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    L4 High Speed Flow

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    OPO
    This document discusses high speed compressible flows, including: - Defining the Mach number as the ratio of flow velocity to speed of sound - Characterizing flows as subsonic, sonic, or supersonic based on Mach number - Describing how disturbances propagate in subsonic, sonic and supersonic flows - Explaining shock waves that occur when supersonic flows abruptly slow to subsonic - Providing equations to analyze normal shock waves - Working through examples calculating Mach numbers, flow velocities, and properties across shock waves

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    L4 High Speed Flow

    Uploaded by

    OPO
    37 views18 pages
    This document discusses high speed compressible flows, including: - Defining the Mach number as the ratio of flow velocity to speed of sound - Characterizing flows as subsonic, sonic, or supersonic based on Mach number - Describing how disturbances propagate in subsonic, sonic and supersonic flows - Explaining shock waves that occur when supersonic flows abruptly slow to subsonic - Providing equations to analyze normal shock waves - Working through examples calculating Mach numbers, flow velocities, and properties across shock waves

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    This document discusses high speed compressible flows, including: - Defining the Mach number as the ratio of flow velocity to speed of sound - Characterizing flows as subsonic, sonic, or supersonic based on Mach number - Describing how disturbances propagate in subsonic, sonic and supersonic flows - Explaining shock waves that occur when supersonic flows abruptly slow to subsonic - Providing equations to analyze normal shock waves - Working through examples calculating Mach numbers, flow velocities, and properties across shock waves

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views18 pages

    L4 High Speed Flow

    Uploaded by

    OPO
    This document discusses high speed compressible flows, including: - Defining the Mach number as the ratio of flow velocity to speed of sound - Characterizing flows as subsonic, sonic, or supersonic based on Mach number - Describing how disturbances propagate in subsonic, sonic and supersonic flows - Explaining shock waves that occur when supersonic flows abruptly slow to subsonic - Providing equations to analyze normal shock waves - Working through examples calculating Mach numbers, flow velocities, and properties across shock waves

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    Lecture 4 High Speed Flow

    Learning outcomes:
    • Determine shock wave conditions using the
    respective shock wave equations
    • Solve Mach number, Mach line and Mach cone
    problems
    Propagation of Disturbances in Fluid
    and Velocity of Sound
    • In compressible flow, velocity of sound (sonic
    velocity) is of paramount importance.
    • The propagation of disturbance is similar to
    the propagation of sound through a media.
    • The velocity of disturbance depends upon the
    changes of pressure and density of the fluid.
    Mach Number
    • The “Mach Number” is an important
    parameter in dealing with the flow of
    compressible fluid.
    • Mach Number = (Velocity at a point in a
    fluid)/(Velocity of sound at that point at a
    given instant of time)
    𝑀 = 𝑣/𝑐
    Flow Characterization
    • Subsonic flow: Mach number is less than 1.0
    (or M < 1); in this case v < c.

    • Sonic flow: Mach number is equal to 1.0 (or M


    = 1); in this case v = c.

    • Supersonic flow: Mach number is greater than


    1.0 (or M > 1); in this case v > c.
    • Mach number is important in those problems
    in which the flow velocity is comparable with
    the sonic velocity. It may happen in case of
    airplanes travelling at very high speed, e.g.
    projectiles, bullets etc.
    • If for any flow system the Mach number is less
    than about 0.4 the effects of compressibility
    may be neglected (for that flow system).
    Example 4.1
    An airplane is flying at a height of 14km where
    temperature is -45oC. The speed of the plane is
    corresponding to M = 2. Find the speed of the
    plane if R = 287J/kg·K and  = 1.4.

    [605m/s]
    Propagation of Disturbance in
    Compressible Fluid
     Consider a tiny projectile moving in a straight line
    with velocity v through a compressible fluid
    which is stationary.
     Let the projectile is at A when time t = 0, then in
    time t it will move through a distance AB = vt
     During this time the disturbance which originated
    from the projectile when it was at A will grow
    into the surface of sphere of radius ct.
    Case 0: when M = 0 (i.e. v = 0)
    • Disturbance/pressure wave expands in all
    directions.

    M=0
    Case I: when M < 1 (i.e. v < c)
    • A projectile slower than c lags behind the
    disturbance/pressure wave.

    A B

    M = 0.833
    Case 2: When M = 1 (i.e. v = c)
    • The disturbance travels with the projectile.

    A B

    M = 1.0
    Case 3: When M > 1(i.e. v > c)
    • The projectile travels faster than the
    disturbance.
    Silent zone

    30°

    A B

    M = 2.0
    Example 4.2
    Find the velocity of a bullet fired in standard air
    if its Mach angle is 40o and temperature is 40oC.

    [552m/s]
    Shock Wave
    • Whenever a supersonic flow abruptly changes
    to subsonic flow, a shock wave is produced,
    resulting in a sudden rise in pressure, density,
    temperature and entropy.

    • A shock wave is a pressure wave of finite


    thickness of the order of 10-2 to 10-4 mm in
    the atmospheric pressure.
    Shockwave assumptions /
    derivations
    • Mass flow rate is constant before and after the
    shockwave
    Δ 𝜌𝑣 = constant
    • The pressure change is equal to the change of
    momentum across the shockwave
    Δ𝑝 = −𝜌𝑣Δ𝑣
    • Stagnation enthalpy is constant before and
    after the shockwave
    Δℎ 𝑇 = constant
    Normal shockwave
    Shockwave equations
    Example 4.3
    For a shock wave in air, Mach number is 2. If the
    atmospheric pressure and air density are
    26.5kPa and 0.413kg/m3 respectively,
    determine the flow condition before and after
    the shock wave. Take  = 1.4.

    [0.577; 119.25kPa; 1.1kg/m3; 223.5K; 377.3K;


    599.4m/s; 224.8m/s]

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