Assignment Brief BTEC Level 4-5 HNC/HND Diploma (QCF) : To Be Filled by The Student

Assignment Brief
BTEC Level 4-5 HNC/HND Diploma (QCF)
To be filled by the Student

Name of the Student :
Edexcel No : Registration No: Batch No:
Unit Assessment Information
Qualification : Higher National Diploma in Computing and Systems Development
Unit Code & Title : H/601/1991 - Unit 33 - Data Analysis and Design
Assessment Title & No’s : Database solution for Stafford University.
Learning outcomes and grading opportunities:

LO 01: Understand data models and database technologies
Learning Outcomes LO1.1 LO1.2 LO1.3
LO 02: Be able to design and implement relational database systems
LO 03: Be able to use manipulation and querying tools
LO 04: Be able to test and document relational database systems
Learning Outcomes LO4.1 LO4.2 LO4.3 LO4.4 LO4.5
Merit and Distinction Descriptor
M1 M2 M3 D1 D2 D3
Date Issued : Date Due :
Assessor : Date Assessed:
Internal Verifier (IV): Date of IV:
Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 1

General Guidelines
A Cover page or title page – You should always attach a title page to your assignment. Use previous page
as your cover sheet and be sure to fill the details correctly.
1. This entire brief should be attached in first before you start answering.
2. All the assignments should prepare using word processing software.
3. All the assignments should print in A4 sized paper, and make sure to only use one side printing.
4. Allow 1” margin on each side of the paper. But on the left side you will need to leave room for
binging.
5. Ensure that your assignment is stapled or secured together in a binder of some sort and attach the
Softcopy (CD) of your final document, system on last page.
Word Processing Rules

1. Use a font type that will make easy for your examiner to read. The font size should be 12 point,
and should be in the style of Time New Roman.
2. Use 1.5 line word-processing. Left justify all paragraphs.
3. Ensure that all headings are consistent in terms of size and font style.
4. Use footer function on the word processor to insert Your Name, Subject, Assignment No, and
Page Number on each page. This is useful if individual sheets become detached for any reason.
5. Use word processing application spell check and grammar check function to help edit your
assignment.
6. Ensure that your printer’s output is of a good quality and that you have enough ink to print your
entire assignment.
Important Points:
1. Check carefully the hand in date and the instructions given with the assignment. Late submissions
will not be accepted.
2. Ensure that you give yourself enough time to complete the assignment by the due date.
3. Don’t leave things such as printing to the last minute – excuses of this nature will not be accepted
for failure to hand in the work on time.
4. You must take responsibility for managing your own time effectively.
5. If you are unable to hand in your assignment on time and have valid reasons such as illness, you
may apply (in writing) for an extension.
6. Failure to achieve at least a PASS grade will result in a REFERRAL grade being given.

7. Non-submission of work without valid reasons will lead to an automatic REFERRAL. You will
then be asked to complete an alternative assignment.
8. Take great care that if you use other people’s work or ideas in your assignment, you properly
reference them, using the HARVARD referencing system, in you text and any bibliography,
otherwise you may be guilty of plagiarism.
9. If you are caught plagiarizing you could have your grade reduced to A REFERRAL or at worst
you could be excluded from the course.
Statement of Originality and Student Declaration

I hereby, declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another’s work and to present it as
my own without attributing the sources in the correct way. I further understand what it means to copy
another’s work.
1. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence because it constitutes theft.

2. I understand the plagiarism and copying policy of the Edexcel UK.
3. I know what the consequences will be if I plagiaries or copy another’s work in any of the
assignments for this program.
4. I declare therefore that all work presented by me for every aspects of my program, will be my
own, and where I have made use of another’s work, I will attribute the source in the correct way.
5. I acknowledge that the attachment of this document signed or not, constitutes a binding
agreement between myself and Edexcel UK.
6. I understand that my assignment will not be considered as submitted if this document is not
attached to the attached.
Student’s Signature: …………………………… Date:

Case study
Stafford University
Stafford University is a large institution which provides education to vast number of students. The
University consists of a number of faculties, such as the Art Faculty, the Science Faculty, and so on. Each
faculty has a name, dean and building. Each faculty offers different programs and each program can be
offered by only one faculty. Each program has a unique code, title, level and duration. Some programs
may have one or more prerequisite courses and one course can be the prerequisite course of some other
courses.
Students work on courses and are awarded a grade in any course if he/she passes the course. Otherwise
the student has to re-take the failed course. The system needs to record the year and term in which the
course was taken and the grade awarded to the student. Every student has a unique ID. The system also
keeps the student name, birthday and the year he/she enrolled in the course.
The school employs lecturers to teach the students. Each lecturer is assigned an ID which is unique across
the whole university. The system keeps the lecturer’s name, title and the office room. A supervisor maybe
in charge of several lecturers, but a lecturer, however reports to only one supervisor. A lecturer can teach
many different courses. A course may also have been taught by many different lecturers.
The university is operated by committees. Each faculty has to have a number of committees with the
same titles across the university, such as the Faculty Executive, the Post Graduate Studies Committee, the
Health and Sanity Committee, and so on. A committee’s members are all lecturers. A lecturer may be a
member of several committees.

