1.MEET 315LA MatScie Engineering ME Lab Module 1

MATERIAL SCIENCES AND
ENGINEERING FOR M.E.

LABORATORY
Module 1:
A.Determination of Tensile Strength
B. Determination of Shear Strength
and Fatigue
C. Fatigue Testing
ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.1

MATERIAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING
FOR M.E. LABORATORY
Module 1:
A.Determination of Tensile Strength
B.Determination of Shear Strength
C. Fatigue Testing
ENGINEERING FOR M.E
LABORATORY
GABRIEL TECSON, JR-PME

Table of Content
Module 1A: Determination of Tensile
Strength
Gospel Reading
Course Learning Outcomes
Format for the Laboratory Report
Notes to the Laboratory Group Report
Group class Report Topic Assignment
Objectives & Safety Measures
Procedures
Specimen Dimension
Tension Test

Gospel Reading
Let us put ourselves in the presence of God..
In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy
Spirit..
1 Peter 1:16 (01/05/20): “Be holy, because I am holy.”
St. John the Baptist De La Salle..Pray for
us..Live Jesus in our hearts..Forever.

Format for the Laboratory Report
1. Cover Page – Course Code, Subject, Program Code,
Experiment No. ___, title of the Experiment, Group No.,
Group Member’s names, Date Submitted.
2. Table of Contents:
2.1 Objective/s;
2.2 Materials and Apparatus
2.3 Procedure/s
2.4 Safety Precautions
2.5 Theory / Concepts / Principles – Research
Laboratory related information
2.6 Experimental Set-Up
2.7 Questions / Problems
2.8 Answers / Solutions (Computations)
2.9 Conclusion and Recommendation (If necessary)
2.9 References ex. Moises, P. 3rd ed. Fundamental of
Refrigeration. NY: McGraw-Hill Publications Co.
1. Follow strictly the format for the laboratory Group Report.
2. Include photos / pictures, charts and diagrams, etc. for clarity
and illustrations.
3. Be sure to many all figures stated in item #2 above to be
mentioned in the discussion I the report.
Ex. In the procedure, include photos / pictures on how the
experiment is being conducted (step by step)
Include pictures of the materials and equipment used in the
experiment.
4. Submit via soft copy or hard copy depending on the
circumstances.
5. No hand written report and all pages must be typewritten.
6. The class president shall prepare the groupings.
1. Follow strictly the format for the laboratory Group Report.
2. Include photos / pictures, charts and diagrams, etc. for clarity
and illustrations.
3. Be sure to many all figures stated in item #2 above to be
mentioned in the discussion I the report.
Ex. In the procedure, include photos / pictures on how the
experiment is being conducted (step by step)
Include pictures of the materials and equipment used in the
experiment.
4. Submit via soft copy or hard copy depending on the
circumstances.
5. No hand written report and all pages must be typewritten.
6. The class president shall prepare the groupings.
Group Class Report Topic Assignment
Group no. 1 – Members: ________, _______, _______, _______
Experiment No. 1 – Determination of Tensile Strength
Group no. 2 – Members: ________, _______, _______, _______
Experiment No. 2 – Determination of Compressive Strength and
Buckling
Group no. 3 – Members: ________, _______, _______, _______
Experiment No. 3 – Hardness Test Determination
Group no. 4 – Members: ________, _______, _______, _______
Experiment No. 4 – Heat Treatment of Steel
Group no. 5 – Members: ________, _______, _______, _______
Experiment No. 5 – Study of Testing Machine
Group no. 6 – Members: ________, _______, _______, _______
Experiment No. 6 – Testing of Steel Bars
Experiment No. 1
Determination of Tensile Strength
OBJECTIVES:
1. To be able to acquire basic knowledge and skills in
determining the tensile strength of steel round bar by
requiring students to perform the actual test which are
significantly related to the required skills in industry.
SAFETY MEASURES:
1. The instructor must orient the students in proper handling
of tools prior to actual processing to avoid accidents.
2. Do’s and don’ts must be fully emphasized.
Experiment No. 1
BASIC CONCEPTS:
DEFINITION OF TERMS
EQUIPMENT:
Universal Testing Machine
MATERIAL:
Round steel bar with standard dimension based
on internationally established size. Please refer
to attached drawing.
Experiment No. 1
PROCEDURE:
1. Machine the prescribed dimensions on the actual
material using lathe machine.
2. Set the round steel bar to the clamping portion of the
UTM, put spacer if necessary.
3. Input the material diameter of the test piece into the
UTM machine computer.
4. Switch the hydraulic power on and push the button to
move the clamp upward.
5. Wait until the round bar has been cut.
6. Inspect the actual cut bar and record the load shown in
the computer monitor when the bar was cut.
Experiment No. 1
PROCEDURE: (Cont’n)
7.Compute the tensile strength of the round steel bar by the
formula : stress = force/area Where area =
(3.1416x d2) / 4
Force = actual force recorded in the computer when the
bar breaks.
SAFETY PRECAUTION:
1. Always follow the lab technician instruction in operating
