖𝑛
Solution:
Power Input, 𝑃𝑏
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃/𝑒𝑚
Solve for P:
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ

CERT IFIED
Find values of 𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ:
𝑃 14.3𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑚 𝑙𝑏
𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑔= 𝑝𝑠𝑖−𝑓𝑡3
(9.81 2) = 1.32𝑥10−3
𝑅𝑇 (10.732 )(550+460)𝑅 𝑠 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑅
For 𝑣𝑑 :
𝑄 4500 𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡
𝑣𝑑 = = 𝜋(20𝑖𝑛)2 = 1.66𝑥10−3
𝐴 (12𝑓𝑡) 𝑠
4
For 𝑣𝑠 :
𝑄 75 𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡
𝑣𝑠 = = 𝜋(24𝑓𝑡∗12𝑓𝑡)2 = 1.15𝑥10−3
𝐴 𝑠
4
Solve for h:
𝑃𝑑−𝑃𝑠 𝑣𝑑2 −𝑣𝑠 2

h= +
𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟 2𝑔
𝑝𝑠𝑓 70.73𝑝𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 2
[(20𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔)(70.73
𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔
)−(−10𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔)(
𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔
)] (1.66𝑥10−3 ) −(1.15𝑥10−3 )
𝑠 𝑠
= −3 3
+ 𝑚
1.32𝑥10 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2(9.81 2 )
𝑠
h = 1607500 𝑓𝑡
Solve for P:
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ = (1.32𝑥10−3 )(75)(1607500)
𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏 1 ℎ𝑝−𝑠
= 159142.5 ( )( )
𝑠 550 𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
𝑃 = 289.35 ℎ𝑝
Now, calculate Pb:
289.35ℎ𝑝
Pb =
0.89
Pb = 325.11 hp

CERT IFIED

CHAPTER NO. 5: TURBINE MACHINERY
ACTIVITY #5
Submitted by:
Group 6
BSME 3-1
Members:
Submitted to:

CERT IFIED
Supplementary Problems:
1. A vertical draft tube is installed on a Francis Turbine and the total head to the
center of the spiral casing at the inlet is 38 m and the velocity at the inlet is 5 m/s. The
discharge is 2.1 𝑚3/𝑠. The overall efficiency is 84%. The velocities at the inlet and exit
of the draft are 5 m/s and 1.5 m/s respectively. The top of the draft tube is 1 m below
the center flow of the spiral casing while the tailrace water level is 3 m from the top of
the draft tube. There is no velocity of whirl at either top and bottom of draft tube and
leakage losses are negligible. What is the power of the turbine? If the ratio of the bucket
velocity to the jet velocity is 0.45, and the turbine runs at the speed of 150 rps, what is
the size of the wheel?
Given: Required:
𝑄 = 2.1 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑧1 = 1 𝑚 Turbine Power

Size of the wheel in meters
𝑒𝑡 = 84% 𝑜𝑟 0.84 𝑧2 = 3 𝑚
𝛾 = 9.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 ∅ = 0.45
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑁 = 150 𝑟𝑝𝑠
Solution:
Solve for Power of turbine, 𝑃𝑡 :
𝑃𝑡 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑛 𝑒𝑡
Find value of net head, ℎ𝑛 :

2
𝑃 𝑣𝑠2 − 𝑣𝑑
Use formula: ℎ𝑛 = + + (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
𝛾 2𝑔
[(5𝑚)2 −(1.5𝑚)2 ]
ℎ𝑛 = 38𝑚 + 𝑚 + (1 + 3) 𝑚
2(9.81 2 )
𝑠
ℎ𝑛 = 43.16 𝑚