Task 1: LO 1: Understand data models and database technologies
1.1 Critically compare different data models such as Hierarchical, Network, and Relational and justify
which data model best fits the scenario (AC 1.1) (D 1.1)
1.2 Prepare a power point presentation to critically discuss the benefits and limitations of different
database technologies such as distributed database, data warehouse, Data mining, Multimedia database.
(AC 1.2)
1.3 Analyse different approaches such as Top down and Bottom up which can be used to design a
database and justify how these approaches relate to database design (AC 1.3)
Task 2: LO 2: Be able to design and implement relational database systems
2.1 Identify entities and attributes of the given scenario and draw an ER diagram by showing different
attribute types and cardinality constraints
2.2 Translate the ER diagram into relational schemas by showing the relation with each through primary
keys and foreign keys (AC 2.1)
2.3 Design a relational database system according to the ER diagram you have created (Use SQL DDL
statements) (AC 2.2)
2.4 Provide evidence of the use of a suitable IDE to create a simple interface to insert, update and delete
data in the database (AC 2.3)
Task 3: LO 3: Be able to use manipulation and querying tools
3.1 Explain the benefits of different manipulation and query tools which can be used to design the
relational database system (AC 3.1)
3.2 Perform following SQL queries using the tables you have created and provide the output gained
(AC 3.2) (M 1.2)
Display the details of students who have awarded by a grade with particular lecturer’s ID and the
lecturer’s name using Join queries
Delete all the details of the students who have not achieved a PASS grade

Write an update query with the help of Join queries to update a particular record in the database.
3.3 Critically evaluate how different query tools can be used to obtain meaningful data with its unique
functionalities (AC 3.3)
Task 4: LO 4: Be able to test and document relational database systems
4.1 Provide a suitable test plan to support the documentation of the testing process (AC 4.2)
4.2 Provide relevant test cases for the database you have implemented (AC 4.1) (D 3.2)
(Note: Learner needs to give expected results in a tabular format and screenshots of the actual results with
the conclusion)
4.3 Create user documentation for a developed relational database system with the help of help menus,
pop ups (AC 4.3)
4.4 Provide evidences on how to address verification and validation (AC 4.4)
4.5 explain how control mechanisms have been used and the importance of these mechanisms for the
security of the database (AC 4.5)

Observation Sheet
Activit Activity Learning Date Feedback

y Outcome
(LO) (Pass/ Redo)
No
1 Create tables with Entity integrity and LO2.2

Referential integrity
2 Data manipulations LO3.2
(INSERT/Update/Delete)
3 Perform join queries M 1.2
4 Drop Foreign key of a table (ON DELETE LO4.1

RESTRICT)
Drop Foreign key of a table (ON DELETE
CASCADE)
Comments:
Assessor Name ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assessor Signature -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PRESENTATION EVALUATION FORM
Excellent Very Good Meets Below

Good Standard Standard

Information Detailed Detailed Generally Limited Very Limited
Accurate Accurate accurate and knowledge with many
Relevant Relevant relevant, but with some errors and
Highlight some gaps significant gaps
the key and/or gaps and/or
points irrelevant errors
material
Structure Rigorousl Generally Not always Argument Muddled,
y argued, clearly logical may underdevelo incoherent
Logical, argued be overly ped and not
easy to and influenced clearly
follow logical by mentioned
secondary
literature
rather than
the
requirement
of the topic
Interpretation Extensive Attempts Little Fairly Entirely
evidence to go attempt to superficial derivative
of beyond go beyond and Generally
independ the ideas or criticize generally superficial
ent presented secondary derivative
thought in the literature and
and secondary uncritical
critical literature
analysis
Use of Key Most Some Some Little or no
Evidence points points illustrative evidence evidence
supported illustrated material, but mentioned, discussed
with with not critically but not
evidence, relevant evaluated integrated in
critically evidence to
evaluated presentation
or evaluated
Presentation Clearly, Generally Conveys Not always Clumsy,

skills Lively, clear and meaning, clear or easy disjointed,
Imaginati lively, use but to follow, difficult to
ve, good of sometimes unimaginati follow dull
use of appropriat unclear or ve and not
visual e visual clumsy engaging
aids aids
Time Perfectly Well More or less Significantl Significantly
Management timed organized, right length, y over time, under or
well more or but some material overtime,

organized less to materials fairly clearly have
time not covered disorganize not tested out
properly as d and material
a result of rushed beforehand,
overruns by disorganized
five minutes
or more
Context – This presentation assessment criteria sheet makes provision for the assessment of student
engagement with the group and the handling of questions. The different features of the assessment criteria
can be adjusted and given different weightings in the overall grid as required
Subject- Student/s, Name/s-
Best Features-
Suggestions to improve-
Assessor- Date-
IV- Date-

Possible
Outcomes/Criteria for PASS Page Feedback
evidence
LO1- Understand data models and database technologies
1.1 critically compare different data models and schemas Task 1.1
1.2 critically discuss the benefits and limitations of different database Task 1.2
technologies
1.3 analyse different approaches to database design Task 1.3
LO2 - Be able to design and implement relational database systems

2.1 design a relational database system to meet a given requirement Task 2.1 – 2.2
2.2 build a relational database system based on a prepared design Task 2.3
2.3 apply a range of database tools and techniques to enhance the user Task 2.4
interface
LO3 -Be able to use manipulation and querying tools
3.1 explain the benefits of using manipulation and query tools in a relational Task 3.1
database system
3.2 implement a query language into the relational database system Task 3.2
3.3 critically evaluate how meaningful data has been extracted through the Task 3.3
use of query tools
LO4 - Be able to test and document relational database systems

4.1 critically review and test a relational database system Task 4.1

4.2 create documentation to support the implementation and testing of a Task 4.1
relational database system
4.3 create user documentation for a developed relational database system Task 4.2
4.4 explain how verification and validation have been addressed Task 4.3
4.5 explain how control mechanisms have been used. Task 4.4
Grade Descriptor for MERIT Possible evidence Feedback

M1 Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate Task 3.2
solutions Perform join queries to get the
desired outcome by summarizing
M1.2 Complex problems with more than one variable have been data from two or more tables
explored
M2 Select / design appropriate methods / techniques Proper use of Harvard referencing
M2.3 A range of sources of information has been used has been used and considerable
amount of references have produced
from different sources. Use of
correct in text citations and the end
list references
M3 Present and communicate appropriate findings Documentation is well structured
adhering to the formatting
M3.1 The appropriate structure and approach has been used guidelines with non-overlapping
facts.
Data provided are accurate, reliable
and consistent

Grade Descriptor for DISTINCTION Possible evidence Feedback
D1 Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify Task 1.1
valid conclusions Clearly justify by giving a
conclusion, why relational model
D1.1 Conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis best fits the scenario with a proper
of ideas and have been justified comparison with other data models
D2 Take responsibility for managing and organizing Provide a Gantt chart in the
activities Appendix section and submit the
assignment on time
D2.3 Activities have been managed
D3 Demonstrate convergent / lateral / creative thinking Task 4.2