the UTM.
2. Move away and keep safe distance from the machine
while the tensile test is ongoing.
3. Never touch any part of the machine or the test piece
during testing operation.
Experiment No. 1
(3.1416x d2) / 4
bar breaks.
SAFETY PRECAUTION:
the UTM.
Experiment No. 1
SPECIMEN DIMENSION:
Two typical standard test
specimen used for determining
the tensile properties of a
material are shown in Fihure 1.
In view (a) to be tested is
0.505 inch in diameter, or 0.2
in2 in area. The specimen is
enlarged at each end of the
test section so that it can be
held properly in the testing
machine.
Figure 1- Specimen
Experiment No. 1
TENSION TEST:
To determine how a material behave under the application of
tensile forces, a specimen of material under consideration is
made into a suitable test piece to which known tensile loads
maybe applied and on which deformation can be measured.
From such a test the mechanical properties of the material in
tension can be determined.
Two typical standard tension test specimens used for determining
the tensile properties of a material are shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 1
(a), the section to be tested is 0.505 in. in diameter, or 0.2 in.2 in
area. The specimen is enlarge at each end of the test section so
that it can be held properly in the testing machine. The change in
cross section of the specimen should be abrupt. The specimen
must be machined smoothly.
Experiment No. 1
TENSION TEST: (Cont’n)
The specimen is gripped in a universal testing machine as
shown in Fig. 2. The specimen can be elongated and on
which the forces required to cause this elongation can be
measured.
The extension of the test specimen is measured with an
instrument called extensometer (Fig. 3) which contain two
measuring points the clamp the specimen at the gage
points. The deformation may also be determined by means
of resistance-sensitive wire strain gages cemented to the
specimen. Readings of the extensometer, or strain gage ,
give the extension of the specimen over the gage length.
Experiment No. 1
The specimen is gripped in a universal testing machine as
shown in Fig. 2. The specimen can be elongated and on
which the forces required to cause this elongation can be
measured.
The extension of the test specimen is measured with an
instrument called extensometer (Fig. 3) which contain two
measuring points the clamp the specimen at the gage
points. The deformation may also be determined by means
of resistance-sensitive wire strain gages cemented to the
specimen. Readings of the extensometer, or strain gage ,
give the extension of the specimen over the gage length.
Experiment No. 1
Figure 3 - Extensiometer
Figure 4 - UTM
Experiment No. 1
Stress:
When the material is placed in the
state of strain resulting from the
application of external load, the
atoms making up the structure of
the material are displaced
somewhat from their equilibrium
positions. If atoms are made to
come closer than they should be or
are moved further apart than their
structure will normally allow,
Figure 5- UTM Grippers internal forces are established
which tends to restore the atoms to
their original positions.
Experiment No. 1
The test is started by slowly pulling apart the two jaws in the
specimen is clamped. Values of load, deformation, and diameter
are determined simultaneously. Recording of such data is
continued until the specimen failed. The data from the tension test
of a ductile material are given in Table 1. These data are plotted in
Fig. 6. The diagram shown in Fig 6 is known as “engineering
stress-strain diagrams, in which the engineering stress and strain
are plotted as abscissa and ordinate, resp. The stresses are
computed by dividing the load by the initial area of the specimen,
i.e., the area at the beginning of the test. The diameter of the cross
section decreases appreciably as elongation occurs Therefore, the
stress based on the initial area of the specimen will not give a true
stress.
Experiment No. 1
The true specimen acting on the specimen at any instant is computed by
dividing the load acting at that instant by the actual cross-sectional area.
The true stress is expressed as Ɛ’ = (l – lo)/lo where lo and l are the initial
and final infinitesimal gage lengths. Sometimes Ɛ’ is called the Mean
Strain, but it is the zero gage
Figure 7 – Stress-Strain
diagram for Mild Steel
Experiment No. 1
The true specimen acting on the specimen at any instant is computed by
dividing the load acting at that instant by the actual cross-sectional area.
The true stress is expressed as Ɛ’ = (l – lo)/lo where lo and l are the initial
and final infinitesimal gage lengths. Sometimes Ɛ’ is called the Mean
Strain, but it is the zero gage
Figure 7 – Stress-Strain
diagram for Mild Steel
Experiment No. 1
Table 1 – Lof of a Tension Test of Mild
Steel
Experiment No. 1
Figure 10 – True-stress
vs True-strain or
Physical Stress-Strain
Diagram for Mild Steel
Experiment No. 1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=D8U4G5kcpcM&t=373s
MEET 315LA -Module 1 – 1st

