Module 06 - Airline Operations Part 2
Module 06 - Airline Operations Part 2
Module 06 - Airline Operations Part 2
Weight
Center of Gravity
Shifting Planning to the Cockpit
A380 Weight & Balance Page!
Gates!
Maintenance!
Baggage!
De-Ice!
Upgrades!
Key Terminal System Flows!
Add’l Pax!
Screen! Passengers!
Gate
Security!
Boarding! Check!
Drop-off!
Check-In! Parking!
Pick-up!
Bag Claim!
Parking!
Security!
Point!
Airside! Landside!
CTX 9000 Explosive Detector!
500 Bags/hr
Gates
(eg KBOS Boston Logan International Airport)!
Limited Gate Capacity!
“Horse Shoe” Alley
Limited Capacity for Pushback and Ramp
Operations, and Competition between Airlines!
Gate Restrictions (IAD Example)!
C DULLES C-GATE CAPABILITIES REVISED 01/15/01
747 747 777 767 10/ 10/ DC 757 727 737 319
400 200 10 30 9 320
B/S NOTES
1 X X X X X X X X X X Y MD-11 gate, SP on 67 spot, DC-9/10 on 27 spot, A340 gate now, A310-200 now A330/200 on 67 stop
2 X X X X X X X X X X Y MD-11 gate, SP on 67 spot, DC-9/10 on 27 spot, A340 gate now, A310-200 now A330/200 on 67 stop
3 X X X X X X X X X X Y MD-11 gate, SP on 67 spot, DC-9/10 on 37 spot, A340 gate now, A310-200 now [1L/2L]
4 X X X X X X X X X Y MD-11 park on 10 spot, SP on 67 spot, DC-9/80 on 27 spot, A310-200 now A330/200 on 67 stop
5 X X X R Y 727 storage only- NO jetway, A310-200 now
6 X X X X X X X Y A310-200 now
7 X X X X X Y 727 storage only- NO jetway, A310-200 now
8 X X X X X X X X Y MD-11 park on 10 spot, A-310-200 now [A300]
NOTE: 727 or 737, PULL bridge away fm A/C and raise bridge to 767 height BEFORE moving to box
9 R R R R R R X X X Y C11-Out of Service w/67, 77, all 747, 10/10, 10/30, A340, MD11, A310 on C9
LUFTHANSA WILL USE gate flying A340 on wide body line - SHUTS DOWN gate C11
11 R R R R Y 'C11 Out of Service w/67, 77, 10/10, 10/30, A340, MD11, A310 on C9
12 R X X X X X X Y No DC10-30, A310-200 now, 27,37,57,A-319-320 req tanker fill [A300]
777 on gate RESTRICTS C14 to 737, 727 or A319/320 ONLY
14 R R X X Re Y DC-9/80 park on 67 spot. A319 = e-EMERGENCY ONLY A319 MUST BE TANKER FILL
777 on gate C12 - RESTRICTS gate to 737,727 or A320 ONLY
16 R X Y 757 on C16 INOP C18. CL65 spot marked.
757/C16 w/ACA on C18 remote,757 first in, last out NO CL65 on C18 if 57 on C16
DC9/80 on C18 - CL65 ONLY an C16
17 X X X X X X Y NO ACFT on C17 w/mobile lounges on Intl arvl C19 [A300]
18 R R Y DC-9/80 park on 37 spot,RESTRICTS C16 to CL-65 ONLY
757 on C16, INOP C18. CL-65 SPOT MARKED
NO CL65 w/57 on C16. A-319-320 on C20 INOP C18. OK UAX remote
18R
19 X X X X X X Y DC-9/80 park on 37 spot. 67 Intl arvl ok JB on Int'l spot NO ACFT C17 til lounge leaves
[A300]
20 X R R X R Y (R) 57on C20 INOP C18, C22 - CL65 O.K. NO RESTRICTIONS DC-9/80 park on 27 spot
(R)A319/320 on C20 -- C18 & C22 - CL65 O.K. NO RESTRICTIONS
727 on C20 INOP C-22, CL65 spot mrkd, 57 can arrive C20 w/UAX on C18 remote
22 R R Y DC-9 park on 37 spot, RESTRICTS C24 to NO 757
CL65 spot mrkd, MD80, 27,57,A319-320 on C20 INOP C22
CL65 on C22 - CANNOT have 27,57,A319-320 on C20
22R Xx Xx = CL65 on 737 SPOT - 737 REQUIRES REMOTE STAIR AVAILABILITY
23 X X X X X X Y [A300]
24 R X X R Y DC-9 on C22 RESTRICTS C24 to NO 757
57 on gate NO A319/320 on C26. DC-9/80 park on 27 spot
NO 57, A320 w/inop APU,ground power WON'T support
CL65 on 727 spot - no jet bridge
26 R R R X X R Y DC-9/80 park on 67 spot (R) 67,10/10,10/30 on C26 INOP C28 (R),
(R)A319/320 on C26 - NO 757 on C24 wingtip pass-by
27,37,57 on C28 WILL block C-26, 57 on C26 must be first in, last out
Gate Service!