Include proper test cases to make
D3.2 Self-evaluation has taken place sure that the built database system
is working accurately by self-
evaluating your own work

Strengths: Weaknesses:
Future Improvements & Assessor Comment:
Assessor: Signature: Date: ____/____/______
Internal Verifier’s Comments:
Internal Verifier: Signature: Date: ____/____/______
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................16
Summary.........................................................................................................................................17
Task 1 - Understand data models and database technologies..........................................................18
1.1 Critically compare different data models such as Hierarchical, Network, and Relational and justify which data model best fits the scenario 18

1.1.1 Different types of data models........................................................................................18
1.1.2 Justification of the suitable data model...........................................................................19
1.2 Prepare a power point presentation to critically discuss the benefits and limitations of different database technologies such as distributed database, data
warehouse, Data mining, Multimedia database...........................................................................20
1.2.1Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Warehouse........................................................21
1.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Mining.............................................................22
1.3 Analyse different approaches such as Top down and Bottom up which can be used to design a database and justify how these approaches relate to
database design............................................................................................................................24
1.3.1 Different Approaches.....................................................................................................24
1.3.2 Approaches to Database Design.....................................................................................25
1.3.3 Database Planning..........................................................................................................26
1.3.4 Systems Definition.........................................................................................................26
1.3.5 Requirements Collection and Analysis...........................................................................26
1.3.6 Database Design.............................................................................................................27
1.3.7 Database Management System Selection........................................................................27
1.3.8 Application Design.........................................................................................................27
1.3.9 Prototyping.....................................................................................................................28
1.3.10 Implementation.............................................................................................................28

1.3.11 Data Conversion and Loading......................................................................................28
1.3.12 Testing..........................................................................................................................28
1.3.13 Operational Maintenance..............................................................................................28
Task 2 - Be able to design and implement relational database systems...........................................29
2.1 Identify entities and attributes of the given scenario and draw an ER diagram by showing different attribute types and cardinality constraints 29
2.2 Translate the ER diagram into relational schemas by showing the relation with each through primary keys and foreign keys 30
2.3 Design a relational database system according to the ER diagram you have created (Use SQL DDL statements) 31
2.4 Provide evidence of the use of a suitable IDE to create a simple interface to insert, update and delete data in the database 33
Task 3 - Be able to use manipulation and querying tools................................................................40
3.1 Explain the benefits of different manipulation and query tools which can be used to design the relational database system 40
3.2 Perform following SQL queries using the tables you have created and provide the output gained 41
3.3 Critically evaluate how different query tools can be used to obtain meaningful data with its unique functionalities 43
3.3.1 Explanation of query tools..............................................................................................43
Task 4 - Be able to test and document relational database systems.................................................44
4.1 Provide a suitable test plan to support the documentation of the testing process...................44
4.2 Provide relevant test cases for the database you have implemented......................................49
4.3 Create user documentation for a developed relational database system with the help of help menus, pop ups 51
4.3.1 Steps to create a database...............................................................................................52

4.4 Provide evidences on how to address verification and validation..........................................55
4.4.1 Examples for verification...............................................................................................56
4.4.2 Example for Validation..................................................................................................56
4.5 explain how control mechanisms have been used and the importance of these mechanisms for the security of the database 57
Gantt chart.......................................................................................................................................58
Self-criticism...................................................................................................................................59
References.......................................................................................................................................60
Indexes............................................................................................................................................61
Glossary..........................................................................................................................................62
Table of Figures
FIGURE 1 DATABASE TECHNOLOGIES....................................................................................23

FIGURE 2 ADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED DATABASE...........................................................23
FIGURE 3 DISADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED DATABASE......................................................24
FIGURE 4 ADVANTAGES OF DATA WAREHOUSE....................................................................24
FIGURE 5 DISADVANTAGES OF DATA WAREHOUSE...............................................................25
FIGURE 6 ADVANTAGES OF DATA MINING............................................................................25
FIGURE 7 DISADVANTAGES OF DATA MINING.......................................................................26

FIGURE 8 DATABASE DESIGN................................................................................................27
FIGURE 9 ERD DIAGRAM........................................................................................................32
FIGURE 10 RELATIONAL DIAGRAM........................................................................................33
FIGURE 11 LOGIN FORM........................................................................................................36
FIGURE 12 MAIN FORM OF STAFFORD UNIVERSITY...............................................................36
FIGURE 13 COURSE FORM......................................................................................................37
FIGURE 14 FACULTY FORM...................................................................................................38
FIGURE 15 LECTURER FORM..................................................................................................40
FIGURE 16 STUDENT FORM....................................................................................................41
FIGURE 17 DETAILS OF STUDENTS USING JOIN QUERY..........................................................44
FIGURE 18 DELETE QUERY WHERE GRADE IS FAIL................................................................44
FIGURE 19 UPDATE USING JOIN QUERY.................................................................................44
FIGURE 20 UPDATE IN COURSE..............................................................................................45
FIGURE 21 UPDATE IN LECTURER..........................................................................................45
FIGURE 22 CONNECTING USING THE SERVER NAME..............................................................55
FIGURE 23 STEPS TO CREATING NEW DATABASE..................................................................55
FIGURE 24 STEPS FOR CREATING NEW QUERY......................................................................56
FIGURE 25 LIST OF TABLES IN QUERY..................................................................................56
FIGURE 26 EXECUTING TABLE IN QUERY..............................................................................57

FIGURE 27 DATA INSERTED...................................................................................................57
FIGURE 28 RESULT...............................................................................................................57
FIGURE 29 CREATE PROCEDURE..........................................................................................59

FIGURE 30 AFTER INSERT TRIGGER.....................................................................................59
FIGURE 31 GANTT CHART....................................................................................................61
List of Tables
TABLE 1 LOGIN FORM RESULTS...........................................................................................47

