Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                

Ch-8 RD Maths

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 83

QUADRATIC EOUATIONS

8.1 INTRODUCTION
In chapter 2, we have learnt about polynomials and their zeros. We have also leamt about
graphical representation of linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials. When a polynomial
/(r) isequated to zero, we getar\equationwhichisknownasa polynomialequation.If/(x) is
a linear polynomial, then,f (x)'= 0 is called a linear equation. For example,3x - 2 = A,

+t +l = 0 etc. are linear equations. In earlier classes, we have leamt about the method of
5
solving a linear equation. lf f (x)is a quadratic polynomial i.e., /(x) = axz + bx + c, a * 0.
Then, /(x) = 0 i.e., axz +bx +c =0,a*0 iscaliedaquadraticequation. suchequations
arise in many real life situations. In this chapter, we will learn about quadratic equations
and various ways of finding their zeros or roots. In the end of the chapter, we will also
discuss some applications of quadratic equations in daily life situations.

8.2 QUADRIili eOUnnOn


OUADRATIC EQUATION If p(x) is a qtuadratic polynomial, tlwn p(x) = 0 ls called a quarl-ratic
equation.
Thegeneralformofaquadraticequationis axz +bx+c = 0, where a,b,ceR anda * 0.
ROOTS OF A OUADRATIC EOUATION Lef p(x) = 0 be a qttadratic eEmtion, then the zeros of tlrc
polynomial p(x) are called the. roots of the equation p@) = 0.
Thus, r = o, is a roots of p@) = 0 if and only if p(a) = Q.
As wehave seenin section2.2 thata quadratic polynomial may or may not have real zeros.
In case a quadratic polynomial has real zeros, it can have at mclst two zeros. It follows from
this thata quadratic equation canhave at most two real roots.
Einding the roots of aquadratic equatiortisknoun as solaing the quadratic equation.
Various concepts discussed so far are illustrated by the following examples.

ILLUSTRATTVE EXAMPLES
Typel ON DETERMINING WHETHER A GtvEW EOUATTON tS OUADRATTC OR NOT
ExAtiIPLE 1 Which of thefollowing are quadratic equations?

(1) x2-6x.+4=0 (ii) 2x2 - 7x = 0 (iii) x+?=xz


x
(iv) r'+\=2 (v) 12 +2Ji -3=o (vr) 3x2 - 4x + 2 = 2x2 - 2x + 4
x-
SoLUTION (i) Let P@)=x2-6x+4
8.1
MATHEMATICS-X

Clearly, p(x) = x2 - 6x | 4 is aquadratic polynomial.


Therefore, x2 - 6x+ 4 = 0 isaquadraticequation.
(ii) Clearly, 2x2 -7x is a quadratic polynomial. So, the given equation is a quadratic
equation.
(iii) Wehave,
,

\r +1=*'
x
x2 +3
=x2 + x2+g=13 =+ x3-x2-3=0
Clearly, x3 * x2 - 3, being a polynomial of degree not
3, is a quadratic polynomial. So, the
given equation is not a quadratii equation.
(iv) Wehave,

*'*i=2
c 1, *4,'t
1 +=2 + xa-zxz+1=0
Clearly, xa - 2x2 + 1 is not a quadratic polynomial.
So, the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
(v) Clearly, x2 + zJV - 3 isnotaquadraticpolynomialbecauseitcontainsa
terminvolving
.rll2, where 172 is not an integer.
So, the given equation is not a quadra tic equation.
(vi) Wehave,
3x2 *4x+Z=2x2 -2;-+4 * x2 -zx-2=o
Clearly, x2 - ?* - 2isaquadraticpolynomial.
So, the given equation is a quadratic equation.

Type II ON DETERMINING WHETHER THE GIVEN VALUES


ARE soLUTloNs
OFTHE GIVEN EOUATION OR NOT
EXAMPLE 2
In each of the following determine zohether the giaen oalues
are solution of the giaen
equation or not:
(, gx2-2x-L=0,x=L (ii) Oxz - x - 2 = 0, x = -1,12, x = 2/3
(iii) x2 -x+1=0, x=l,x=-1. (iv) 12 + {X - 4 = O, x = _2Ji
SOLUTION (i) Substituting x l ontheLFISof thegivenequatioryweget "l-z,x =
=
LHS = 3x!, - 2x1 -L = 0 = RFIS
So,.r = f. isasolutionof thegivenuqrutio.,.

(ii) Substituting x = -i t,",theLHSof thegivenequation,weget

LHS = ."(-i)' -(-i)-, =


1
i- i-2 = o = RHS
So, r = is a solutionof the givenequation.
i
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 83

,)
For.r = ],
3'
wehave
/a;2
LFrs = ."[3)' -3- 2 = o = RHS

)
So, .r = is also a solution of the given equation.
i
(iii) Substituting r = 1 on theLHSof the givenequation,we get
LFIS=12-l+l=1.*RHS
So, a = 1 is nota solutionof the given equation.
Similarly, r ! -f is not a solutioi of the given equation.

So, r =.rE issolutionof thegivenequation. ,-

Substituting x = 1^l-2 on the LHS of the givenequation, we get


LFIS = (-2^12)2 + J2x?Nr-
=0 = RFIS-4=8- 4- 4
So, r = -2.,11 isalsoasolutionof thegiyenequation. ,, ,ir
: .. . :

Type III ON DETERMINTNG A!{ UNI(NoWN INvoLvED IN A ouADFATIc EQuATtoN.


WHEN tTS ROOT(S) tS (ARE) ctVEN
D(AMPLE 3 In each of thefollowing; determine the aalue ofkfor which the gioenoalue is a solution
of the equation:

(i) k2+2x-3=0,x=2 (ii) 3x2+?*x-3=0,r=-f;


(iii) x2+2ax-k=0,x=-o
SoLUTIoN (i) Since r = 2 isarootqf thegivenequation.Therefore,itsatisfiestheequation
i.e, k(2)2 +2x2-3=0
= 4k+4-3=0 + k = -714
(ii) since x = -'!.12 is a root of the given equation. so, it satisfies the equation

ie', ,(-il .*?lJ-a=o = i-k-3=o=+ k=-Z


(iiii Since x = -a isarootof theequation x2 +2ax- k = 0
a2+2ax-a-k=0=+ k=-a2
EXAMPLE4 If x=2and x=3 arerootsof theequation 3x2 -2kx +2m=o,findtheoatueofk
andm.
SOLUTION since x = 2andx = 3 arerootsof theequation 3r2
-?.kx +?sn=0
3x22 -2kx2*Zm =0 and lxZ2 -2kx3+Zm =o
+ 12-4k+2m=0 and 27 -6k+2tn=0
+ 12= 4k-2m and 27 =6k-2m

Solving these twoequations,wege, *= and, m =9


T
MATHEIvIATICS-X

EXAMPLES lfonerootofthequadraticequation2xz ti*=6=}is2,findtheualueofkAlso,find


tcBsE 2002I
SOLUTION Since r = 2isarootoftheequation
2x2+kx-5=0
2x22 +2k-6=O
=+ 8+2k-6=0 ? ?*+Z=0 + k=-1
Putting k = -1. in the equati on 2x2 + kx - 6 = 0, we get
2x2-x-.6=0
+ 2x2-4x+3r-6=0
=+ Zx(x-2)+3(r-2)=0
=+ (x-2)(2r+3)=9.
:+ x-2=0,2f+3=0 =t X=2,X=-3/2
Hence, the other root is -3l2.