CERT IFIED
Find 𝑃𝑡 :
𝑘𝑁 𝑚3
𝑃𝑡 = 9.81 3
(2.1 ) (43.16𝑚)(0.84)
𝑚 𝑠
𝑃𝑡 = 746.87 𝑘𝑊
Solve for size of wheel:
∅ = 𝑣𝑝 / 𝑣𝑗
𝑁 150 𝑟𝑝𝑠
𝜋𝐷 ( ) 𝜋𝐷 ( )
60 ⁄ 60
0.45 = → ⁄ = 0.45
√2𝑔ℎ𝑛 𝑚
√2 (9.81 2) (43.16𝑚)
𝑠
𝐷 = 1.667 𝑚
2. A remote community in Mountain province plans to put a small hydroelectric plant to

service six closely-located barangays estimated to consume 52,650,000 KW-hr per
annum. Expected water flow is 1665 𝑚3/𝑚𝑖𝑛. The most favorable location for the plant
fixes the tailwater level at 480m. The manufacturer of turbine generator set has
indicated the following performance data: turbine efficiency 87%, generator efficiency
of 92%, loss in headwork not exceed 3.8% of available head. In order to pinpoint the
most suitable area for the dam, find the following:
A. Headwater elevation
B. If entering the penstock, what is the pipeline efficiency for the water will freely
flow?
C. Considering a hydraulic efficiency of 76%, what would be the utilized head and
the total hydraulic power utilization?

CERT IFIED
Given:
𝑃 = 52,650,000 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚
𝑚3 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 = (1665 )( )
min 60sec
= 27.75 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑧𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 480𝑚
𝑒𝑡 = 87% 𝑜𝑟 0.87
𝑒𝑔 = 92% 𝑜𝑟 0.92
ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 3.8% 𝑜𝑟 0.038
Solution:
a.) Headwater Elevation
𝑃 = 𝑔𝑄𝐻𝑒
𝑘𝑤 − ℎ𝑟 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑃 = 52,650,000 ( )( )
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑃 = 6,010. 2740 𝑘𝑊
e (%) = 𝑒𝑡 (𝑒𝑔 )(100% − ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 )
= (0.87)(0.92)(1 − 0.038)
e (%) = 0.77 0𝑟 77%
= 6,010. 2740 𝑘𝑊⁄

𝑃
H= 𝑚 𝑚3
𝑔𝑄𝑒
9.81 2 (27.75 ) (0.77)
𝑠 sec
H = 28.67 𝑚
Calculate for headwater elevation
headwater elevation = H + Tailwater elevation
= (28.67 + 480)m
headwater elevation = 508.67 m

CERT IFIED
b.) Penstock Efficiency:
ℎ𝑛
𝑒𝑝 = ⁄ℎ
𝑔
Find ℎ𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑔 :
ℎ𝑔 = ℎℎ𝑤 − ℎ𝑡𝑤
= (508.67 − 480)𝑚
ℎ𝑔 = 28.67 𝑚
ℎ𝑛 = ℎ𝑔 (1 − %𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠)
= 28.67 𝑚 (1 − 0.038)
ℎ𝑛 = 27. 58 𝑚
Penstock Efficiency
ℎ𝑛
𝑒𝑝 = ⁄ℎ = 27.58⁄28.67
𝑔
𝑒𝑝 = 0.9620 𝑜𝑟 96.2 %
c.) Hydraulic Efficiency
𝑒𝑡
𝑒ℎ = ⁄𝑒𝑔 = 0.87⁄0.92
𝑒ℎ = 0.9456 𝑜𝑟 94.56

CERT IFIED
3. A model of hydraulic turbine, to scale of 1/5 is tested under a head of 7.5m. The
prototype works under a head of 180 m and is to run at 500 rpm. At what speed
should the model be operated?
Given: Required:
ℎ𝑚 = 7.5 𝑚 𝑁𝑚
ℎ𝑝 = 180 𝑚
𝑁𝑝 = 500 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐷𝑚 1
=
𝐷𝑃 5
Solution:
Using Combined Affinity Law, extract 𝑁𝑚 :
𝐷𝑝 ℎ𝑚 5 7.5
𝑁𝑚 = 𝑁𝑝 ( )√ = 500 𝑟𝑝𝑚 ( ) √
𝐷𝑚 ℎ𝑝 1 180
𝑁𝑚 = 510.36 𝑟𝑝𝑚