TABLE 3 COURSE TABLE DETAILS.......................................................................................49
TABLE 4 LECTURER TABLE DETAILS...................................................................................50
TABLE 5 FACULTY TABLE DETAILS.....................................................................................51
TABLE 6 TEST CASE- QUERY...............................................................................................52
TABLE 7 TEST CASE – QUERY 2...........................................................................................53
TABLE 8 DESCRIPTION OF VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION..............................................58

[Author has kept the page blank intentionally]

Acknowledgement
It is of greatest and extreme gratitude and with the help and guideline of one person, our wonderful lecturer Miss Shifna Therefore the
completion of this assignment gives us much pleasure. Our sincere gratitude to Miss Shifna and to the whole administration of Esoft for giving
us a good guideline in helping us in our assignments.
You have guided us in every possible way and we are grateful. From a certain point of view, we can always ask anything from you and we are
certain that you will certainly help us in every possible way.
Her valuable guidance and advice has inspired us greatly to work in this project. Thus, her willingness to motivate us has contributed
tremendously to the completion of this assignment.
It is certainly a great privilege to be learning under your guidance, no other words to describe you, such a wonderful, kind hearted and loving
lecturer.
To end all I have to say or mention is about a famous quote about Education – “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to
change the world.

Summary
As we mention about this specific assignment known as DAD or in other words Database Analysis and Design, it foretells about certain new
things that we have never known about
We would be confused when everyone talks about it, mentioning about Databases and all those stuff. But what is a Database. As we mention
about Databases it is known as an organized collection of data. It is the collection of schemas, tables, queries, reports, views and other objects.
Besides that, although we mentioned about Databases behind all that it’s barely a design known as Database design.
Database design is the process of producing a detailed data model of a database. This data model contains all the needed logical and physical
design choices and physical storage parameters needed to generate a design in a data definition language, which can then be used to create a
database. A fully attributed data model contains detailed attributes for each entity.
It can be used to describe many different parts of the design of an overall database system. Principally, and most correctly, it can be thought of as
the logical design of the base data structures used to store the data. However, the term database design could also be used to apply to the overall

process of designing, not just the base data structures, but also the forms and queries used as part of the overall database application within
the database management system
Task 1 - Understand data models and database technologies
1.1 Critically compare different data models such as Hierarchical, Network, and Relational and justify which data model best fits the
scenario

1.1.1 Different types of data models
Data models define how the logical structure of a database is modelled. They are fundamental entities to introduce abstraction in a DBMS. Thus
they define how data is connected to each other and how they are processed and stored inside the system. They following data models are as
follows:
Hierarchical Model – this covers a broad concept spectrum. It often refers to a lot of set ups like Multi level models where they are various
levels of information or data all related to be some larger form. This model is similar to the network model where it displays a collection of
records in trees rather than arbitrary graphs.
Network Model – is a database model that is designed as a flexible approach to representing objects and their relationships. A unique feature of
the network model is its schema which is viewed as a graph where relationship types are arcs and object types are nodes. Unlike other database
models, the network model’s schema is not confined to be a lattice or hierarchy
Relational Model – this model is the conceptual basis of relational databases. It is a method of structuring data using relations which are grid
like mathematical structures consisting of columns and rows. In the relational model, all data must be stored in relations and each relation
consists of rows and columns. The main characteristic of the relational model is the usage of keys. These are specially designated columns
within a relation used to order data or relate data to other relations. One of the most important key is the primary key, which is used to uniquely
identify each row of data
Source (Techopedia, 2018)

1.1.2 Justification of the suitable data model
For this certain case study, I have chosen the relational model because this model is the conceptual basis of relational databases where it is been
used as a method of structuring data using relations which are grid like mathematical structures that consists of columns and rows. Thus this
model borrows heavily from mathematics and uses mathematical terms such as domains, unions and ranges, thus the features and conditions that
it describes are easy to define using simple English. In the relational model, all data must be stored in relations such as tables where each relation
consists of rows and columns. Each relation must have a header and body. The header is simply the list of columns in the relation. The body is
the set of data that actually populates the relation, thus organizing them into rows. You can extrapolate that the junction of one column and one
row will result in a unique value, this value is called a tuple. The second major characteristic of the relational model is the usage of keys. These
are specially designated columns within a relation, used to order data or relate data to other relations. One of the most important key is the
primary key, which is used to uniquely identify each row of data.
The hierarchical model is not like the other two models. In the hierarchical model, data is stored in a defined hierarchy. For instance, a company
is made of departments and each department has employees. So a tree structure is created with the company at the root of the tree. To get to all
employees in the company, one would have to traverse the entire tree. The hierarchical model does exist today, but typically in legacy
applications. The network model was the first attempt to address the inefficiencies of the hierarchical model. In the network model, you could
create a network showing how data related to each other. The network model never caught on, and was eventually replaced by the relational
model. The relational model has proven to be the most efficient and most flexible database model in use today. There are many advantages of the
relational model over the other models, which is why the most popular databases in use today employ this methodology. The hierarchical model
really only implements 1:1 relations, as defined in the strict hierarchy. The other two models do implement 1: m relationships.
Source (Tech target, 2018)

1.2 Prepare a power point presentation to critically discuss the benefits and limitations of different database technologies such as
distributed database, data warehouse, Data mining, Multimedia database
Figure 1 Database technologies

Figure 2 Advantages of Distributed Database

Figure 3 Disadvantages of Distributed Database
1.2.1Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Warehouse

Figure 4 Advantages of Data Warehouse

Figure 5 Disadvantages of Data warehouse
1.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Mining

Figure 6 Advantages of Data Mining

Figure 7 Disadvantages of Data Mining

1.3 Analyse different approaches such as Top down and Bottom up which can be used to design a database and justify how these
approaches relate to database design
Database Design
Database design is the process of producing a detailed data model of a database. This data model contains all the needed logical and physical
design choices and physical storage parameters that are needed to generate a design in a data definition language, which can be used to create a
database.
Source (www.tutorialpoint.com)
1.3.1 Different Approaches
A database is usually a fundamental component of the information system, especially in business oriented systems. Thus database design is part
of system development.
Diagram of Database Design