EXENC,SE 8.1
1. Which of the following are quadratic equations?
(i) 12+6x-'4=A '
(ii) '2
"l-gxr-2r+1=0
(iii) 12+1=S (iv) r -1= r'
x' x
(v) zx2-J-gx+9=o (vr) x2-zx-G*5=0
(vii) gr2-5r+9=x2-7x+3 (viii) x+l=t
x

(ix) 12-3x=0 (x)


.1
[,.i)'=r['.]).n
(xi) (2r+1)(3r+2) 2) = 6(x-71(x. (xii) **;= x2,x* 0

(xiii)t5r2-3=(b+5)(5r*3) (xiv) (x+2)3=r3-4 '

(>cv) r(r + 1) +8 = (x +2)(x -2)


2. In each of the following, determine whether the given valuesare solutions of the given
equationornot:
(i) x2.-3x+2=0,x=2,x =-1 (it) x2 +x+1. =0, x=0,x=L
(iii) 12-a.fgr+6=0,x=,15,*=1,15 (rv) r*L=9, *=5. *=4
x 6' 6' 3

=0,x=-J1,*=-ZJ2
.(vi) a2x2 - Sabx + ?-b2 = 0, x = afb, x = bla
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 8.5

3. In each of the following, find the value of k for which the given value is a solution of the
givenequation:
(r) 7x2+lcx-3=0, x=Zlj (ii) x2 - x(a+b)+k = 0, x = a
(iii) kxz +"|-zx-4=0,*=J2 (iv) x2 +3ax+k=0,x=-a
8. lf x =213 and r = -3 aretherootsof theequation axz +7x+b =0, findthevaluesofh
and &.

5. Determine, if 3 is a root of the equation given below;


J74x+3 +,[7 4 =^[m+'16
AA'SWEFS
1. (i), (ii), (vii), (viii), (ix), (xiii), (xiv)
2. (i) r = 2 isasolutionbut x = -1 isnotasolution
(ii) x = 0 and r = 1. are notsolutions
(iii) r = .6 i, a solution but r = -2,16 is not a solution
(M't 54andtr
= =
a 5 arenotsolutions.
(9 r x= 3 aresolutions
= 2 and
(vi) r = -O is a solutionbut x = -ZJi isnota solution
h
(vii) x = I ira solutionbut x = 1 isnota solution
ab
3. (i) k=-1 (i0 k= ab (iii) k= 1 (iv) k=2a2
6
8. a=3,b=-6 5. r = 3 is not a root of the given equation.

8.3 FORMULATION OF OUADRATIC EQUATIONS


Quadratic equations arise in several situations in the world around us and in different fields
of mathematics. Foilowing examples will illustrate the formulation of quadratic equations.

ILLUSTRATTVE EXAMPLES
The product of two consecutiae positiae integers is
EXAMPLE
1
equation whose roots are these integers.
240. Formulate the quadratic
.

SOLUTION Let two consecutive positive integers be r and r + 1.. Then, their product is
r(r+1).
Itisgiventhattheproductis240. :
x(x+L)=240 +
x2 +x-240=0
This is the required quadratic equation.
EXAMPLE 2
The area of a rectangular plot is 528 mz. The length of the plot (in metres) is one nrore
than twice its breadth. Formutate-tlie quadratic equation to delerniine the length and breadth of the
plot. INCERS
SOLUTION Let the breadth of the plot be x metres.
It is given that the length of the plol is one more than twice its breadth.
Length = (2t + 1) metres
No-w, Area of the plot = 528 m2
8.6 MATHEMATICS-X

Length x Breadth = 528 m2


* (2x+1)xx=528 + Zxz +r-528=0
This is the required quadratic equation.
EXAMPLE 3 Atuto digit number issuch that theproduct of the iligitsis l.LWhen 36 is added to the
number the digits interchange their places. Formulate the quadratic equation whose root(s) is (are)
digit(s) of the number.
SOLUTION Let the ten's digit of the number be r.
It is given that the product of digits is 12.

Unit'sdigit =
f;
,Number=tOr+9
x
If 36 is added to the number the digits interchange their places.
. 10**9+36=tox1?+r
xx
e fix+9+36='20 **
xx
- 108
9x---- +36=0
= x
=) 9r2 - 10g *36x = 0
= x2+4x-L2=0 [Dividingthroughoutbyg]
Hence, required quadratic equation is x2 + 4x - 12 = 0 .

EXAMPLE4 Rohanls mother is26years older thanhim.Theproduct of their ages 3yearsfiomnout


will be 360. Formulate the quadratic equation to find their ages. INCERTI
SOLUTION Let Rohan's present age be r years. Thery his mother's age is (r + 25) years.
Rohan's age after 3 years = (r + 3) years
After 3 years the age of Rohan's mother = (r * 26 + 3) /€ars = (x + 29)years.
It is given that after 3 years from now, the product of Rohan's and his mother's ages will be
360 years.
(x + 3) (x +29) = 360 =+ x2 +32x-273 =0
This is the required equation.
EXAMPLE 5 a distance of 480 km at a unifurm speed. lf the speed had been 8 km/hr
A train traaels
less, then it would i
hdoe taken hours itore to cooer thi same distaice. Formulate the quadratie
equation in terms of the speed of the train. tNCERfl
SOLUTION Let the speed of the train be r km/tu. Then,
480
Time taken to travel a distance of 480km - x
hr
Also,
Timetakenbythehaintotraveladistanceof4S0kmwiththespeed(r-8)km/hr =
,-,n"
It is given that if the speed had been 8 km/hr less, then the train would have taken 3 hours
more to cover the same distance
480 480
r-8 =-+3
x
QUA,DRATIC EQUATIONS
&7

480 480
r-8 -_?x
480(r-r+8)
-ilir s;- =c

480x8
=) i1r-9, =c
:+ 3x(x-8)=480x8
r(r-8)=160x9 I x2 -gx-12g0=0
This is the requiredequation.

theirperimetersis24m,
wi!;i,;l#,{;y,;ffi"i{ly;;tii:':,f;:f,r:#:!;1tr:::nceof
SoLUTIoN Let the length of each side of a squa"" be * metres. Then, its perimeter
is 4r.
Itis given that the difference of theperimeters of two squares is 24 m.
Perimeterof secondsquarc l{,+ 4rmetres
=
=+ Length of each side of second square
='n = (6 + r) metres
{' ^tres
It is given that the sum of the areas of two squares is +tA mz.
x2 +(6+xyz - 4@
:+ x2 + (36 +l2x + x21 = 46g
+ 2x2 +l2x - 432= 0
:+ x2 +6x-2L6=0
This is the required equation.

