Open Waves In one shot

BATCH
BASIC
Waves MATHS
Part 1
Today’s Goal
Waves Introduction
Travelling Wave
Stationary Wave
Waves on String
Wave: Wave is a disturbance from equilibrium
position, which travels. It is the disturbance
which travels , not the particles. Particles only
oscillates
 Wave is a form of Energy transfer
Wave is a form of Momentum

transfer
 Disturbance may be in the form of
(i) displacement
(ii) Pressure
(iii) Density
(iv) Electric & Magnetic Field

Types of Wave
Mechanical Wave Non-Mechanical Wave
Which requires a medium to Which do not require a

travel
medium to travel
Example:
Sound Waves Example:
Waves on string Light Waves(EMW)
Wave in air column
Transverse Wave Longitudinal Wave
Oscillation of particle Oscillation of particle is in

perpendicular to direction of the direction of propagation
propagation of wave. of wave
Example: Example:
i)Waves on string i)Sound Waves in air
ii)EMW ii)Waves in air column
 In solids & liquid surface  In solids,liquids & gases
only
General Equation of Wave
If some quantity ‘y’ (displacement, Pressure, density or
Electric & Magnetic Field) oscillates, then
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒂𝒙 ± 𝒃𝒕)
is an equation of wave if
Plane Progressive (travelling) Harmonic Wave
Direction of Harmonic Wave
Equation of Harmonic Wave
Velocity Of Wave
Phase and Phase Difference
Wave Velocity and Particle Velocity
Relation between Wave Velocity and
Particle Velocity
Acceleration of Particle
Phase difference for same particle at
different time
Phase difference between two particles at a
given time
Speed of wave on string(Transverse Wave)
a) 0.06 m
b) 0.03 m
c) 0.12m
d) 0.09 m
Intensity of Wave
Q) Ratio of intensities of two waves is given by 4:1. Then
ratio of the amplitudes of the two waves is [1991]
a) 2:1
b) 1:2
c) 4:1
d) 1:4
Intensity with distance from source
Interference of Waves
Resultant Amplitude & Intensity
𝒚𝟏 = 𝑨𝟏𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕𝟏 + 𝒌𝒙𝟏)
𝒚𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙𝟐)
Reflection and Transmission of Wave on String
Reflection of wave from fixed end
Reflection from Free end
Reflection and Transmission
Case I: Rarer to Denser
Case II: Denser to Rarer
Reflected & Transmitted Amplitude
Q) A composite string is made up by joining two strings of
different masses per unit length μ and 4μ . The composite
string is under the same tension.A transverse wave pulse:
Y=(6mm)sin(5t+40x),where ‘t’ is in seconds and ‘x’ in
meters,is sent along the lighter string towards the joint.The
joint is at x=0.The equation of the wave pulse reflected from
the joint is
a) (2mm)sin(5t-40x)
b) (4mm)sin(40x-5t)
c) -(2mm)sin(5t-40x)
d) (2mm)sin(5t-10x)
Standing Wave/Stationary Wave
 When two harmonic waves of equal frequency and equal

Amplitude travelling in opposite directions superimpose each
other, standing waves are formed.
Conditions for forming Standing Wave/Stationary Wave

i) Superposition of two harmonic wave in same medium
(v is same).
ii) A same iii) 𝒇, w→ same iv) travelling in opposite direction

v) k → same
Equation Of Standing Wave/Stationary Wave
t=0
t=T/4
t=T/2
t=3T/4
t=T
Nodes & Antinodes
All the particles between two consecutive Nodes are
in same phase.But are in opposite phase with adjacent
segment
No Energy is transmitted across Standing Wave
Velocity of standing wave is Not Zero,as expected

Q) The distance between the nearest node and antinode in a
stationary wave
[MP PET 1984;CBSE PMT 1993;AFMC 1996;RPET 2002]
a) λ
b) λ/2
c) λ/4
d) 2λ
Q) A wave represented by the given equation y=a cos(kx-𝝎t)
is superposed with another wave to form a stationary wave
such that the point x=0 is a node.The equation for the other
wave is
[AIIMS 1998;SCRA 1998 ;MP PET 2001;KCET 2001; AIEEE 2002;
UPSEAT 2004]
a) y=asin(kx- 𝝎t)
b) y=-acos(kx+ 𝝎t)
c) y=-acos(kx- 𝝎t)
d) y=-asin(kx- 𝝎t)
Comparison of Progressive and Standing Wave
Stationary Waves in Strings
Normal Modes of Strings
1. Fundamental mode/tone
2.First overtone/Second harmonic
3.Second overtone/Third harmonic
BATCH
Waves
BASIC MATHS
Part-2
Today’s Goal
Sound Waves
Organ Pipe
Beats
Doppler’s Effect
1. Sound Wave is a longitudinal Wave
3. Sound Wave travels due to Pressure & density
variation
Compression Pressure → Maximum
density → Maximum
Rarefaction Pressure → Minimum

