Ice 5
Ice 5
5
Pascal’s Principle
Fluid Mechanics
SCI 103
This course deals with the science of fluids (liquids and gases). It discusses aerodynamics,
the study of air and gases in motion; and hydrodynamics – the study of liquids in motion. It also
explains the fundamental concepts and principles relating to speed, pressure and forces particularly
Bernoulli, Pascal and Archimedes’. It allows students to gain knowledge of how this topic is
applied to daily activities and solve practical problems.
As the name implies, a fluid is a substance that flows readily. Gases and liquids are fluids.
Its ability to flow enables a fluid to exert an upward force on an immersed object such as a ship, to
multiply a force in a hydraulic “lift” to an airplane wing.
In the following lessons, common observations on bodily processes such as related to blood
circulation, the functions of aorta and capillaries will be given attention. The distribution of water
the source Metro Roxas Water District (MRWD) to each consumer’s pipes is made possible. We
will find out also that there is nothing mysterious about these properties of fluid, properties that
follow from laws of physics that we already know.
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1. Nature of Hydrodynamics
2. Historical Dvelopment of Hydrodynamics
3. Fluid Flow
4. Characteristics of Fluid Flow
5. Continuity Equation
6. Jean Louis Poiseuille
7. Poiseuille’s Law
Nature of Matter
Nature of Hydrodynamics
Motion of fluids play a very important roles in our lives. Drinking water is distributed to
the different consumers by allowing it to flow from the main reservoir through big and small pipes.
Sewage is carried off by flowing water through underground pipes. Steam that flows through pipes
provides the heat needed in the different manufacturing processes in many industries. Blood
flowing through our blood vessels carries oxygen and nutrients needed in the different systems of
our bodies.
The study of fluids in motion is very complex and broad in scope.
History of Hydrodynamics
In the 18th and 19th centuries there was a clear distinction between hydrodynamics and
hydraulics, and the fields evolved independently. Hydrodynamics was the application of advanced
mathematics to idealized flows rarely encountered by engineers, who used empirical formulas to
make progress with practical hydraulics problems. Only in the 20th century were the challenged of
real flows properly dealt with by physically based theories, and those developments, too, are well
described by Darrigol. The early contributors to the tortuous development of the equations of
motion of inviscid fluids include the Swiss mathematicians Leonhard Euler, Johann Bernoulli, and
Johann’s son Daniel; and the Frenchmen Joseph Louis de Lagrange and Jean le Rond d’Alembert.
Although these names are now attach to their respective mathematical results, a great deal of
overlap and interaction exists between each formulation.
Fluids Flow
Fluids in motion often behave in a complex and unpredictable ways. However, we can
understand many aspects of fluid flow on the basis of a simple model that in many cases is
reasonably realistic. The liquids in this model are supposed to be incompressible and to have no
viscosity. With no viscosity, layers of fluid slide freely past one another and past other surfaces, so
that we can apply the model to such liquids as water but not to such liquids as honey.
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In pipes the flow of fluid may be laminar or turbulent. It is laminar if the fluid flows
through a straight pipe of uniform diameter and the quantity of fluid that passes a certain point in
the pipe is constant. If however, the quantity of fluid passing a point in the pipe is not constant, nor
does it flow smoothly, then the flow is turbulent. Such a flow may be due to differences in the size
of the pipe, changes in the direction of flow, or a sudden change in the velocity.
The condition Av, = constant is equivalent to the fact that the amount of fluid that enters
one end of the tube in a given time interval equals the amount of fluid leaving the tube in the same
time interval, assuming that the fluid is incompressible and that there are no leaks.
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 or
𝑣1 𝐴1 = 𝑣2 𝐴2
Hence, the liquid In laminar flow, liquid speed is inversely proportional to the cross
flows faster through a –sectional area of the pipe.
constriction in a pipe and
slower through a dilation. Streamlines drawn close together signify rapid motion, whereas
streamlines far apart signify slow motion. Everyone who has watered a lawn is familiar with this.
Partly closing the nozzle (obstructing the end of the hose with a
thumb means a smaller A and hence a s\faster stream of water.
Continuity Equation
1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 2 𝐴2 𝑣2
This is the equation of continuity. If the fluid is incompressible (like most liquids), then P 1
= P2. The equation becomes
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
The equation says that if the flow velocity v is high, the cross sectional area A is small, and
vice versa (keeping flow rate constant).