EXAMPLE z Two water taps together can


fill a tank in ef; nourr. The larger talccs 70 hours less
than the smaller one to fill the tank separatelu. Formulate iite quaitratic
' equattion to finit the time in
which each tap can sqiiatety
fitt ihri;;i:'''
PLiIo.N l}PPosu ut smaller tap fills the tank in r hours. Then, the larger tap wilt
fil the
tank in (r - 10) hours.
Since the smaller tap takes x hours to fill the tank.
Portion of the tank filled by the smaller tank in one ho,r,
=
*
:+ Portionofthetankfilledbythesmallertapin glhours. 75 -
1.e., ln; hours
. g
757 75
Similarly, wehave, -x_=_
8r8.r
Portion of the tank filled by the larger tap iu hours =(zs, t )
f 8 x-10)
." \
75
=-8(r-10)
8.8
MATHEMATICS-X

75
It is given that the two taps fill the tank in hours.
8

. 75 7s- =1
:-*
81 8(r-10)
118
- x x-10 75
r-10+r 8
1 x(r - 10). 75

2x -70 8
1 x2 -'!,ox 75

=+ (2x-10)x7S = 8(x2 - tOr;


-=
150r-7fi=8x2 -80r = Bxz -z3flx+750=O +
This is the required guadratic equation.
4xz -115r +375=O

EXERC'SE 8.2
1. The product of two consecutive positive integers is 306. Forrn the quadratic
equation to
find the integers, if r denotes the smaller integer. INCERTI
2. ]ohn and Jivanti together have 45 marbles. Both of them lost 5 marbles each, and the
product of the number of marbles they now have is 128. Form the quadratic
equation to
find how many marbles they had to itart with, if |ohn had x marbles.
3. A cgttagg jndustryproduces a certain number of toys in a day. The cost of production
of
each toy (in rupees) was found tci be 55 minus the number of articles produced
in a day.
On a particular day, the total cost of production was Rs. 750. If x denotes the number
of
toys produced that day, form the quadratic equation fo find x.
INCERTI
4. The heigJrt of a right triangle is 7 cm less than its base. If the hypotenuse
is L3 cm, form
the quadratic equation to find thebase of the triangle.
NGKfl
5. An express- hain takes t hour less than a passenger train to travel 132 km between
Mysore and Bangalore. If the average speedof the I*prers train is 11 km/fu
more than
that of the passenger train, form the
auadratic uqrrutior, to find the average rp"rJ of
express train.
6. A train travels360 km ata.uniformspeed.If the speed had been 5 km,/hrmore,
itwould
have taken t hour less for thesame
loumey. Foim the quadratic equation to find the
speed of the hain.

AA'SWEFS
L, x2 +r-306=0 2. xz - 45x +324= 0 3. x2 -55r + 250 = 0
8. x2 -7x-60-o 5. x2 + !'!.x - 1452 = 0 6. x2+5x-1800=0
8.4 SOLUTION OF A OUADRATIC EOUATION BY FACTORIZATTON METHOD
In earlier class, we have learnt how to factorize quadratic and other simple
polynomials. In
thissection,wewill apply themethod of factorizition to solve s,["pt"q"uaruti.;d"ti;*.
QuAiDk*TrC EiiuArroNs 8.9

Letthequadraticequationbe ax2 +,bt+ca,0,a*0. , :,,r,.i , ,,

l,etthequadraticpolynomi al ax2 +br + c beexpressibleas thepnrductof twolinearfactory


say@x+q'land(rr+s),wherep,q,r,sarerealnumberssuchthat p *0 and,r*O.fhen,
aN2,+bx*c=0 :, , i:!,i,.r . : - ,,r .i:i. ,,,r.,,j .:.
:+ (px+q)(rx+s;=g
:+ W+q = 0orrr{r+s = 0
Solving these linear equations, we get the posdible roots of the given quadratic equatitin as
x=.?.bndx=-9
qr
Following examples will illustrate the aborre prgcgdure frx sdyfi-g qiiidihtic equations.

ILLUSTRATTVE EXAMPLES
rXlurrnrr..Sioloeiheftltutl,ingquadrallt.eqtmliortsb!factoriiotion:]].
(i) 12+6r+5=0 (ri) 8x2-22x-27=0 (iii) 9x2-3r-2=O
SOLUTION (i) Wehave,
x2+6x+5=0 , '' , '

+ x2 +5x+r+5 =0

+ (r+5)(x+1)=0'
:+ t+5=0or,x+l=0 -, r=-Sof,x,=-1 : .,.il . ,

Thus,r=-5andx,+:.l.aretworootsof theoquatioq;r2 t,6r +J,T 0,, ., j i ,.


(ii) Wehave, 'i

8x2 -22t-zL=0
:+ 8x2-?flx+6x-21=0
=+ 4x(2x-7)+3(?t-7)=0 , ii:.i
:+ (2x -7)(4r + 3) = g

+ 2x-7= 0or, 4x +3= 0 + , =7=or,*


2--' = -24
F' e.
Thus, r = f and,
'24 = -i aretworootsof theequation 8x2 -?2x - 21 = 0

(iii) Wehave,
gx2-3x-2=o :

:+ 3r(3r-2)+(3x-2)=0
:+ (3r - 2\(3x + 1) = I
8.10 MATHEMATICS-X

=+ 3x-2= 0or, 3x+'!.= 0 + r =f,or,x = -i


Thus, r = land, = -* aretworootsof theequation 9r2 -3x -2= 0
'33
EXAMPLE 2 Soloe the following quadratic equations by factorization methd:

(i) 12+2,llt-6=0 (ii).fgr2+10x+7,1i=0


SOLUTION (i) Wehave,
x2 +2'l-2x-6=O
=r x2+tl-?.: -,lx-6=o

+ 1x+SOXI-JZ)=0 * x+}Jtr.=0or, x-,,11=0 =+ 7=+'tlotox=Ji


Thus, r = 4Jland r = .E aretworootsof thegivenequation.
(ii) Gxz +lox +7^17 = o
+ &x2 +3x+7x+7$ =O
+ Jzx@+J5)+7(r+J3)=o
+ J5)({sx + 7l = 0
1r +
:+ r+J5 = 0or, rl-gx+Z= 0 + r = -J3or,r = -ilJ1
Thus, r = -J5 and,.r = -haretworootsof thegivenequation.
EHMPLE 3 Solae the following quadratic equations by factorizatioit method:
(r) xz-g=O (fi) r2-8x+16=0
SOLUTION (i) Wehave,
x2-g=o
:+ (x-3)(z+3)=0
= x-3=0or,r+3=0
+ X=31rr.f =-3 * X=t3
Thus, = 3 and t = - 3 are roots
r of the given equation.
(ii) Wehave,
. x2 -8x+16=0
=+ (r-4)2=6 :+ x=4,x=4
Thus, both the roots of the given equation are equal and are equal to 4.
EXAMPLE 4 Sotae the following Eudratic equations by factorization method:

x r+1 Y (il) x+3 1-r 17


(r) r+1* , =G,r#u,x*-r x2---;= 4
126
(iii) r1*r_1=;
GIfiEre*rryer.gqm,Trot{S

SOLUIION (i) Wehave,


xr+1Y
x+l x 15
-+_=*
12 +(r+t)z _ 94
r(x + 1) 15

+ x2+f+k+1 34
---7+ r =
15

=$ 3ir = 1Sr2 + l5r2 + fu; i'f "


