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    Chapter 2. Principles of Hydrostatics

    Uploaded by

    James Fontanilla Cudal Jr.
    This document discusses key principles of fluid mechanics including: 1) Pascal's law which states that any two points at the same elevation in a fluid will be at the same pressure. 2) Pressure can be measured as gauge pressure (relative to atmosphere) or absolute pressure (above absolute zero). 3) Pressure increases with depth in a fluid - the pressure at any point below the surface equals the product of the fluid's unit weight and depth. 4) Manometers can be used to measure pressure differences by using columns of liquid of known specific gravity in bent tubes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chapter 2. Principles of Hydrostatics

    Uploaded by

    James Fontanilla Cudal Jr.
    999 views5 pages
    This document discusses key principles of fluid mechanics including: 1) Pascal's law which states that any two points at the same elevation in a fluid will be at the same pressure. 2) Pressure can be measured as gauge pressure (relative to atmosphere) or absolute pressure (above absolute zero). 3) Pressure increases with depth in a fluid - the pressure at any point below the surface equals the product of the fluid's unit weight and depth. 4) Manometers can be used to measure pressure differences by using columns of liquid of known specific gravity in bent tubes.

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    This document discusses key principles of fluid mechanics including: 1) Pascal's law which states that any two points at the same elevation in a fluid will be at the same pressure. 2) Pressure can be measured as gauge pressure (relative to atmosphere) or absolute pressure (above absolute zero). 3) Pressure increases with depth in a fluid - the pressure at any point below the surface equals the product of the fluid's unit weight and depth. 4) Manometers can be used to measure pressure differences by using columns of liquid of known specific gravity in bent tubes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    999 views5 pages

    Chapter 2. Principles of Hydrostatics

    Uploaded by

    James Fontanilla Cudal Jr.
    This document discusses key principles of fluid mechanics including: 1) Pascal's law which states that any two points at the same elevation in a fluid will be at the same pressure. 2) Pressure can be measured as gauge pressure (relative to atmosphere) or absolute pressure (above absolute zero). 3) Pressure increases with depth in a fluid - the pressure at any point below the surface equals the product of the fluid's unit weight and depth. 4) Manometers can be used to measure pressure differences by using columns of liquid of known specific gravity in bent tubes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    FLUID MECHANICS

    PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATICS

    UNIT PRESSURE OR PRESSURE, P

    Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface, with
    the force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in all directions.

    䁢 ꀀ香

    䁢ꀀ 香

    PASCAL’S LAW

    Pascal’s law, introduced by French Mathematician Blaise Pascal, states that, “any two
    points at the same elevation in a continuous mass of the same static fluid will be at the same
    pressure”.

    Gage Pressure (Relative Pressure)

    Gage pressures are pressures above or below the atmosphere and can be measured by
    pressure gauges or manometers.

    Atmospheric Pressure

    Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any one point on earth’s surface from the weight
    of the air above it.
    Under normal conditions at sea level:
    Patm = 2166 lb/ft2
    = 14.7 psi
    = 29.9 in. Hg
    = 760 mm Hg
    = 101.325 kPa
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    FLUID MECHANICS

    Absolute Pressure

    The intensity of pressure measured above absolute zero is called absolute pressure.
    Obviously, a negative absolute pressure is impossible.

    Pabs = pgage + patm

    NOTE: Unless otherwise specified in the problem, the term pressure signifies gage pressure.
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    FLUID MECHANICS

    Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid

    1 The difference in pressure between any two points in a


    homogeneous fluid at rest is equal to the product of the unit
    h
    weight of the fluid and the vertical distance between the
    2 points.

     2  1  h

    h
    The pressure at any point below the free surface of a liquid
    equals the product of the unit weight of the liquid and the
    depth of the point.

      h

    Pressure below layers of different liquids

    Air, pressure = p

    h1 liquid 1
    pbottom    h  p   1 h1   2 h2   3 h3  p
    h2 liquid 2

    h3
    liquid 3
    pbottom

    Pressure Head

    Pressure head is the height “h” of a column of homogeneous liquid of unit weight ϒ that will
    produce an intensity of pressure p.
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    FLUID MECHANICS

    To convert pressure head of liquid A to liquid B

     or  or 

    To convert pressure head of any liquid to water, just multiply its height by its specific gravity

    hwater = hliquid x SGliquid

    MANOMETER

    A manometer is a tube, usually bent in a form of a U, containing a liquid of known


    specific gravity, the surface of which moves proportionally to changes of pressure. It is used to
    measure pressure.

    Types of Manometer

    Open Type – has an atmospheric surface in one leg and is capable of measuring gage
    pressures.

    Differential Type – without an atmospheric surface and capable of


    measuring only differences in pressure.

    Piezometer – The simplest form of open manometer. It is a tube tapped


    into a wall of a container or conduit for the purpose of measuring pressure.
    The fluid in the container or conduit rises in this tube to form a free surface.
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    FLUID MECHANICS

    Specific gravity of some common fluids at standard conditions

    Steps in solving manometer problems:


    1. Decide on the fluid in feet or meter, of which the heads are to be expressed, (water is
    most advisable).
    2. Starting from an end point, number in order the interface of different fluids.
    3. Identify points of equal pressure (taking into account that for a homogeneous fluid at rest,
    the pressure along the same horizontal plane are equal). Label these points with the
    same number.
    4. Proceed from level to level, adding (if going down) or subtracting (if going up) pressure
    heads as the elevation decreases or increases, respectively with due regard for the
    specific gravity of the fluids.

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