02 - Fluid Statics PDF

FLUID STATICS
Physics II
Second Semester of A.Y. 2022/2023
Lab. of Hydraulics and Environmental Engineering
Introduction
Only normal
No shear
Fluids at rest forces due
stresses
to pressure
Why NORMAL FORCES are IMPORTANT?
Tend to
Burst pressure Break lock gates
overturn
vessels on canals
concrete dams
HENCE,
We need to be able to COMPUTE THE MAGNITUDES and
LOCATIONS of NORMAL PRESSURE FORCES.
PRESSURE IN
FLUIDS
Definition
The infinitesimal normal 𝒅𝑭
compressive force divided 𝒑=
by the infinitesimal area 𝒅𝑨
over which it acts.
If the pressure is uniform

over the total area, then: Unit:
𝑭 Pascal or Pa (𝑁/𝑚! )
𝒑=
𝑨 or kPa (𝑘𝑁/𝑚! )
Pascal Law
All points in a connected body of constant
density fluid at rest are under the same
pressure if they are at the same depth
below the liquid surface.
A surface of equal pressure for a liquid at

rest is a horizontal plane.
In a fluid confined by solid boundaries,

pressure acts perpendicular to the
boundary.
Pressure at a Point the Same in All Directions
Consider a very small wedge-shaped element of
fluid at rest.
The thickness of the element perpendicular to the

plane of the paper is constant and equal to dy.
p is the average pressure in any direction
px and pz are the average pressures in the

horizontal and vertical directions.
Pressure at a Point the Same in All Directions
Equilibrium: ∑ F =0
Components in the x direction:

p dl dy cos α − px dy dz = 0
Since dz = dl cos α, it follows that p = px
Components in the y direction:

1
𝑝! 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − p dl dy sin α − 𝛾 𝑑𝑥 dy dz = 0
2
The third term is of higher order, so may be neglected and it follows that p = p!
Pressure Expressed in Height of Fluid
Elevation: the vertical distance from
some reference level to a point of
interest and is called 𝑧.
A change in elevation between two

points is called ℎ. Elevation will always
be measured positively in the upward
direction. It means: a higher point has a
larger elevation than a lower point.
Pressure Expressed in Height of Fluid
Pressure (force per unit area) is equivalent
to a height ℎ of some fluid of constant
specific weight 𝛾.
The pressure at any depth ℎ is:

𝒑 = 𝜸𝒉
The term height commonly refers to

pressure head.
Exercise
An open tank contains water 1.5 m deep covered by a 2-m-thick layer
of oil (𝑠 = 0.855). What is the pressure head at the bottom of the
tank, in terms of a water column?
COMMUNICATIN
G VESSELS
Definition
A set of containers containing a homogeneous
fluid: when the liquid settles, it balances out
to the same level in all of the containers
regardless of the shape and volume of the
containers.
If additional liquid is added to one vessel, the

liquid will again find a new equal level in all
the connected vessels
Pressure in Communicating Vessels
Pressure at depth ℎ" and ℎ! are the

same because the two reference
points are at the same height.
𝑝" = 𝑝!
𝜌𝑔ℎ" = 𝜌𝑔ℎ!
ℎ" = ℎ!
Hydraulic Press
𝐹"
𝑝" =
𝐴"
𝐹!
𝑝! =
𝐴!
In EQUILIBRIUM:
𝐹" 𝐹!
≅
𝐴" 𝐴!
Exercise
An experiment was conducted using a communicating vessel
to know the hydraulic pressure. The communicating vessel
consists of two column, X and Y. Column X has a diameter of
15 cm and column Y of 75 cm. Oil (s = 0.852) was filled to the
communicating vessel. A load of 1275 N was given to the
column Y. Determine the minimum force that should be given
to column X so that the load can be lifted!
Solution
ABSOLUTE
AND GAUGE
PRESSURES
Absolute and Gauge Pressures
Vacuum or
Atmospheric Gauge Absolute
Negative
Pressure Pressure Pressure
Pressure
• Pressure • Pressure • Pressure less • Pressure
exerted by more than than measure
atmosphere atmospheric atmospheric relative to
pressure pressure absolute zero
Absolute and Gauge Pressures
𝑝!"# = 𝑝!$% + 𝑝&
𝑝!"# = 𝑝!$% − 𝑝'!(

MEASUREMENT
OF PRESSURE
Gauges
Barometer Piezometer
Manometer etc…
Barometer
A device used to measure the
atmospheric pressure at any
point on the earth.
𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 = 𝜸𝒉 + 𝒑𝒗𝒂𝒑
Exercise
Piezometer
A simple device for measuring

moderate pressures of liquids.
The height of the liquid in the tube

will give the value of the pressure
head.
Manometer
An instrument that use columns of liquids

to measure pressures.
Types:
Simple Manometer
Differential Manometer
Simple Manometer
𝑝!"#
= 𝑝!$% + 𝑝&
𝑝& = 𝛾% 𝑌 − 𝛾' 𝑧
Differential Manometer 1
Exercise
Water and oil flow in horizontal pipelines. A double U-tube manometer
is connected between the pipelines, as shown below. Calculate the
pressure difference between the water pipe and the oil pipe!
Solution

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FLUID STATICS

If the pressure is uniform

A surface of equal pressure for a liquid at

In a fluid confined by solid boundaries,

The thickness of the element perpendicular to the

p is the average pressure in any direction

px and pz are the average pressures in the

Components in the x direction:

Components in the y direction:

A change in elevation between two

The pressure at any depth ℎ is:

The term height commonly refers to

If additional liquid is added to one vessel, the

Pressure at depth ℎ" and ℎ! are the

𝑝!"# = 𝑝!$% + 𝑝&

𝑝!"# = 𝑝!$% − 𝑝'!(

A simple device for measuring

The height of the liquid in the tube

An instrument that use columns of liquids

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