34x2 +

=t 4x2+4**X5=O '.: '


:+
".,ir-i i
i: .,,fi?*l}x-6x-15=0
2x(2x+5)-3(2r+5)=0
=+ (2x -3X7* + 5) = 0

:+ 3'5-
2X-3=0Or,2r+5=0.+ t=:ff,r=-:.
. f-.1 ]1. .'i- ;
22 ..:-ii;**'.,; .jr',i

(ii) Wehave, i :.1

x+3 l-r _17


x-2 x 4
:+ r(x+3)-(1-rXr-2) _ 17
x(x -2) 4

+ x2 +3x-(x-2-x2 +2xl _17


T=7 : r ! -,ll)'i"'ii.:

r : '. ,r . s"
: ?sz +2 17 15
1,1

-_ e
x1 -2x 4
..-;:1 -..ii .. -..r''
=+ 8/
-=-+8 =17x2 -ilLx
I ',': J.

:+ gxz-34rx-8.=0
': :: . 1. jiil , .' '/t.f

''f".1;:;-l I ; +
=+ ,. 9*'-36x+2x-B=0
;1,

+ i '.9x(r':4)+ 2(ri4) = o
+ @-a\9x+2)=g
+,' ' i.x-4=0qr,gfi+2=0
'','-:irJ' +
Welutve,
(iii) ;

126 r.r i ]: : ,,: ,, .r'-


+ '.:-* -,:- 1;:ri
x-2 x-1 x ,... .,....ji .. ..,,
-+_=_
q .; ,i,, -(r - 1) + 2(x:2)
- ,!-?TEJE:T1'- =;6 !.] ,-, i:. 'i !-:..
l.:

' €..'r,
.-!
,.i { + 'i.1, "t :,.i.' .l- -t_,
1, - i. , .t.;i:. t t: i fir'..t" l-.: r:
s& i-r.,.,n $ it eMSls{81!,S&reS+X

EXAMPLE s solae the foltoating qaadratic equations by '.


factorizati6il.a&ilw&$ .r. , r, ..

\ t Lr_w
(x+2)(x-t) r':' ". ':,i L *: :i . '1;'4
:

+ 0 = "r-

:+ Xt2=0Or, I-L=0 + X=-2Ot,X=l


' ;. '... : r..t .'
6
(ii) Clearly, the given equation is valid if r - 3 * 0 andll*
*3.rq0'j-er,whef-r *,* *,r.o
2'
2x +:---r 1 +:J-Jx+9 \":
Now. --; x-3 2x+3 (x-3)(2r+3) = 0

4x2 +6x+.r-3+3r+9=0
:+ 4x2+10x*5=0

2x2+5x*3=0
+ ^\
2x"+?t+3r+3=0
Zx(x+1)+3(r+1)=0
QuiiEffiefieigeuArroNs st!
+ 3X*'+1t)'=;11i;;' '-'r'r
(2x + r:;
::' '. ril'-a i.r
-r: .:': i':' i J: :

=+ f +1='0 ;r 'i,i. : ,l':r '',. ,iir ,,:. . 1p",er.+! t:gl

':.-l . ..-.,P -.,.: .; : j- 'i,.:: "".


'' .' j.

,,= :
"Hencerf ff.;'-'= - 1 is the only solution of the given equation.
EXAMPLES Soloe: .tr;ra jii li":,

L-
I' x*2
2-' -,:ii r1;i.: "ii ii.l ;:.'.t,r-i' il"r.' i .. : i

2-1
\ l+:1 ;.;;'
. s:.1: ..ji I :.t:!1.; _

SOLUTION Wehave, .. i- l:..


:.1:. . I

.. ,i
x= 'jl
,-
-^1
1

2-x i:.1':1: ..,i1ii I


1
X=- iilil
-
i.:
.., I -
c- r
- 2(2-r)-1
..2 -,.,r, ,, . i'.

1
'-Y=-_--
2- )-v
-*
4-2x -7
1
*Y=- .r_*
4L4

3-2x
3-2x
2(3 - 21t')- (2- x\
. I=-
3-2x
-
4- 3x
:+ r (4 - 3r) = (3 -?y'r' ii', i
:+ 4x-3x2=3-2x
+ gx2-6x*3=0 + x2-zx+1=0 +'1ii!I)t:10'i=+ x*1,1 r'-'

ti,i*ot
REMARK In ordei |t ffi"4uaai,iiii'efitiatiins in the fotlomilitg *impfr#iriid{may use-{he
',
i/
following algorithm: .
1:
-'.:-'i:j
ALGORTTHM
-:: :i.:rt, -'.J..

STHPI Factorizetheconstanttermof thd$ivw.qadraticeqdation. iir;": l:*r,i;.i3i.!*;: .-,':',,i-!

STEP n Express the coeffrciant of middle term as tlre,sum or diffwance ofthe fra,&rc abWtined in step
I.Clearly,thepoductof tkcsetwaJactorcwillfuEudtathcprdwt$*eggfficimtof x2
andconstantterm. : ' _ti
STEPIII Sptitthtmiddletermintwopartsobtainedinstep{i.:
\:-' '': ' ir:l ' :
'1=1 .
8.14 ,. ,M.FTTHEMATICS-X

EXAMPLE 7 Soloe the following quadratic equations by facbrtzafion method:

(i) 12 -2nx+a2 -b2 =O (ii) 12-4ax+Laz -b2 +0


(rii) 4x2-4ax+(a2-f)=o
rr (O dr2-4a2x+(a4-bn)=O
[cBs,2oo4l
soLUTroN (i) wehave ,
x2 -?ax+a2 *b2 =o :

Here, Factors of constant term (a' - b') are (a - D) and (a + b).

Also, Coefficientof
\
themiddldterm = -?-a * -t(a - b) + (a + b)l

xz -fux+a2 -b2 =o
=+ iz -Ku-b)+(a+b)x+(a-b)(a+D) = 91
=, x2 -(a-b)x -(a+b)x +(a-b)(a+b)=0

+ l*2 -(o-b\xl-l(@+b)x-(a-b)(a+b)l =0
+ xlx-(a-b)l-(a+b)lx-(a-b)l=0 .