Assessment
Ideal and actual cyclic process of vapor
compression refrigeration system
1. Seatwork – Multiple Choices
2.Problem solving
3.Exercises

LABORATORY
Module 1B:
Determination of Shear and
Strength

Table of Content
Module 1B: Determination of Shear
Strength / Fatigue
Gospel Reading
Course Learning Outcomes
Objectives
Safety Measures
Procedures
Offset shear Strength
Shear Strength
Stress – Strain Diagram
Factors that affect the Shear Response

Experiment No. 2
Determination of Shear Strength
OBJECTIVES:
1. To be able to acquire basic knowledge and skills in
determining the tensile strength of steel round bar by
requiring students to perform the actual test which are
significantly related to the required skills in industry.
SAFETY MEASURES:
1. The instructor must orient the students in proper handling
of tools prior to actual processing to avoid accidents.
2. Do’s and don’ts must be fully emphasized.
Experiment No. 2
BASIC CONCEPTS:
DEFINITION OF TERMS
EQUIPMENT:
Universal Testing Machine
MATERIAL:
Round steel bar with standard dimension based
on internationally established size. Please refer
to attached drawing.
Experiment No. 2
PROCEDURE:
1. Machine the prescribed dimensions on the actual
material using lathe machine.
2. Set the round steel bar to the clamping portion of the
UTM, put spacer if necessary.
3. Input the material diameter of the test piece into the
UTM machine computer.
4. Switch the hydraulic power on and push the button to
move the clamp upward.
5. Wait until the round bar has been cut.
6. Inspect the actual cut bar and record the load shown in
the computer monitor when the bar was cut.
Experiment No. 2
7.Compute the shear strength of the round steel bar by the
formula : stress = force/area; Where area =
(3.1416x d2) / 4
bar breaks.
SAFETY PRECAUTION:
the UTM.
Experiment No. 2
(3.1416x d2) / 4
bar breaks.
SAFETY PRECAUTION:
the UTM.
Experiment No. 2
Offset Shear Strength
The offset shear strength is the shear stress endured by a
material at the intersection of the shear stress versus the
engineering shear strain curve, with a line parallel to a
defined modulus and translated from the origin by a
specified strain.
Shear Strength
The shear stress carried by a material at failure under a
pure shear condition or the maximum load a material can
endure in a direction parallel to the face of the material, as
opposed to perpendicular to its surface.
Experiment No. 2
Experiment No. 2
Experiment No. 2
Tensile properties such as tensile strength and
compressive properties like compressive strength can
also be calculated by shear loading.
ASTM D3410 uses wedge grips which are specially
designed to apply shear loading in compression.
Properties measured include Poisson’s ratio,
compressive stress, compressive strain, and Modulus of
Elasticity.
ASTM D3518 establishes the in-plane shear response
of polymer matrix composite materials by a tensile
shear test. Properties calculated include the shear
modulus, shear stress, shear strain, and chord shear
Modulus of Elasticity.
Experiment No. 2
Factors that affect the shear response and so, should
be reported, include:
 Material
 Methods of material preparation and lay-up
 Specimen stacking sequence
 Specimen conditioning
 Specimen preparation
 Void content
 Volume percent reinforcement
 Specimen alignment and gripping
 Environment of testing
 Speed of testing
 Time at temperature
Experiment No. 2
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MEET 315LA -Module 1 – 1st

Assessment
Ideal and actual cyclic process of vapor
compression refrigeration system
1. Seatwork – Multiple Choices
2.Problem solving
3.Exercises

LABORATORY
Module 1C: Fatigue Testing

Table of Content
Module 1C: Fatigue Test
Objective
Information (Research)
Materials / Apparatus
Procedure
Test Data Sheet
Average Number of Bends vs Degree of Bends Diagram
Experimental Laboratory Bending Diagrams
Test Questions

Experiment No. 12
FATIGUE TESTING
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the effect of fatigue on

a metal .

INFORMATION (RESEARCH):
In materials science, fatigue is the progressive, localized,

and permanent structural damage that occurs when a
material is subjected to cyclic or fluctuating strains at
nominal stresses that have maximum values less than
(often much less than) the static yield strength of the
material. The resulting stress may be below the ultimate
tensile stress, or even the yield stress of the material, yet
still cause catastrophic failure.