density → Minimum
Equations of Sound Wave
1. Displacement wave equation
2 Pressure Wave Equation
3. Density Wave Equation
Speed of Sound (Longitudinal Wave)
Q1)
Speed of Sound in air (According to Newton)
1. According to Newton, sound travels in air
isothermally, i.e., at constant Temperature
2. Bulk modulus for isothermal Pressure
𝜷𝒊𝒔𝒐 = 𝑷
𝑩 𝑷
3. 𝒗= =
𝝆 𝝆
4. Pair=105 Pa
𝝆air=1.29x103kg/m3
𝑷𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝒗= ≈ 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓
Speed of Sound in air (Laplace Correction)
1. According to Laplace, sound travels in air
adiabatically
2. Bulk modulus for adiabatic Process
𝜷𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂 = 𝜸𝑷
𝑩 𝜸𝑷
3. 𝒗= =
𝝆 𝝆
4. 𝜸air=1.4 (diatomic) 𝝆air=1.29x103 kg/m3

𝜸𝑷
Pair=105 Pa 𝒗= ≈ 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
𝝆
In terms of Absolute Temperature
Q2)
Q3)
Factors affecting Speed of Sound in air
1. Effect of Temperature
2. Effect of Pressure
3. Effect of Humidity
Organ Pipe
Organ Pipe
Organ Pipe is a pipe which is made up of metal,
wood & sometimes with glass.
1. Open Organ Pipe
2. Closed Organ Pipe

Closed Organ Pipe
Fundamental tone/ Ist Harmonic
First overtone/ harmonic
Second overtone/ harmonic
Third overtone/ harmonic
Harmonics in closed organ pipe
Q4)
Q5)
Resonance in air column
1.
Q6)
Q7)
Q8)
Open Organ Pipe
1.Fundamental tone/Ist Harmonic
2.First overtone/IInd Harmonic
3.Second overtone/IIIrd Harmonic
Harmonics in open organ pipe
Q9)
Summary Organ Pipe
Q10)
Q11)
Q12)
Beats
Beats: The superposition of two sound waves having
small difference in frequency is called beats
Graphical Representation of Beats
No. of Beats/Beat Frequency
Q13)
Q14)
Q15)
Q16)
Q17) a) 254 Hz
b) 246 Hz
c) 240 Hz
d) 260 Hz
Q18)
Q19)
a) 523 Hz
b) 524 Hz
c) 536 Hz
d) 537 Hz
Doppler’s
Effect
Doppler’s Effect:
“When there is relative motion between source &
observer,the frequency of sound heard by observer is
different from actual frequency of sound source”. This
phenomenon is called Doppler’s Effect.
“The frequency which is different from actual
frequency of sound source is called apparent
frequency”
Apparent Frequency(𝒇′)
Q20)
Q21)
Q22)
Q23)
Q24)
Source and observer are moving in a direction
making an angle with the line joining them
a) 97 Hz
Q25)
b) 100 Hz
c) 103 Hz
d) 106 Hz
Q26)
Rotating Source/Observer
Q27)
Apparent Wavelength
When Source is at rest and observer is
moving
When Observer is at rest and Source is
moving
Q28)
Physics will be continued by…..

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BATCH

 Wave is a form of Energy transfer

Wave is a form of Momentum

(iv) Electric & Magnetic Field

Which requires a medium to Which do not require a

Oscillation of particle Oscillation of particle is in

 When two harmonic waves of equal frequency and equal

Conditions for forming Standing Wave/Stationary Wave

ii) A same iii) 𝒇, w→ same iv) travelling in opposite direction

No Energy is transmitted across Standing Wave

Velocity of standing wave is Not Zero,as expected

Rarefaction Pressure → Minimum

4. 𝜸air=1.4 (diatomic) 𝝆air=1.29x103 kg/m3

1. Open Organ Pipe

2. Closed Organ Pipe

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