+ lx-(a-b)llr-(a+D)|=g
+ x-(a-b)=0or, x-(a+D)=0 =+ x=a-bor,x=a*b
(ii) Wehave,
xz - 4ax + (4a2 -b') =o
Here, Constantterm =(4a2 -b') =(2a-bl(2a+b)
and, Coefficientof middleterm = -4a
Also, Coefficientofmiddleterm = -l(h - b) + (2a + bll
x2- 4ax + (4a2 -b') = o
+ x2 -l(b -b) +(?a +b)l x +(2a *b)(2a +b) =O
+ tcz -(tur-b)x-(%+b)x+(?t-b')(2a+b)=g
:+ lx2 -(b-b)xl-l(b+b)x-(?a-b)(?,.a+b)| = g.
+ r {r - (2a -b)l - Q..a +b)lx - (2n - b)} = 0
+ lx-(2t-b)llx-(b+ b)l = 0
:+ , x-(b-b)=0gr,x-(Za+b)=0 + x=b-bot,x=2t+b
(iii) Wehave,
- 4ax +(a2 -b') =o
4xz

Here, Constantterm=1a?*b2)='(a-bl(a+b\, ,,i' ,j. : :

and, Coefficientof middleterm = -4a


Also, Coefficientof dremiddleterm -4a - 42(a+bl +2(a *b)l

+ 4x2 -,12tra +.b),+,2(a -D))x.+(c + ll),(q


= &) =
0
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 8.15

4x2 - 2(a + b)x - 4a -b) x + (a + b) (a - b) = O


:+
l4x2 - 2(a + b) xl - l2(a * b) x -'(a + b1 6- D)l = 0
?rlb - (a + b)l - (a - b) l2x - (a+ &)| = 9
:+
:+
l1x .,'..
-(a+b)| *.g or,l2x-{a-b)}=0,
"
k = a+boi,Zx= a+b =la-b
a-br. + r =Totx
(iv) Wehave, \
4x2 - 4a2x + (aa * bl\ =g :. ., : , .. , ..
.:

Here, Constanttertn = s4 -b4 = (oz -br)1a2 +b21


and, Coefficientof middle term = *4a2 ,..
Also, Coefficientof themiddle terrnrr _4a2 = _12(a2.+b2y+21a2 _bz\l , !_ i

4x2 - 4a2x + (aa -bn) = o


+x2 - 121a2 + b21 + 2(n2 - br) 1tf'j 62y = g
- b2'11 x + (r,
:+ 4x2 - 21sz'lb)'x -2(a2 b2) x + (o' - b2)(tt2 +,b21= g.' '. ,
- ' :j ;:: :i

+ l4x2 -2(a2 +b.2)xl-lz(az -br)*-(a, -or)(f2 +b2)l =,0 ,,

:+ ?t lzx - (o' + f)l - @, - u,) lx - (a2 + bzyl = g


l2x - (a2 + b2:1112x - (a2 -b21y = g
':.
' . ., .r, * = +bz
a2
2* -(o' +b21 = Oor,2x - (o' -b') = O + Torf r = LT-
a2 -b2

EXAMPLE 8 solae the following quadratic equations py


factorization'methd:
(r) 4x2 -21a2 +b2)x+a2b2 =o tcBsE 2oo4]
(n) gx2
-9(a+b)x+(2a2 +Sab+2b')=o
l:

'
::

[C8SEr2004,2009]
'

SOLUTION (i) Wehave,


4f -21a2 +bz)x+a2bz =0 , i,
: I i
Here, Constantterm=n2b2=a2xb2
and,

4x2 -21a2 +b21x+a2b2 =o


+ 4x2 -2a2x -2h2x + a2b2 = o

-h2x)-(b2x-a2b21=0
(4x2
,

zx(L,t-a2)-a'(u-n2)=o
+
:

(zx-a2)=Oor, (2x-b21=0 =+ *=tor:x=+ "' ',


, I"
t ir i,i ti,t IATllElvlA?tCS +lG
8i16

9xz -9(a+ b) r + Ql 1,fub 1,&t) t,Q


tlere, Constantterm = ?a2 + Sab + ?b1

and, coefficientof middleterm =. :9(rt * t-) -3',(24 *'.?JJ 9 1,3)..


=
.14
9x2 -91a1 &) r + (* * Sab * ?hz) = g
:';'11' :r'r::' i-.
+ gx2
- 3 l(?tt + b) + (a + ?b)l x + (h + bl(a + 28) =i1i;'
t :'.' :: !:'
- g (o + ?h'l t i('2a + b) (a + 2b)t = 0',
=+
gxz - 3 (zn + b) x I
..,i; ii: ! j.j. l
..,, ... . I r.j-:.1..i.i:ii.r.:,.rii.iil !!:i:;
:+ l3x - (2a + b)l l3i - (a + Zh)li'' o
,.d + fr.
- (2a+ b)lo: O o,r, {3r - (a,+ llyl= O t, = I- = 3-.-
=+ l3x
.* -3--lL
,
&l?

: ..-_
1':li-. _\- !

i.
' -- i':'
"
. .,j:,::-.r;j.
:.' .. .r.,:'i .. .t :a Jrl

=:)

=+
=+
(iv)
=+
:+
:+

=+'

EXAMPLE to soloe the fallowing quadratic equations


fu factwiiutiatr keth.olff "

I =1*1*!,o+b*o
a+o+x a b x ,1,_._. tcBBE2005]
i. ii+"1!' ; .:::
SOLUTION Wehave,
1111 __=_?_
a+b+x x a b
I-@+b+x) -a+b
x(a+b+x) ab
-{a+bl a+b
'F$+FA*IF; ou

=+ -ab (a + b\ = (a + b) x (a + b + x)
i:
.;
,..

{x (a + b + x\ + ab} = g
(a +'b)
:;
x(a+b+x)+ nb=O r..
l, a+b*
9l
x2 + axc +bx + ab =O
=t x(x+n)+b(x+a)lO ir.i:ir.I
1- '. 'i, -

=+ (x+a)(r+&)=0 * x+a= 0or,r+D=0 x=-ao.trx= -b


:.:.
ai8

*i* .rr ,$das: iiF":

1
\+' t+-El5---^-l
*,i
/i\
x . l. t .r,,,--
2$s l;i._: l
$LUTON (i) Wehave,
tll
{1 t-I

r+j=25-
r25
l--1 rl = ii -- rri il r '.rt * t.f. * lz
.+ .r*-=25+-- . iI* nlt! +r,; *r {i.i - r'i - i$ * a;i + :'"*
r-,

=+ f tf t*i]:ai(i,,.i -r.,'", -1,(Si u]'1r.]


r =[*-1.)
l.- 25/ r, ii( 'rij r-y.i1l - rri li:; + rr: r.i',
+ x2 +r =(zs+ -1-)x
i\ *, E,), :: i ri- j -r r*

+ *,-{ N*a)r+1=o
t25)

x2.,[*.*)*+zs*]=o
p
=
,6';:,s&trg; +';e..S,q'}i , {ri

El . -11 ,.(:- l*Tss {.