Catering!
Cleaning!
Water!
Baggage Loading!
Security!
Marshaling!
Pushback!
Low Predictability of Departure
Demand based on Schedule!
60
Mean = 14 min (absolute)
50
Std. Dev = 17 min 22 sec
40
Frequency
30
20
10
0
-0:10 -0:05 0:05 0:15 0:25 0:35 0:45 0:55 1:05 1:15 1:25 1:35
Time (hr:min)
On Gate Departure Preparation!
Source!
In-ground fuel points!
Tankers!
Contractors!
Fuel Flow Charges, Fees and Taxes!
Tankering!
Baggage & Cargo!
Types!
Passenger Bags!
Cargo!
Mail!
Live Cargo (e.g. Animals)!
Hazardous Cargo (Dry Ice, Nuclear)!
Organs!
Company Materials!
u sprayed on hot at high pressure to remove snow, ice, and frost,!
u dyed orange. !
Type II: "pseudoplastic“!
u high viscosity ( with thickening agents),!
! u remain in place until the aircraft attains 100 knots.!
Type III: compromise between type I and type II fluids. !
Designated de-icing areas at some u used for slower aircraft.!
Type IV: same viscosity as type II fluids!
airports! u longer holdover time,!
u typically dyed green. !
Cruise!
Step-Climb!
Push Back!
Push!
Tow Bar!
&!
Chocks!
Cargo Container Ingestion!
Taxi!
Runway Configuration Flow
Patterns!
27/22L-22R/22L 4R/4L-9/4L/4R
North
North
Runway Performance (De-Rate)
V-Speeds!
V1 = Decision Speed
VR = Rotation Speed
V2 = Engine Out Climb
Bugs
Runway Performance Data
Max Weights!
Flap Settings
APU On or Off
A380 TakeOff Page!
Flight Operations!
Procedures!
Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM) !
Checklists!
u Standard!
Preflight!
Push-Back!
Engine Start!
Taxi!
Takeoff!
After-Takeoff!
In-Range!
Descent!
Approach Briefing!
Before Landing!
After Landing!
Shutdown!
u Emergency!
B777 Cockpit!
Primary Flight Display
(PFD)!
Engine/Warning
Display
System
Display
Vehicle Control Loops!
Pi!l!o
! !t!
C!DU
!! M!CP
!! !C!on! t!r!!o!ls! !
Di!s! !p!la
!y!!s!
T!ra!!je!!c!to!!ry!! S!ta! !te! ! ! n!u!a!l!!C!o!nt!!r!ol!!
Ma
C!om !m ! !an!d! !s! C!om
!m! !an!d! !s!
F!li!g!!h!t!
A!u!to!!p!il!o!!t!
M!an!a!g
! !em! !e!n!t! A!ir!c!r!a
! f!!t!
A!u!to! !th! !ru!s! !t!
C!om ! !p!u!te!!r!
S!ta!!te! !
N!av!!ig!!a!t!io!!n!
- Memory Items
- Checklist Items
- Aviate
- Navigate
- Communicate
US Airway Structure!
Weather
Deviation!
Role of AOC in Decision Flows!
Aircraft Aircraft
Flight Turnaround Flight
Planning Management Following
Station Station
Preferred Flow
Routes Management
ATC ATC
Combined Datalink Networks
ACARS!
ARINC Datalink Network
ACARS!
Airline-Aircraft Example
ACARS Applications!
Courtesy of AIRINC
Airline-Aircraft Example
ACARS Monthly
ACARS Messages Message Traffic!
16,000,000
14,000,000 2011
More than 2 Million Messages/Day
12,000,000 More than 10,000 Aircraft
10,000,000
Messages
8,000,000
Series1
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
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NAVIGATION TRENDS
(APPROACH)!