Figure 8 Database Design
Source (www.amk.fi)

1.3.2 Approaches to Database Design
Top down approach
The top-down approach, also known as step-wise design, essentially breaks a system or model down into component sub-systems, each of which
may further broken down further. However, no first-level system are defined – you won’t describe a for loop, or define the attributes of an object
in the top-down approach. Systems end up as a series of ‘black boxes’; components that have specific inputs and outputs, but no definite internal
structure.
Bottom Up
Bottom-up design consists of defining and coding the very basic, definite parts of the system to be designed, then linking these parts together to
form the whole. It also identifies the data elements (items) and then groups them together in data sets. In other words, it first defines attributes,
and then groups them to form entities. Bottom up begins with the specific details and moves up to the general. It identifies the data elements and
then groups them together in data sets.
1.3.2.1 Differences between Top down and Bottom Up
Top Down
 It starts from abstract to finally achieving a solid design
 This approach is most commonly employed

 It starts with the top level module and progresses downward to the lowest level module
 It is easy to visualize and provides sense of completeness
Bottom Up
 It’s just the reverse as it begins with the concrete design to get the abstract entity
 It proceeds with the design of lowest level module
 It has the advantages of solid business logic and the ability to write good unit test and to ease which changes can be managed and
modified
1.3.3 Database Planning
The database planning includes the activities that allow the stages of the database system development lifecycle to be realized as efficiently and
effectively as possible. This phase must be integrated with the overall Information System strategy of the organization.
The very first step in database planning is to define the mission statement and objectives for the database system. It is the major aim, the purpose
and the supported tasks of the database system which are known as the resources of the database system
1.3.4 Systems Definition
In the systems definition phase, the scope and boundaries of the database application are described. This description includes

 Links with the other information systems of the organization
 What the planned system is going to do now and in the future
 Who the users are now and in the future
The major user views are also described. I.e. what is required of a database system from the perspectives of particular job roles or enterprise
application areas?
1.3.5 Requirements Collection and Analysis
During the requirements collection and analysis phase, the collection and analysis of the information about the part of the enterprise to be served
by the database are completed. The results may include e.g.:
 The description of the data that is used or generated

 The details how the data is to be used or generated
 Any additional requirements needed for the new database
Source (www.amk.fi)
1.3.6 Database Design

The database design phase is divided into three steps:
 Conceptual database design

 Logical database design
 Physical database design

In the conceptual design phase, the model of the data to be used is to be independent of all physical considerations which are to be constructed.
The model is based on the requirements specification
In the logical database design phase, the model of the data to be used is based on a specific data model, but independent of a particular database
management system is constructed. This is based on the target data model for the database e.g. relational data model.
In the physical database design phase, the description of the implementation of the database on secondary storage is created. The base relations,
indexes, integrity constraints, security, etc. are defined using the SQL language.
1.3.7 Database Management System Selection
This is an optional phase. When there is a need for a new database management system (DBMS), this phase is done. DBMS means a database
system like Access, SQL Server, MYSQL, and Oracle. In this phase the criteria for the new DBMS are defined. Then several products are
evaluated according to the criteria. Finally the recommendation for the selection is decided.
1.3.8 Application Design
In the application design phase, the design of the user interface and the application programs that use and process the database are defined and
designed. It includes database concerns such as interfacing SQL with traditional programming languages
Source (www.amk.fi, Craig s.mullins)

1.3.9 Prototyping
The purpose of a prototype is to allow the users to use the prototype to identify the features of the system using a computer. There are horizontal
and vertical prototypes. A horizontal prototype has many features (e.g. user interfaces) but they are not in a working condition. A vertical
prototype has very few features but they are in perfect working condition.
1.3.10 Implementation
During the implementation phase, the physical realizations of the database and application designs are to be done. This is the programming
phase of the systems development.
1.3.11 Data Conversion and Loading
This phase is needed when a new database is replacing an old system. During this phase the existing data will be transferred into the new
database.
1.3.12 Testing
Before the new system is going to live, it should be thoroughly tested. The goal of testing is to find errors! The goal is not to prove the software
is working well.

1.3.13 Operational Maintenance
The operational maintenance is the process of monitoring and maintaining the database system. Monitoring means that the performance of the
system is observed. If the performance of the system falls below an acceptable level, tuning or reorganization of the database may be required
Source (www.amk.fi)
Task 2 - Be able to design and implement relational database systems

2.1 Identify entities and attributes of the given scenario and draw an ER diagram by showing different attribute types and cardinality
constraints

Figure 9 ERD Diagram

2.2 Translate the ER diagram into relational schemas by showing the relation with each through primary keys and foreign keys
Figure 10 Relational diagram


2.3 Design a relational database system according to the ER diagram you have created (Use SQL DDL statements)
Create table Login (
Username Varchar (50),
Password Varchar (50),
Primary key (Username)
);
Create table Student (
Student ID Int,
Coursed Int,
Lecturer_ID Int,
Student name Varchar (50),
Birthday date,
Enroll_year int,
primary key (Student_ID),

foreign key (Lecturer_ID) references Lecturer (Lecturer_ID),
);
create table Lecturer(
Lecturer_ID int,
Student_ID int,
Lecturer_Name varchar (50),
Lecturer_Title varchar (50),
Committee varchar (50),
primary key (Lecturer_ID),
);
create table Faculty(
Lecturer_ID int,
Student_ID int,
Faculty_Name varchar (50),
Faculty_dean varchar (50),

Faculty_building varchar (50),
primary key (Lecturer_ID),
);
create table Course(
Course_ID int,
Student_ID int,
Lecturer_ID int,
Course_title varchar (50),
Course_level varchar (50),
Course_duration varchar (50),
Start_year int,
Semester varchar (50),
Grade varchar (50),
primary key (Student_ID),
foreign key (Lecturer_ID) references Lecturer (Lecturer_ID),

);

2.4 Provide evidence of the use of a suitable IDE to create a simple interface to insert, update and delete data in the database
Figure 11 Login form