[ "?,., | ,,r ]'i!!3


airt". *i irf*i iH

'i 1l E Y.+,ti.ir
.9.rr,,"1 g',rv #rJlr'j lf ri
lll I I
!*, r-25=00frx- + x=?,50f,x=E,l*n,- r. i;+;*
%=0
Ati'f,rER Wehave,
1
,+ r' = 25
25
1

11
,*i=ZS+* + r=?S,or,n=*
1
:*
(ii) Wehave, i:" t :i + :,] e, tit + rr]: * {* * :r} t{*-
(-x-3)G-4)=# :r i.ls ifi +,i +ni r){,i + qi
':- -,

$..i ri ri; ' ,r-7x+12-4=O I ,., il+ + .i't + tl':ts s} x


:+
a3' 6 * ik; t. :u:r} + 'S.:, +
{E .4:;

!+
a3' . ,+J.1{i!': i:{.
'.i.-,..,iil.,tt'-. +'. .1 *:{J::{r{+t}{r"+a}
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 8.19

=+

EXEBq|8,E 8.3
Solve thsfolltrwtng Quadratic equations by faeiori#tfoh:

1. (r-4)(x+2)=0 2. (2x+3X3r-7)=0 3. 4x2 +5r=0


4. 9x2 -3x-2=A S. 6f -x-2=0 6.6x2+11r+3=0
7. 5x2-zx-2=o 8. 4812-13r-1=o g. 3x2 = -11r - 10
10. 25x(x*1)=-4 11. 10r-1=3 D.+.-9+z=o
*, x-r
t3. 4J3xz + 5r - 2,8 =0 lcBsE2fi!6CI
M. .fb2-3x- z.ll. =0 15. azxz -fubx+?h2 =0,
16. x2-dz+t)x+Ji=o 17. x2-(J5+1)r+J5=0
18. 4x2 +4bx'-(i -U21=g ' :

19. axz + (4a2,- fi) x -l2ab = 0' zo.(x-1f=n


\ 2)
27.*z-4^l2x+6=o 22.fr.=ffi B.;{H=;
,u. #-!;=t
1,26
2s.
# #=f,**3,x*-3
26.
h+*=2,x*o 27.r+1 r-1 5
x-t. x+1=l,X*.!.,_l
6

,r. #*. ?# =2,* * -1,, 29. 3x2-14r-5=0


820
, .. .,MrATT{€I\,f*TI€S-X

!x, +!-=t-2x x-a x-b at: b


,tm 31.
x-b x-a b a
1L f---+ -+--=-+-
1
(r- 1) (x -2\ (x -2\(.t- 3) =-
(r--e;@-4) 6 ,_' : ,' :

(r-5) |r-6\= %= 34. zx +? = 35:


(24r' .3D
35. JO. i, +?ab= 1tut+b)x
x-a x-b x-c
97. -+ -=
(a+b\2x2 -
-Mbx-(a-b)2 =g 3& a(xz +l)- x(az + 1) - 0

39. x'-x-4(4+1)=0 ,'*( o*1)r+1=o


\ a)
41. abx2 + (b2 -.ac) x -bc = 0 ICBSE2msl {2. a2b2x2 +f x - azx -1= 0 [CBSE 2(X)5]
43. Solve - 1 * t - 1 = g!, * *2, 4[CBSE2flEl
forr:'x-2 x-4 3
116
sl-zJ6x+2=o ,45. ;i--+E , =;,*+1'-5
i.
[NCERr,CBSE2o10tr ICBSE20101
11 1-
#' ----==5' x*0,2 47. X--=3, X*U
v ' x-z x
INCERLCBSE20IOI , .INCEBtrCBSE201ol
11
tt+4 - -=
48. ----; x-/ '.fi, x*4,2 tNc[rrl
=
. .,. i :,

AIUS,}I/EFS
37
, -z,g 0,j 4. ?,!
4,-2 '4 1
3'3 :

3-1 _,-1 -1
2-l 6. -r' 7. &'. 16'.g,
1

5'T,
: 3 D
i :;'

-2.-z 4L !
r2.'' 2,, ;
3' -5',- 6 2'5 --

J5 -z 1_ ?hb :

13. 14. -ft,zJz frAi-:, 16. JZ,t


4'..iF3
a-b a+b * .5 -3
17. ,tT,r :
18.
1:'- 2
1:9.
a '' 20' ,'T
-40 -,)
,lz,'9.11'" -1,5 6.r
'13 24. 4,;
' ', j
'.

-+.2
,4 26. t.!
'3 --1
5
28a -1. l

4..

-1 -nt.li;nn 0,a+b
29. 5r-5 m
31. 3L., -2,V

oL.+23 hb -bc - ac
96. futbt.,
94. 5.3 3s. 0. 'a+b-?t
24' 24 '35
1
,-'-( '-b\ ig, n,! -a, n+\ 40, -a,- a
\a+b ) a -*
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 8.21

4t, -b
a'b
.9 42.-+,+
a- b-
43. 5,9, &4.
+,*
45. 2,4 46.
+e 47. 7,2

8.5 SOLUTION OF A OUADRATIC EOUATION BY COMPLETTNG THE.SOUARE


In the previous section, we learnt about the factorization method to obtain the roots of a
quadratic equation. In this section, we shall learn about the method of completing squares.
Wemayuse the followingalgorithm toobtain theroots of a quadraticequationby using the
method of completing squares.
ALGORTTHM
STEPI , Obtahtthequadraticequatiqr.Lettlrcquadraticequationbe sxz +bx +c=0, a *O.
STEP lI Make the coefficient of 762 unity by diaiding throughout by it, if it is not unity. i.e., obtain
,bc
x'+Lx+l=0.
u'
o o-
--
a -'- ---- --o'
,bc
x-+-I=--
aa
srEP IV Addsqtmreof half of thecoefiicientof xi.e.(*)' onbothsidestoobtaitt

x, + z(a), *r a'l' = l.a.)' _._


\2a) \2a) \2a) o
STEPV WriteLHS as tluperfect square of abinomial expressiott,andsimpffi KHS to get
( b\z b2-4oc
II+_l'
\-- za ) =_ 4a2
STEP VI Take square root ofboth sides to get