INFORMATION:
Repetition is tiring, the cause of many human mistakes and

accidents. Materials, too, grow tired if repeatedly stressed,
with failure as a consequence. This experiment is about the
energy that is dissipated, and the damage and failure that
can result, when materials are loaded in a cyclic, repetitive
way. Even when the amplitude of the cycles is very small,
some energy dissipation or damping occurs. Larger
amplitudes cause the slow accumulation of damage, a little
on each cycle, until a critical level is reached at which a
crack form. Continued cycling causes the crack to grow until
the component suddenly fails. Fatigue failure is insidious—
there is little sign that anything is happening until, bang, it
does. So when the clip breaks off your pen or your office
chair collapses, it is probably fatigue that is responsible
(cover picture).
INFORMATION:
We start with cyclic loading at very small amplitudes and the

energy loss or damping that goes with it. We then turn to the
accumulation of damage and cracking that is associated
with fatigue loading proper.
MATERIALS / APPARATUS:
Tin solder (obtained from hardware store) cut into 30 cm

pieces – Group 1
G.I. Wire Gauge# 12 (Dia.=2.05mm) – Group 2

G.I. Wire Gauge#14 (Dia.= 1.62 mm) – Group 3
G.I. Wire Gauge# 16 (Dia.=) – Group 4
PROCEDURE:
1.Use a light duty table Vise or a plier and hold the tin solder.
2.Repeatedly bend a piece of the tin solder at 30º
angles until the piece breaks. Count the number of cycles
it takes to break the piece.
2.Repeat at 60º angles.
3.Repeat at 90º angles.
4.Perform three (3) trials for each angle.
4. Plot cycles to failure vs bend angle on the board or
overhead.

DATA SHEET
Trial # length, mm
No, of Cycle Thickness, mm
before failure
30ᴼ Bend Angle
1
2
3
Average
60ᴼ Bend Angle
1
2
3
Average
90ᴼ Bend Angle
1
2
3
Average
COMPUTATION
OBSERVATION
_______________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
________________________________

TEST QUESTION:
1. What is the difference between Fatigue Strength and
endurance strength?
Ans: Fatigue strength is the stress that a fatigue
specimen was capable of withstanding for a specified
number of load cycles, and therefore refers to any point
on a standard S-N plot. Endurance limit or endurance
strength, on the other hand, is the limiting stress level
below which the material will not fail regardless of the
number of cycles of loading.
2. What aspects can affect the fatigue lifetime or fatigue
conduct of a materials?
Ans.: Several aspects can drastically alter the fatigue
properties of a material. One dominant aspect is the
presence of stress raisers, such as small surface cracks,
machining marks, or gouges.
TEST QUESTION:
2. What aspects can affect the fatigue lifetime or fatigue
conduct of a materials?
Ans.: Several aspects can drastically alter the fatigue
properties of a material. One dominant aspect is the
presence of stress raisers, such as small surface cracks,
machining marks, or gouges. Other aspects include the
temperature of testing, variation in the testing
environment (such as humidity or corrosive atmosphere),
residual stresses, and variations in the applied load
during the service history.

TEST QUESTION:
3. How does the endurance limit of a steel be estimated
without necessitating the long time for extensive fatigue
testing?
Ans: For steels, the endurance limit can be approximated
as 0.5 times the ultimate tensile strength as determined by
a standard tensile test.
4. What are some characteristics of a fatigue crack that
may be responsible for its initiation?
Ans.: Initiation of a fatigue crack involves the development
of high stress in a very small, local region of the material.
So, any part/loading situations that give rise to high local
stresses will tend to cause fatigue crack initiation and these
extend all the way from microscopic inherent characteristics
of the material to macroscopic part characteristics.

TEST QUESTION:
Examples are, - dislocation pileups in the material
microstructure, - part design features such as sharp
corners and notches in keyways that cause stress
concentrations,
- irregularities (surface roughness) due to manufacturing
such as the “peaks-and-valleys”
produced on ground surfaces.

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MATERIAL SCIENCES AND

ENGINEERING FOR M.E.

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.1

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.3

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.4

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.5

TENSION TEST: (Cont’n)

MEET 315LA -Module 1 – 1st

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.28

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.29

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.30

MEET 315LA -Module 1 – 1st

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.43

Module 1C: Fatigue Testing

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.44

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.45

To determine the effect of fatigue on

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.46

In materials science, fatigue is the progressive, localized,

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.47

Repetition is tiring, the cause of many human mistakes and

We start with cyclic loading at very small amplitudes and the

Tin solder (obtained from hardware store) cut into 30 cm

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.49

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.50

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.55

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.57

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.58

ME 260: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.59

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