Figure 12 Main form of Stafford University

Figure 13 Course form
Insert code
private void btnInsert_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(cs);
string sql = "Insert into Course (Course_ID,Student_ID,
Lecturer_ID,Course_title,Course_level,Course_duration,Start_year,Semester,Grade) values ('" + cmbCourse_ID.Text + "','" +
cmbStudent_ID.Text + "','"+cmbLecturer_ID.Text+"'," + cmbCourse_title.Text + "','" + cmbCourse_level.Text + "','" +
cmbCourse_duration.Text + "','" + cmbStart_year.Text + "','" + cmbSemester.Text + "','" + cmbGrade.Text + "')";

con.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(sql, con);
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
MessageBox.Show("Data is inserted successfully !!!");
con.Close();
}
Update code
private void btnUpdate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
string sql = "Update Course set Course_ID = '" + cmbCourse_ID.Text + "', Student_ID = '" + cmbStudent_ID.Text + "', Lecturer_ID =
'"+cmbLecturer_ID.Text+"', Course_title = '" + cmbCourse_title.Text + "', Course_level = '" + cmbCourse_level.Text + "', Course_duration = '"
+ cmbCourse_duration.Text + "', Start_year = '" + cmbStart_year.Text + "', Semester = '" + cmbSemester.Text + "', Grade = '" + cmbGrade.Text
+ "'";
con.Open();
MessageBox.Show("Data is updated successfully !!!");
con.Close();
}
}
}
Delete code
private void btnDelete_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
string sql = "Delete from Course where Course_ID = '" + cmbCourse_ID.Text + "'";

con.Open();
MessageBox.Show("Data is deleted successfully !!!");
con.Close();
}
Figure 14 Faculty form
Insert code

{
string sql = "Insert into Faculty (Lecturer_ID,Student_ID,Faculty_Name,Faculty_dean,Faculty_building) values ('" +
cmbLecturer_ID.Text + "','" + cmbStudent_ID.Text + "','" + cmbFaculty_Name.Text + "','" + cmbFaculty_dean.Text + "','" +
cmbFaculty_building.Text + "')";
con.Open();
con.Close();
}
Update code

{
string sql = "Update Faculty set Lecturer_ID = '" + cmbLecturer_ID.Text + "', Student_ID = '" + cmbStudent_ID.Text + "',
Faculty_Name = '" + cmbFaculty_Name.Text + "', Faculty_dean = '" + cmbFaculty_dean.Text + "', Faculty_building = '" +
cmbFaculty_building.Text + "'";
con.Open();
con.Close();
}
Delete code

{
string sql = "Delete from Faculty where Lecturer_ID = '" + cmbLecturer_ID.Text + "'";
con.Open();
con.Close();
}

Figure 15 Lecturer form
Insert code

{
string sql = "Insert into Lecturer (Lecturer_ID,Student_ID,Lecturer_Name,Lecturer_Title,Committee) values ('" + cmbLecturer_ID.Text
+ "','" + cmbStudent_ID.Text + "','" + cmbLecturer_Name.Text + "','" + cmbLecturer_Title.Text + "','" + cmbCommittee.Text + "')";
con.Open();
con.Close();

}
Update code

{
string sql = "Update Lecturer set Lecturer_ID = '" + cmbLecturer_ID.Text + "', Student_ID = '" + cmbStudent_ID.Text + "',
Lecturer_Name = '" + cmbLecturer_Name.Text + "', Lecturer_Title = '" + cmbLecturer_Title.Text + "', Committee = '" + cmbCommittee.Text +
"'";
con.Open();
con.Close();
}
Delete code

{
string sql = "Delete from Lecturer where Lecturer_ID = '" + cmbLecturer_ID.Text + "'";
con.Open();
con.Close();
}

Figure 16 Student form
Insert code

{
string sql = "Insert into Student (Student_ID,Course_ID,Lecturer_ID,Student_name,Birthday,Enroll_year) values ('" +
cmbStudent_ID.Text + "','"+cmbCourse_ID.Text+"','"+cmbLecturer_ID.Text +"','" + cmbStudent_name.Text + "','" + dtpBirthday.Text + "','" +
cmbEnroll_year.Text + "')";
con.Open();

con.Close();
}
Update code

{
string sql = "Update Student set Student_ID = '" + cmbStudent_ID.Text + "', Course_ID = '"+cmbCourse_ID.Text +"', Lecturer_ID =
'"+cmbLecturer_ID.Text +"', Student_name= '" + cmbStudent_name.Text + "', Birthday = '" + dtpBirthday.Text + "', Enroll_year = '" +
cmbEnroll_year.Text + "'";
con.Open();
con.Close();
}
Delete code

{
string sql = "Delete from Student where Student_ID = '" + cmbStudent_ID.Text + "'";
con.Open();

con.Close();
}

Task 3 - Be able to use manipulation and querying tools
3.1 Explain the benefits of different manipulation and query tools which can be used to design the relational database system
The benefits that is mentioned about Query tools firstly is that different types of query tools are been used nowadays. From this we realize that
queries allows the users to extract relevant information from a database, thus from the use of a query it helps to pre define the categories of
information that will be sought.
Queries are the primary mechanism for retrieving information from a database and consist of questions presented to the database in a predefined
format. Many database management systems use the Structured Query Language (SQL) standard query format. A database query is used to
retrieve data from the database in a readable format according to the user's request. There are some few advantages and there are as follows
 Storage space
While you are developing a database that is entirely based on data specifications. There are no unnecessary bytes or characters stored in the
SQL database. This saves storage space.
 Efficient data retrieval

Queries can be used to retrieve large amounts of data from a database efficiently and speedily.
 Database security
Security gets better because you can allow particular data to be stored in the SQL database.

 Speed
The database is efficient and uses the correct character length and data types, query speed will improve.