CERT IFIED
4. A hydroelectric plant has 20 MW generator efficiency of 96%. The generator is directly

coupled to a vertical Francis type hydraulic turbine having an efficiency of 80%. The
total gross head on the turbine is 150 m while the loss of head due to friction is 4% of
the gross head. The runway speed should not exceed 750 rpm. Determine the flow of
water of the turbine in cfs.
Given: Required:
𝑃𝑔 = 20 𝑀𝑤 ℎ𝑓 = 4% 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑔 𝑃𝑡 , 𝑄
𝑒𝑔 = 96 % 𝑜𝑟 0.96 𝑁𝑠 = 750 𝑟𝑝𝑚
ℎ𝑔 = 150 𝑚 𝑒𝑡 = 80% 𝑜𝑟 0.80
Solution:
Solve for 𝑃𝑡 :
𝑃𝑔 20 𝑀𝑤 1341.02 ℎ𝑝
𝑃𝑡 = = ( )
𝑒𝑔 0.96 1 𝑀𝑊
𝑃𝑡 = 27,397.04 ℎ𝑝
Solve for Q:
1 𝑀𝑤
𝑃𝑡 (27,397.04 ℎ𝑝)( )
1341.02 ℎ𝑝
𝑄= =
𝛾(ℎ0 −ℎ𝑓 )(𝑒𝑡 ) (9.81𝐾𝑁⁄ )(150−(0.04)(150))𝑚(0.8)
𝑚3
3 (3.28 𝑓𝑡) 3
= 18.4347 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 ( 3 )
1𝑚
𝑓𝑡3⁄
𝑄 = 650.52 𝑠

CERT IFIED
5. Proposed hydroelectric power plant has the following data:
The turbine is to be connected to 60 cycle AC generator. Calculate the following:
a. Brake power of the turbine

b. Considering the total efficiency of 84.67% and the hydraulic efficiency of 56.5%,
what would be the mechanical efficiency of the turbine if the attached jet has a
coefficient of velocity=0.85 and a diameter of 12 m?
c. Given the parameters from the second problems, how many jets can be used to
couple with the turbine? What would be the power generated in the jet?
Solution:
Solve for brake power of the turbine, 𝑃𝑡 :
𝑃𝑡 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑛 𝑒𝑡
Find value of ℎ𝑛 :
ℎ𝑛 = (194 − 60)𝑚 − 4.5𝑚
ℎ𝑛 = 129.5 𝑚
Calculate 𝑃𝑡 :
𝑘𝑁 𝑚3
𝑃𝑡 = (9.81 𝑚3 ) (3.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐) (129.5𝑚)(0.88)
𝑃𝑡 = 3912.82 𝑘𝑊

CERT IFIED
6. Calculate the power that can be developed from a hydroelectric power station having
the following data: Catchment area is 100 sq.km, average annual rainfall 117 cm, run-
off 82%, available head is 356 m and the overall station efficiency is 77%.
Given: Required:
𝑒𝑔 = 77 % 𝑜𝑟 0.77 𝑃𝑔
𝑘𝑁
𝛾 = 9.81
𝑚3
ℎ𝑛 = 356 𝑚
𝑥 = 117 𝑐𝑚 = 1.17 𝑚
𝑅0 = 82 % 𝑜𝑟 0.82
𝐴 = 100 𝑘𝑚2 = 100 × 106 𝑚2
Solution:
Find Q:
(100×106 𝑚2 )(1.17 𝑚)(0.82)

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑅0 = 8760 ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
( × )
1 𝑦𝑟 ℎ𝑟
𝑄 = 3.04 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
Find 𝑃𝑤 :
𝑘𝑁 𝑚3
𝑃𝑤 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑛 = (9.81 ) (3.04 ) (356 𝑚)
𝑚3 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑃𝑤 = 10, 616.77 𝑘𝑊
Compute for 𝑃𝑔 :
𝑃𝑔 = 𝑃𝑤 𝑒𝑔 = (10,616.77 𝑘𝑊)(0.77)
𝑃𝑔 = 8174.91 𝑘𝑊

CERT IFIED
7. Pelton wheel develops 70 kW under a head of 65 m of water. It rotates at 400 rev/min.

the diameter of penstock is 200 mm. the ratio of bucket speed of jeet velocity is 0.475
and overall efficiency of the installation is 85%. Calculate the wheel diameter in mm.
Given: Required:
𝑃 = 70 𝑘𝑊 Wheel diameter in mm.