*+L=*
2a
b
STEP V Obtain the oalues of x by shifting the constant term
2a
onRHS.
Following examples will illustrate the above algorithm.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE t Solae the quadratic equation 9a2 - 15r + 6 = lbU ,the method bf complgtjyglp
square. TNCERTI
SOLUTION Wehave,
gx2-1,5x+6=0
:=5
, '1,5
X'--y*-=0
6
'99 [Dividing throughout by 9]
n52
x'-ix+i=0
:+ 33
:)
I
,52
,T- - -'.f = --
" 3,- 3 . [Shifting the constant term on RHS']
, ' ]] MAffHBMAfTS-X

f
aaaing square of half
I of
lcoefficient of x on both sidesl

:$-
(-s)'1
I X--l
\ 6).."'%
''. --
5
r--=ti r.
'65t
=3 [Takingsquarerootofbothsidei]
5.1
66
51-5142
*=6*A=1 or, *=e-
= 6= 6=i * r=Lor,x=U3
Hence, the roots of the equation are 1 and,2 / 3.
EXAMPLE2 Soloetheequatian 2x2 - 5r + 3 =0 W'the'methodof'eompletingsqwre.[NCERTI
SOLUTION Wehave,
2x2-5x+3=0
-'22 *'-!*+1= o : : [Dividingthry€ho*rtb,y2l

: '22 ,53
x---x=-- [Shifting the constant term on RHS]

+ ,,rt[;);,(iI =(;l _: [^** (


;
coerr. or ,)' on both ,id*
]
=)'
fl'r--l 5\2=---2s 3
\ 4) 162
=a (, -;)' =
*
5 .1
.f --=t-
=5 4 -4
::g' I=-t-
51
44
516 s14 g
=5' I=-+-=-
44 4
ff, X,= ---=-
44 =9.I=- z Of, I=L
4
Hence,therootsof theequation Zxz -Sx+3 = 0 are ] ardf.
z
EXAMPLE s Findtherootsof theequation Sx2 -6x-z=A W tlrcmetlodof completingthe
fil.M.t€::, . . '..,,'.' ., | . , [NCERTI
SOLUTION Wehave,
Sx2-6x-2=0
.* x',62
55- i =O
- i.r tDividingthrotighoutby,Sl
quemrrrc'EQUATTONS
'&s

e
.r--=:t JIT, i. : . j:t -:-.
55 i t' ii::
g . n[.g. st.lE
_T=-=-=
55s i.
.,, ,i..-1..a

+ - 3+ ,lG0f, jr e-3 -.lts


,=__T_
Hmce,therootsofthegivenequationare 3l@ ,rra 3-6 , .,:: ,,,r,,,i-i .

55
Eyotll E By asing the method of eonfleting the squarc,"iioat"fiwithb ggwtion 4* +3x
SOLUTION Wehave,

Hence, the given equation has no real roots.

EXAMPLEs' Findtherootsof ttufolloutingequation 4x2 + 4bi ltd -lr) = 0,*


by the methad of corupleting the squme.
sbrurtoN vtutui", : 'i i

_.. a:t.j:,ri.,.a ..:.'.,,


4x2+4bx-(o2-b')=O

=+ x2+bx-lo--o-l=n
\ 4 /-"
:+ *.r(X)r=t:! i,' :r', ' ,,,t'i ",. - i.-
, : :
i8.2{
'li.';;.IS,A-.--EB.*.--4SIX

r.r(*),.G)' =a2 4
-b2 ( b\2
r(.z]
( b\2 c2
lI+_l =_
\2/4
:::r ba
.I*-=t-
- 2 -2
-b,a
*=T*, -b-a-b+a
* *.*-U--,-
=+ Z
\
Hence,theroo""'" -(#) *,
W)
E LAIITPLE 6 Find the roots of the Euation a2 x2 - s*i t?4.ti o}t@,.ttto:i@ gcanryteting the
quare. .

sdlutoN Wehave, -.': ',.., : i,,.;


!,rii
rrllt,
..
r,
';l::li.i:ir,;.!i--ri:.::;:';.;;:
.:.,', ..:r::i:,};-':';'i,l -r,- '.
a2x2 - }abx+2b2 =o
'5 x'---x+2:;=0
aa' _2

",' ' 'r'-' : :':'


u gb 28 -" ,.
aa'
+ r -,(*)r.(*)' =-#.(#)' '

::5
(I I__1.gu\2 2b2 gbz
\'- 2a ) =__+_
a2 4nf
( eu\2 b2
+ II-_l
\- ?a) =_4aP ::,'

d rIr--l=t-
3b\ b
\ 2a) -2a
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 8,8

:+ (,_+)'=(&;)'
J5+r==--;
. Js-r .6+1
=) *-
Hence,therootsuru nE and
Z
1.
=l r= ?*Y^lg-t = x="6,1
EXERCTSE 8.4
Find the roots of the folowing quadratic equations (if they efstlby the method of completing
thesquare.

1. x2-4Jfr+6=0 2.2x2-7x+3=0 3,3x2+1Lx+10=0


4,2x2+x-4=O 5. 2x2+x+4=0 6.4x2+l.lgx+3=0
7. &x2 - 3x - 2Jl = 0 g. +10r + 7.,,6,= 0
^13x,
9. x2 -$fz+t1x+ Ji =0 10. x2 -4ax+ 4a2 -b2 =0

ATVSWEBS

t. Jl,g^12 2. ^1 3. _rg' _, n' @a-'' -.8-t


",, 4

5. No real roots 6.
.'6
- 2,- .tr 7. -#,rn 8. -6,' 7
2 Jg
9. J2,'l., 10. 2a-b,2a+b

8.6 SOLUTION OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION BY USING THE OUADRATIC


FORMULA (SHREEDHARACHARYA'S RULE)
In the previous section, we have learnt about factorization method of solving quadratic
equations. In some cases, it is not convenient to solve quadratic equations by fictorization
For example, consider the equation x2 + 4x + 2 = 0. In order to solve this equation
-me!hod.
by factorization method we will havl to split the coefficient of the middle term 4 into two
integers whose sum is 4 and product is 2. Ciearly, this not possiblein integeqs. Therefore, this
equation cannotbe solved by using factorization method. In this section, we shall discuss a
method to solve such quadratic equations. The method which we will ciiscuss below is
pop-ularly k^ory. ag Sridharacharya's formula as it was first given by u., ancient Indian
mathematician Sridharacharya around 1025 A.D.
Consider the quadratic equation
ax2 +bx+c=0,a*o
.')bc x'+-x+:=0
=+ AA
[Dvidingthroughtoutbya] ... (0
-rbc .f-+-I=--
- aa
8.26 . MATI{EMAXICS-X

' 4 -i*-l*) [**,[uCr.".[]c**


\- ",I]
o \h) l,-onuottriia#
*r*z( L\
(t\2
c
=+
\zo)*.1*) =-;*G b2

:+ ( b\2 (:F-qor\
l.*a)=['-zr--.1
fraking square root of both sidesl
=+ ** !- - rm. fand assuming b2 - > o
za za Aac ]
4--
-b . Ju2 -+ac
- ?ab
btJm
2a

< *=---b + ''lb' - 4ac 'b - tl,J 4ac


2o -oIrx= 2,

+ * = -b
+ .lD =-ff,where
-u -,lD D=f.7 -&c
ffot,t
Thus,if D =bz -4ac>0, thenthequadraticequatron ax2 +bx+c= 0 hasrealrootscrand
Pgivenby
-b + ,[D
o=-:;and0=ff
-b -.1D