3.2 Perform following SQL queries using the tables you have created and provide the output gained
Figure 17 Details of Students using join query
Figure 18 Delete query where grade is Fail

Figure 19 Update using Join query
Figure 20 Update in Course

Figure 21 Update in Lecturer

3.3 Critically evaluate how different query tools can be used to obtain meaningful data with its unique functionalities
3.3.1 Explanation of query tools

Although query tools generate operate by extracting data from a traditional database engine such as SQL server. It refers to the fact that the data
is stored and referenced `according to several dimensions.
They have changed, by making storage, retrieval and accuracy of data that is stored more efficiently effective and reliable. It enables us to
execute arbitrary SQL commands.
The approach would be to select features that meet some criteria or that are located in a particular place. We can build SQL queries to select
particular features or rows from the source data.
For example, the ‘Select’ tool allows us to use a SQL query to make a new feature class of features that are selected from an existing class. As
we specify about query tools, they help analyze the data in a database in which they provide query building editing and summarizes
functionalities
Examples
The most basic SELECT statement has two parts. They are what columns you want to return and what table those columns come from.
 To retrieve all of the information about the entire Student in the Add_New_Student table, we can use the asterisk (*) mark as a shortcut
for all of the columns.
SELECT * FROM Student

Task 4 - Be able to test and document relational database systems
4.1 Provide a suitable test plan to support the documentation of the testing process
Design By : Mohammed Ashraf Design Date : 2018/02/19
Description: Login Details form – Please insert Username and Password, Successful
and Unsuccessful Login
Test Action User System Response Pass/
Case Expected Fail
No Result
Please insert Pass

Username Display
1.1
and Message
Password
Pass
Successful Display
2.1
Login Message

Unsuccessful Display Pass
3.1
Login Message
Table 1 Login form results
Description: Student Details form – Insert, Update and Delete

Case Expected Fail
No Result
Pass
Inserting
Display
1.1 Student
Message
details

Pass
Updating Display
2.1
Student Message
details
Deleting Pass
Display
3.1 Student
Message
details

Description: Course Details form – Insert, Update and Delete

Case Expected Fail
No Result
Pass
Inserting
Display
1.1 Course
Message
details
Pass
Updating Display
2.1
Course Message
details
3.1 Deleting Display

Course Message
details
Pass

Description: Lecturer Details form – Insert, Update and Delete

Case Expected Fail
No Result

Pass
Inserting
Display
1.1 Lecturer
Message
details
Pass
Updating Display
2.1
Lecturer Message
details
Deleting Pass
Display
3.1 Lecturer
Message
details

Description: Faculty Details form – Insert, Update and Delete

Case Expected Fail
No Result
Pass
Inserting
Display
1.1 Faculty
Message
details
Pass
Updating Display
2.1
Faculty Message
details
3.1 Deleting Display

Faculty Message
details
Pass


4.2 Provide relevant test cases for the database you have implemented
Test Case: 1 Test Case Name : DDL Statements
Description: Execute database tables and get following results
Pass
Record Display
2.1
Successfully Message
Pass
Syntax Display
2.2
Errors Message
Display
Object Pass
Error
2.3 Errors
Message

Display
Data Type
2.4 Error Pass
Errors
Message
Table 5 Test case- query
Test Case: 1 Test Case Name : DDL Statements

Description: Execute database tables and get following results
Test Action User System Response Pass
case Expecte /
No d Result Fail

Pass
Insert Record Display
3.1
Successfully Message
Pass
Display
Display
3.2 Record
Data
Successfully
Pass
Syntax Display
3.3
Errors Message
Pass
Display
3.4 Object Errors Error
Message
Pass
Display
Column
3.5 Error
Errors
Message
Pass
Table Display
3.6 Definition Error
don’t Match Message

4.3 Create user documentation for a developed relational database system with the help of help menus, pop ups
Stafford University
4.3.1 Steps to create a database
Management System

Figure 22 Connecting using the server name
Then in Object Explorer, there is databases, right click and create new database

Figure 23 steps to creating new database
As database is created, press New Query and insert your Query

Figure 24 Steps for creating new query
Once the new query is created the user can create tables in the following query

Figure 25 List of tables in query

In order to get the result the user has to execute the tables in the query and insert data in order to get the result
Figure 26 Executing table in query
Inserting data to table

Figure 27 Data inserted
Viewing the executed result
Figure 28 result
4.4 Provide evidences on how to address verification and validation
We have V-Model in software development, popularly known as verification and validation model. It is executed in sequential manner and each
phase must be completed before the next phase begins.
Verification Validation

 It is the process in software development life
 It is the process in software development life
cycle to check if we are in the right track of cycle to check whether the final product
developing the product or software. meets business needs.
 This process involves checking that all the

 This process involves checking the
design documents and requirement
intermediary documents like ER Diagrams,
specification reflect the requirement and
database design, website design, test cases,
are fit to be used. When placed in intended
test plan, design documents, traceability
environment, it is to be checked that
matrix.
product fulfils its intended use.
 Verification is done before software

 Validation involves software execution
execution
 This process involves all techniques of static

 This process involves all techniques of
testing. dynamic testing.
 Examples of validation are : All types of

 Examples of verification are : Reviews, testing like Regression testing, System
inspection, walkthrough testing, User Acceptance testing, smoke
testing etc.
 In this project, all design documents like ER

 After system completion, it will undergo
Diagrams and requirement specifications various types of testing to check if it is fit

have been verified and all system
to be used.
requirements have been addressed therein.
Table 7 Description of validation and verification
Source (tutorial point, 2018)
4.4.1 Examples for verification
Figure 29 Create procedure

4.4.2 Example for Validation
Figure 30 after insert trigger

4.5 explain how control mechanisms have been used and the importance of these mechanisms for the security of the database
 Control mechanisms are methods or process to define and manage variables in a desirable way. For example a test manager at
deployment site might install a variety of control mechanisms to help them monitor various testing activities in software testing life cycle.
 We need to apply control mechanisms over our system to ensure that a high standard of quality is met. To keep the entire process on
track, it is important to have quality control. It helps us to figure out the problem, fix it and also helps us in judging the effectiveness of
implemented solution
 The entire process of quality control must go on smoothly. A control feature must be devised, to manage major portion of work in
standardized manner.
If in the entire process of controlling the system work flow, we are not able to achieve any task by straight method, we need to devise some
alternative control mechanisms, which comply with the standardized methods
 In the process of controlling, one must also know how to react in case of defects. The areas of system where defects are most likely to
occur must be monitored carefully, so that the defects can be caught and fixed there and then, rather than continuing the work flow further.
Defects must be caught and treated in their nascent stage or must be reduced to near zero, so that we can say that six sigma is attained
Source (Techopedia, 2018)