Flare!
Arrival!
Marshaler!
Unscheduled!
“Squawks” = Reported Anomalies!
u Logbook Entries (ACARS)!
Line Replacement Units (LRU)!
Airworthiness Directives, Service Difficulty Reports!
Background On September 13, 2002, the FAA issued AD 2002-19-51, applicable to all Boeing Model 737 series airplanes, to
require, for certain airplanes, an inspection to determine whether flight control modules (FCM) having part number (P/N)
65-44891-7 with serial number (S/N) 8726 or greater (hereafter referred to as "suspect FCMs") are installed, and corrective
actions if necessary. The corrective actions include replacing the suspect FCM(s) with a serviceable FCM(s) having P/N
65-44891-7 with a S/N less than 8726, and revising the FAA-approved Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) to include procedures
for certain airplanes to identify failures of suspect FCMs before dispatch and to provide the flightcrew with operating
procedures in the event of failure of an FCM in flight. The AD also requires certain operators to submit inspection findings to
the FAA. That action was prompted by reports of failed FCMs, which resulted in sluggish response of the aileron, elevator, and
rudder surfaces. The actions required by that AD are intended to prevent operation with one failed FCM, which could result in
reduced controllability of the airplane, or with two failed FCMs, which could result in loss of control of the airplane.
Clarification of Affected Airplanes Because of reports of some operators misinterpreting the applicability of AD 2002-19-51,
we find that clarification is necessary. Operators should note that this AD affects all Boeing Model 737 series airplanes.
Operators of Model 737-600, -700, -700C, -800, and -900 series airplanes, having line numbers 1136 through 1230 inclusive,
are subject to all requirements of this AD. However, operators of all Model 737-100, -200, -200C, -300, 400, and -500 series
airplanes; and Model 737-600, -700, -700C, -800, and -900 series airplanes, having line numbers other than 1136 through 1230
inclusive; are only required to adhere to paragraphs (j) and (k) of this AD (i.e., parts installation paragraphs) to ensure that
spare replacement FCMs and compensators identified in those paragraphs are not installed on any Model 737 series airplane in
the future. No change to this AD is necessary in this regard.
Since the issuance of AD 2002-19-51, the FAA has approved an alternative method of compliance (AMOC) for the
replacement required by paragraphs (d)(1), (d)(2), and (h) of that AD. The AMOC allows FCMs having P/Ns other than
65-44891-7 that are approved for installation on Boeing Model 737-600, -700, -700C, -800, and -900 series airplanes to be
installed during the replacements required by those paragraphs. In addition, we have determined that a suspect FCM can
continue to be used once the compensator has been replaced with an airworthy compensator. Therefore, we have revised those
Example Emergency AD!
Clarification of Affected Airplanes Because of reports of some operators misinterpreting the applicability
of AD 2002-19-51, we find that clarification is necessary. Operators should note that this AD affects all
Boeing Model 737 series airplanes. Operators of Model 737-600, -700, -700C, -800, and -900 series
airplanes, having line numbers 1136 through 1230 inclusive, are subject to all requirements of this AD.
However, operators of all Model 737-100, -200, -200C, -300, 400, and -500 series airplanes; and Model
737-600, -700, -700C, -800, and -900 series airplanes, having line numbers other than 1136 through 1230
inclusive; are only required to adhere to paragraphs (j) and (k) of this AD (i.e., parts installation paragraphs)
to ensure that spare replacement FCMs and compensators identified in those paragraphs are not installed on
any Model 737 series airplane in the future. No change to this AD is necessary in this regard.
Inspection (a) For Model 737-600, -700, -700C, -800, and -900 series airplanes, having line numbers 1136
through 1230 inclusive: Before further flight after receipt of AD 2002-19-51, do an inspection to determine
the serial number (S/N) of both FCMs having part number (P/N) 65-44891-7.
Neither FCM Has S/N 8726 or Greater (b) If neither FCM has S/N 8726 or greater (hereafter referred to
as a "suspect FCM"), no further action is required by this AD, except for the requirements specified in
paragraphs (j) and (k) of this AD….
A Check or Service Check A checks are Line Maintenance visits focused on
aircraft general condition and limited system checks. A check intervals are typically
200-500 flight hours (30-50 days). !
C Check or Letter Check C Checks are hangar visits focused on aircraft systems.
Systems checks are performed to ensure the system is performing correctly or
restoration is performed to allow the system to operate until the next letter check.
