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Lesson 2

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FLUID MECHANICS

ENGR. JAYVEE L. DE ROBLES


FLUID STATICS
LESSON 2
PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES

Pressure: It is the normal force exerted per unit area in fluids.


Pressure Head: The height “h” of a column of homogeneous liquid of
specific weight that will produce an intensity of pressure.

𝑭
𝑷 = = 𝜸𝒉 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉
𝑨
Where

P = Unit Pressure (N/m2 or Pa)


F = Force acting on a certain area (N)
A = Cross sectional area subjected to the force (m2)
h = Pressure Head (m)
PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

The principle was first enunciated by the French scientist Blaise Pascal, states
that any force applied to a confined fluid is transmitted uniformly in all directions
throughout the fluid regardless of the shape of the container.
ATMOSPHERIC, GAUGE, AND ABSOLUTE PRESSURES

Atmospheric pressure - The weight of all gasses above the


surface in which it comes in contact. Under normal conditions,
atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to 101.325 kPa
(14.696 psi). With increase in altitude, atmospheric pressure
decreases.
Gauge pressure - Measured with the use of pressure gauges,
is the pressure above or below atmospheric pressure.
Negative gauge pressure indicates a vacuum which cannot go
below –101.325 kPa. Positive gauge pressure indicates that
the pressure is above atmospheric.
Absolute pressure – It is equal to gauge pressure plus
atmospheric pressure. There is no such thing as negative
absolute pressure. In the absence of all matter (complete Note:
vacuum), the absolute pressure is zero. 1 atm = 760 mmHg
𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝑷𝒈𝒂𝒖𝒈𝒆 + 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 = 101.325 kPa
=14.696 psi
PRESSURE VARIATIONS IN DEPTH

Consider two points 1 and 2 lie in the ends of fluid prism having a cross-sectional area A and
the length L. The fluid is at rest and its surface is free. The prism is therefore in equilibrium and
all forces acting on it sums up to zero.
𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝐹2 − 𝐹1 − 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
𝐹2 = 𝐹1 + 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑝2 𝐴 = 𝑝1 𝐴 + 𝛾𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑝2 𝐴 = 𝑝1 𝐴 + 𝛾𝐿𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑝2 = 𝑝1 + 𝛾𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Forces acting on a prism of fluid at rest 𝒑𝟐 = 𝒑𝟏 + 𝜸𝒉
PRESSURE BELOW LAYERS OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS

 Pressure in a fluids depends only on the depth h below the


surface.

𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝑃 + 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒


PROBLEM 1

What is the pressure head (ft) of oil with


SG=0.82 if the pressure is 6.9 psi?
PROBLEM 2

The lower half of a 12-m-high


cylindrical container is filled with
water and the upper half with oil
that has a specific gravity of 0.85.
Determine the pressure difference
between the top and bottom of the
cylinder.
PROBLEM 3

In the figure shown, if the


atmospheric pressure is 101.325
kPa and the absolute pressure is
231.3 kPa, what is the specific
gravity of olive oil?
PROBLEM 4

Determine the air pressure needed to maintain the


height of water at chamber 2.
PROBLEM 5

Neglecting air pressure, find the pressure at A, B, C,


and D in figure shown.
D
THANK YOU!

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