ℎ𝑛 = 65 𝑚
𝑁 = 400 𝑟𝑒𝑣⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑 = 200 𝑚𝑚
∅ = 0.475
𝑒0 = 85 % 𝑜𝑟 0.85
Solution:
Solve for wheel diameter:

𝑁
𝜋𝐷( ) ∅√2𝑔ℎ𝑛
60
∅ = 𝑣𝑝 / 𝑣𝑗 = ∅ = = 𝐷= 𝑁
√2𝑔ℎ𝑛 𝜋( )
60
(0.475)(√2(9.81 𝑚⁄ 2 )(65 𝑚))

∅√2𝑔ℎ𝑛 𝑠 100𝑚𝑚
𝐷= 𝑁 = 400 ( )
𝜋( ) 𝜋( ) 1𝑚
60 600
𝐷 = 810 𝑚𝑚
8. In a single-stage impulse turbine, water enters at an absolute velocity of 356 m/s at an

angle of 40° (𝛼1= 40°), at 0.5 kg/s. the blade speed is 60 m/s and the bucket velocity
coefficient is 0.8. If the blades have equal entrance and exit angles, what is the power
generated in kW?
Given: Required:
V = 356 m/s Power, P

m = 0.5 kg/s
𝑐𝑣 = 0.8
Angle = 40˚

CERT IFIED
Solution:
Find A:
𝑚 0.5 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
A= =
𝜌𝑉 (1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )(356 𝑚/𝑠)
A = 1.4 𝑥 10−6 𝑚2
Find ℎ𝑛 :
V1 = 𝐶𝑣√2𝑔ℎ𝑛 → 356 m/s = 0.8 √2(9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 )(ℎ𝑛)
ℎ𝑛 = 10,103.32 𝑚
Find Q:
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = (1.40𝑥10 − 6 𝑚2)(356 𝑚/𝑠)
𝑄 = 4.98 x 10-4 m3/s
Compute for Power,P:
m3 𝑘𝑁
𝑃 = γQℎ𝑛 = (4.98 x 10−4 ) (10,103.32 𝑚) ( 9.81 )
s 𝑚3
𝑃 = 0.049 kW

Compiled FluMach Problems - GROUP6 - BSME31

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Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

FLUID MACHINERIES (MEEN 30203)

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

PROBLEM SET IN FLUID MACHINERIES

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

a. Determine the velocity of water leaving the pipe at C.

A. Velocity of water leaving pipe C.

Applying Bernoulli’s equation between A and C.

Head loss due to exit into air without contraction= 0

4 = (𝑣𝐶 2 /2𝑔) (1 + 0.5 + ((4) (0.08) (15)/0.1)

Applying Bernoulli’s equation between A and B.

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

A nozzle inclined at an angle of 60 degrees with the

Since flow is continuous:

𝜋/4 (0.05)2 (10) = 𝐴𝐴 (5)

Water flows at the rate of 7.5 m/s through a 75-mm diameter

Assuming flow to be incompressible:

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

Considering the air above the tank:

A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in size

Note: Since 𝐸1 > 𝐸2 , then the direction of the flow is from 1 to 2.

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

The diverging tube discharges water from a reservoir at the

A. Maximum rate of discharge:

Volume flow rate, Q:

B. Pressure at the throat

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

PROBLEM SET IN FLUID MACHINERIES

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

From the diagram:

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

Total Volume Swept:

𝑃1 = Pressure at suction port, 𝑃𝑠

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

For Polytropic Compression: ∆𝐾𝐸 = 0, ∆𝑃𝐸 = 0

Find Volume Displacement, 𝑉𝐷

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

*Substituting all values given:

Solve for 𝑉𝑠1 using values from 𝑉𝐷 and 𝑛𝑣 :

𝑉𝑠1 = (𝑛𝑣 )(𝑉𝐷 )

Solve for shaft work

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

Finally solve for 𝑊𝑏 ;

Solving for 𝑉𝑠1 ;

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

Solve for 𝑉𝑠1

Find Volume of free air;

B. Heat Transferred in the LP to the Intercooler

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

Calculating the mass entering suction port:

Heat rejected at LP:

C. Heat rejection during Intercooling; 𝑸𝑹

𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚11 𝑐𝑝 ( 𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇2 ) ; where 𝑇𝑥 = Intercooler Temperature

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

D. Volume displacement at HP cylinder; 𝑽𝑫 𝑯𝑷 :

Consider the 𝑚11 entering the intercooler (where HP cylinder is placed)

Solve for 𝐷𝐻𝑝 :