Minor structure inspections and minor cabin restoration is performed also. C check
intervals are typically 6-18 months.!
D Check or Heavy Maintenance Visit (HMV) D Checks, or HMVs are hangar
visits in which the aircraft undergoes a major overhaul. The majority of the interior
components are removed and refurbished (seats, galleys, lavatories, etc). The aircraft
structure is inspected in detail. To perform inspections at an HMV, special access
such as opening wing fuel tanks, removing fairings, opening access panels not
normally opened in other maintenance visits. Many major repairs are performed at
HMV such as structural repairs for corrosion and fatigue cracks. Major modifications
are also typically performed at HMV. HMVs intervals are typically 5-8 years.!
Maintenance Check
Labor and Ground Time Estimates!
Labor
Fleet Visit Frequency Routine Non Routine EO Ground Time*
Required
727 Service Check 175 hrs 26 Overnight
Letter Check 7.5 Mo 606 400 200 6 24 hrs
MID1 30 Mo 5,421 1,806 2,555 1,060 11.0
2,000 720 1,130 150 12.0
MID2 5 yrs 11,817 4,385 6,074 1,358 20.2
MID2 5 yrs 5,050 3,000 1,800 250 21.0
HMV1 7.5 yrs
MID4 10 yrs 10,815 3,921 5,336 1,558 22.5
MID5 12.5 yrs
HMV2 15 yrs 16,950 6,936 8,224 1,791 35.9
737-200 Service Check 200 hrs 18 Overnight
Express Letter Check 6 Mo 570 340 220 10 14.5 hrs
CV 24 Mo 1,584 309 919 356 10.0
MID 4 yrs 9,898 3,818 4,474 1,606 19.4
MID 4 yrs 6,310 4,104 1,206 1,000 24.0
HMV 8 yrs 19,920 7,505 9,991 2,424 35.5
737-200/300 Service Check 200 hrs 24 Overnight
Domestic Letter Check 6 Mo 1,124 544 549 30 3.4
PSV Transition 1,745 883 837 25 4.5
CV 24 Mo 1,587 353 812 423 10.3
MID 4 yrs 10,797 4,088 4,927 1,782 24.8
HMV 8 yrs 12,785 7,146 4,926 713 28.6
737-800 Service Check 50 days 32 Overnight
PSV1 12 Mo 823 576 246 1 2.4
PSV1 12 Mo 650 520 110 20 1.5
PSV2 24 Mo 1,265 865 379 21 3.5
PSV3 36 Mo 1,206 691 453 62 2.6
PSV4 48 Mo 2,400 5.0
Maintenance Check
Labor and Ground Time Estimates!
757 Service Check 400 hrs 25 Overnight
PSV 0-6 yrs 4000 hrs 2,128 1,508 595 26 4.3
1,040 689 333 18 2.5
PSV 6-12 yrs 3,891 1,988 1,838 66 8.1
1,962 944 976 42 4.8
PSV 12-18 yrs 3,696 2,078 1,537 81 6.7
2,221 894 1,275 52 5.3
MID1 5 yrs 8,646 3,690 3,821 1,135 22.6
HMV1 8 yrs 12,966 5,750 6,266 949 35.2
HMV2 16 yrs 23,654 7,802 12,364 3,488 44.6
HMV3 24 yrs 45,621 10,635 27,737 7,249 76.9
767-200/300 Service Check 400 hrs 32 Overnight
Domestic PSV 0-6 yrs 4000 hrs 2,310 1,397 788 125 4.5
PSV 6-12 yrs 4,258 2,219 1,830 210 7.4
PSV 12-18 yrs 4,030 1,842 1,995 193 7.5
MID 5 yrs 27,938 6,333 16,390 5,215 45.4
HMV1 8 yrs
HMV2 16 yrs 19,572 8,726 9,521 1,325 35.2
HMV3 24 yrs 29,322 8,937 15,725 4,661 42.0
767-300 Service Check 400 hrs 48 Overnight
International PSV 0-6 yrs 5300 hrs 2,408 1,375 872 160 4.1
PSV 6-12 yrs 3,188 1,547 1,457 184 5.2
MID1 5 yrs 7,442 3,307 1,975 2,160 17.2
HMV1 8 yrs 11,250 6,286 3,773 1,191 20.3
767-400 Service Check 500 hrs 48
PSV1 18 Mo 2,000
HMV1 6 yrs 12,000
Maintenance Check
Labor and Ground Time Estimates!