Gantt chart

Figure 31 Gantt chart

Self-criticism
This assignment was of great source of knowledge to me. From this assignment, I came to know about various data models, database
technologies. In this assignment I covered many ways of the database.
I got to realize what a database is. I achieved many of the objectives which are mainly data insertion, updating and deletion in the database and I
learnt how to secure database with the stored procedures and triggers. It’s certainly a new thing to us learning about Databases.
The following system that we were given was Stafford University Management System. It gave me a wide knowledge about the relations designs
on the database with entities attributes and how to create a successful relation between each entity, and to give each a valid unique primary key,
plus also to make a difference between entity and attributes.
I'm very satisfied with this project as I achieved, and I gave my uttermost effort in completing this following assignment.

References
Techopedia - Where Information Technology and Business Meet. 2018. Techopedia - Where Information Technology and Business Meet.
[ONLINE] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/. [Accessed 17 March 2018].
Test bytes. 2018. Test bytes: Software Testing and QA Consulting Company. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.testbytes.net/. [Accessed 17
March 2018].
DIGMA-oppimisympäristö. 2018. DIGMA-oppimisympäristö. [ONLINE] Available at: https://moodle.amk.fi/. [Accessed 17 March 2018].
tutorialspoint.com. 2018. Ansible, LOLCODE, Current Affairs 2018, Apache Commons Collections, Intellij Idea, Java 9, GSON, Test Link,
Inter Process Communication (IPC), Logo, PySpark, Google Tag Manager, Adobe InDesign, IFSC Code, SAP Workflow, Scipy, Angular 4,
D3js, dcjs, Rich Faces, Spring Boot, SAP Hybris, Flexbox, Azure RP, Open Shift, Apache Bench, qTest, Test Lodge, Power BI, Python,
Financial Accounting, Text and Video Tutorials for UPSC, IAS, PCS, Civil Services, Banking, Aptitude, Questions, Answers, Explanation,
Interview, Entrance, Exams, Solutions, Examples, Online, Quiz, Current Affairs 2017, Aptitude Test, Verbal Ability, General Knowledge,
Reasoning, Mock test, Kubernetes, Spring JDBC, Java Concurrency, Spring AOP, Gerrit, Spring MVC, Indian Polity, History, Geography,
Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Economy. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/. [Accessed 17 March 2018].
More Process. 2018. More Process - Relevant Technology Articles and Tutorials for Everyone. [ONLINE] Available
at: http://www.moreprocess.com/. [Accessed 17 March 2018].
Entrepreneur. 2018. Entrepreneur - Start, run and grow your business. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.entrepreneur.com/. [Accessed 17
March 2018].

TechTarget. 2018. Fuel Your Pipeline Faster - TechTarget. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.techtarget.com/. [Accessed 17 March 2018].

Indexes
D Ide, 6, 32
Dad, 16 M
Dbms, 26
Mysql, 26
Ddl, 6, 30, 48, 49
S
E
Sql, 6, 26, 30, 39, 40, 42
Er, 6, 28, 29, 30, 54
V
I
V-Model, 54
Id, 5, 6, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38


Glossary
ID – Identity
DAD – Database Analysis and Design
DBMS – Database Management System
DDL – Data Definition Language
ER – Entity Relationship
IDE – Integrated Development Environment
SQL – Structured Query Language


Assignment Brief BTEC Level 4-5 HNC/HND Diploma (QCF) : To Be Filled by The Student

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BTEC Level 4-5 HNC/HND Diploma (QCF)

To be filled by the Student

Edexcel No : Registration No: Batch No:

Unit Assessment Information

Qualification : Higher National Diploma in Computing and Systems Development

Assessment Title & No’s : Database solution for Stafford University.

Learning outcomes and grading opportunities:

Date Issued : Date Due :

Assessor : Date Assessed:

Internal Verifier (IV): Date of IV:

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 1

Word Processing Rules

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 2

Statement of Originality and Student Declaration

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 3

1. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence because it constitutes theft.

Student’s Signature: …………………………… Date:

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 4

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 5

Task 2: LO 2: Be able to design and implement relational database systems

Task 3: LO 3: Be able to use manipulation and querying tools

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 6

Task 4: LO 4: Be able to test and document relational database systems

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 7

Activit Activity Learning Date Feedback

1 Create tables with Entity integrity and LO2.2

3 Perform join queries M 1.2

4 Drop Foreign key of a table (ON DELETE LO4.1

Assessor Name ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assessor Signature -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRESENTATION EVALUATION FORM

Excellent Very Good Meets Below

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 8

Presentation Clearly, Generally Conveys Not always Clumsy,

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 9

Subject- Student/s, Name/s-

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 10

LO2 - Be able to design and implement relational database systems

LO4 - Be able to test and document relational database systems

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 11

Grade Descriptor for MERIT Possible evidence Feedback

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 12

D3 Demonstrate convergent / lateral / creative thinking Task 4.2

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 13

Future Improvements & Assessor Comment:

Assessor: Signature: Date: ____/____/______

Internal Verifier’s Comments:

Internal Verifier: Signature: Date: ____/____/______

Task 1 - Understand data models and database technologies..........................................................18

Mohammed Ashraf DAD Reg No: 10774 Page | 14

1.1.2 Justification of the suitable data model...........................................................................19

1.2.1Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Warehouse........................................................21

1.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Mining.............................................................22

1.3.1 Different Approaches.....................................................................................................24

1.3.2 Approaches to Database Design.....................................................................................25

1.3.3 Database Planning..........................................................................................................26

1.3.4 Systems Definition.........................................................................................................26

1.3.5 Requirements Collection and Analysis...........................................................................26

Assessor: Signature: Date: //__

Internal Verifier: Signature: Date: //__