Example
The blood flows from the aorta of radius 1.0 cm to the millions of capillaries whose total
cross section is 0.07 m2. The average speed of the blood flowing in these capillaries is 9.0 x 10 -4
m/s. calculate the speed flowing through the aorta.
𝑚
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑟 = 0.01 𝑚 𝐴2 = 0.07 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 9.0 𝑥 10 −4 𝑣1 = ?
𝑠
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝐴1 = 4𝜋 2
𝐴2 𝑣2
𝑣1 =
𝐴1
(0.07 𝑚2 )( 9.0 𝑥 10 −4 𝑚/𝑠)
= = 0.20 𝑚/𝑠
(3.14) (0.01 𝑚2 )
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Continuity Equation
The continuity equation describes the transport of some quantities like fluid or gas. The
equation explains how a fluid conserves mass in its motion. Many physical phenomena like
energy, mass, momentum, natural quantities, and electric charge are conserved using the continuity
equations.
This equation provides very useful information about the flow of fluids and their behavior
during its flow in a pipe or hose. The hose, a flexible tube, whose diameter decreases along its
length has a direct consequence. The volume of water flowing through the hose must be equal to
the flow rate on the other end.
Continuity Equation is applied on tubes, pipes, rivers, ducts with flowing fluids or gases
and many more. Continuity equation can be expressed in an integral form and is applied in the
finite region or differential form which is applied at a point.
Fluid Dynamics
The continuity equation in fluid dynamics describes that in any steady state process, the rate at
which mass leaves the system is equal to the rate at which mass enters a system.
The differential form of the continuity equation is:
∂ρ∂t+▽⋅(ρu)=0
Where,
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t = Time
ρ = Fluid density
u = flow velocity vector field.
Poiseuille' Law
In fluid dynamics, the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, also known as the Hagen–Poiseuille law,
Poiseuille law or Poiseuille equation, is a physical law that gives the pressure drop in a fluid
flowing through a long cylindrical pipe. It can be successfully applied to air flow in lung alveoli,
for the flow through a drinking straw or through a hypodermic needle. It was experimentally
derived independently by Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen in 1839 and Jean Léonard Marie
Poiseuille in 1838, and published by Poiseuille in 1840 and 1846.
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The assumptions of the equation are that the fluid is incompressible and Newtonian; the
flow is laminar through a pipe of constant circular cross-section that is substantially longer than its
diameter; and there is no acceleration of fluid in the pipe. For velocities and pipe diameters above
a threshold, actual fluid flow is not laminar but turbulent, leading to larger pressure drops than
calculated by the Hagen–Poiseuille equation.
Poiseuille’s Law
It states that the flow (Q) of fluid is related to a number of factors: the viscosity (n) of the fluid,
the pressure gradient across the tubing (P), and the length (L) and diameter(r) of the tubing.
Part I. Problem Solving: Solve the following problems and show your process.
1. Water runs out of a 2.0 cm hole with a speed of 1.5 m/s. How many liters of water spill per
minute?
2. Water in an open tap, flows at a rate of 1.30 m/s. the diameter of the pipe is 2.0 cm. If you
partially cover the opening of the tap so that it has an effective diameter of 0.50 cm, at what
speed does water spray out of the tap?
A. Research on:
1. Poiseuille’s Law
2. Reynolds’ number
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a. state and explain them
b. 1 sample problem and solution each
c. list down their applications
Note: Cite your reference/s
https://youtu.be/ycgJvnm24ks
a. Books
1. Navaza, D. Science and Technology: You and the Natural World Series; Physics Textbook 2 nd
Edition. Phoenix Publishing House
2. Santisteban, CJ. (2009) Breaking Through Physics; C and E Publishing Inc.
3. Giancoli, S. (2016). Physics Principles with Application. 7th Ed. Singapore.Pearson
Education
4. Serway, R and Vuille, C. (2013). College Physics 9th Ed, Lorong Chuan, Singapore.
CENGAGE Learning
5. Urone, Peter Paul. (2013). Physics with Health Science Applications. 7 th Philippine
Reprint Edition
6. Beiser, A. Modern Technical Physics. 6th Edition. Addison – Wesly Publishing House
b. Website
a. https://www.cfdsupport.com/openfoam-training.html
b. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/heart-matter-wbt/
c. https://byjus.com/physics/continuity-equation/
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