Dt$CRtlllNAI{r lf axz +bx+c=0,A*0 isaEndraticequatipn,tlrcntheetprasionb2 -tlacis


knoum as its iliscriminant anil is gmerally dmoteil by D,

TLLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Type I ON DETERIIINING THE DISCRIMINANT OF A OUADRATTC EQUAnOil
EXAMPLE I Write the itiscriminant of thefotlwing quadratic equations:
(0 12-4x+2=0 (i0 34+2r-1=0 (iii),rz-4x+.a=O
(rv) .fgx2 -Z.lX*2.11=0(v) 12+r+1=0 (ri) *2 +W+24=O
SOLUTION (i) The given equation is 12 - 4x + 2 = 0
Hffi, a=L,b=-4mtd,c=2
D = b2 - 4ac = (4)2 -4x1x 2= 16- g = g
(ii) The given equation is 3r2 + ?t - 1=0
Here, a=3,b=2and,c=-1
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

D=b2 -4ac=22 -4x3x-1 = 4+L2=16


(iii) Thegivenequationis x2 - 4x + a = 0
Here, a=7rb = -{6v1drg= 4.
D=b2-4ac=(-4)2-4x1xa=\6-4a ' :

(iv) Thegivenequationis J5r2 - z.fx - 2JB = 0


ftrere, a = J|,b = 1J| and,, c = -zJi
D = b2 : 4ac = (-2.1b2- + * J5 x -2J5 = I + 24 = 32

(v) The given equation is 12 + x *I =0 .:

Here, a=1,b=1and,c=1.
D=b2-4ac=72-4xLx1=-3
(vi)Thegivenequationisr2+px+?4=O ,- ' :

Here, a=l,b=pand,c=2q
D=bz -4ac=p2 -4xlx2q=p2 -q
TypeII ON SOLVING A OUADRATTC EOUATION HAVING REAL R@TS BY USING
OUADRATIC FORMULA
EXAMrLE 2 ln the following, determine whether the gitsen quadratic equations haae real roots and
if so,find the roots
(r) 9x2+7x-Z=0 (ii) 2x2+5,13x*5=0 (iii) 3r2+2^l-5x-5=0
(i") x2+5x+5=0 (v) 6x2+x-2=0 (vi) 25x2 +20x+7=O
SOLUTION (i) Thegivenequationis 9x2 +7x-2=0
Hete, a = 9,b =7 andc = -2
D = b2 - 4ac =72 - 4x9 x-2 = 49 +72 = 12\ > o
So, the given equation has real roots, given by
-u+JD -7+Jfr. -7+11. 4
c[=-=-=-=-:-=-:
2
2a 2x9 18 18 9

and, ^F= -b - JD = -7 -.,l:n =-'g-=-,


-7 -11
U Zxg
(ii) Thegivenequationis ?:c2 +5J3x + 6 = 0
Here,, a=2rb=5Gandc=6 : '

D = b2 - Anc = 75 - 4x2x6 ='27 > 0


So, the given equation has real roots given by , ,

-b +
-2a2x24!2 JD -s,15
0=--=--.--=---=-=--
+ Jzz -sJ5 + sJ5 -2.15 J5

- sJ5 - 3J5
JD= -sJi - J27=-4 n ti
and, F= -b -U ZrZ =-zil
82A MATHEMATICE-X

Her€, a=3,b=2.6andc=*5 , ,ir :::

D = b2 - Aoc = QJS|- 4x 3x -5 = ?-0+ 60 = 80 > 0

2n 2x3 5 6,,3 :

ar-r€i,r ^ -b - JD
-2.6 - .m -z.Ji - +.t-s n
=-\,J
' =-----:--=-=-:-
P
2a 2x3
(iv) Thegiveneguationis x2 + 5r + 5 = 0
Here, a=1,b=5and,c=5
D=b2 - 4ac=25-4x1x5= 5> 0 '
So, the given equation has real roots, given by
)
' i ' ' ' i- :" i

=b +
/n.lD= -------:-_
-s + G and
E. E
-b -,lD= #*5 -...6
Cf, =
2J 2 " =, 2i',
l5
2
(v) Thegivenequationis 5x2 +x-2=0
-
Hete, a=6,b=Land,c=-2
D = b2 - 4ac = 1, - 4x 6x-2 = 49 > o
.So, the given equation has real roots, given by

u ----b'+
.lD -t + ..1E, -7 +'7' 6 1 '

2a , .2x6 L2 72 '2:
-b -.JD -1,- J4s -7-z -8 -2
and, P=
'za2x6 ^ =-=-=-=- 12L23
(vi) Thegivenequationis2Sx2 +20x +7 =0
. i :.: l

Herq a=25,b=20and,c=7
D = b2 - 4ac = (Zq2 - 4x25x7 = 4N -7C0 =-300 < 0
So, the given equation has no real roots.
EXAMPLE 3 lJsing quadratic formula soloe the fo*owing qttadratic equations:
(i) p2*'+(p2-q2)x-q2J0 tCBsE2004J
Gi) gr? -9(a+b)x+(2a2+5ab+fu')=Q : Ic8sE2004,20091

Comparing this equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have '

o= p',b = p2 - q2 eurdc = -q2'


D = b2 - 4ac ; (p' - q'.)' - 4x p2 x - q2 = (p' - q' )' + 4p' q' = 1p2 + q2'72 > O

So, the given equation has real roots given by


QUilBRAfTC ECIT,.ATIONS 8!29

g' = b -.lD
-*2n
(p' - q')i(rl'i d) ,rt::,:;,
2p' P2 "'t:

and, p =-ry =-fp' - tL-@,'


+ q')
= -,

ALITER Wehave,
p'*'+(p'-qzrx-f =o
+ p'*'+p'*-q2*-4L=o
+ (p'*' * i*l - (q', + q2') = o"
+ p2x(x +1)- q2(x+ 1) = 0
=+ (r+1)(pzx-q2)=o
,1 1.. 1"

+ r+1.= oor,pzx-q2 =0 + r=-L0r, *=%


P'
(ii) ,
Wehave
',',..'
9x2-91a+b)x+(h2+5ab+2h27=g ,
Comparingthisequation\ rith A/ + Br +C = O:wf travs-i' - i ''
A = 9,8 = -9(a + b\andC = ?tz + Snb +?.b2 i' -'"
"::
D=ff-4Ac r.i
+ D = 81(a+b)2 -36(2n2 +t,ab+2bz)
:+ D=9i 'i' '1' ' ::'"j :': ! ll r':'
+gbz -LBab )

:+ D=9(a-b)2 >0
So, the roots of the given equation are real and are grvenby . t :, -.

!.i

-s * J0 _ 9 (a + b) + 3(a - bi _ t2n + (tu 2n + b'


fI=--=-
2A 18 '18 - 3
,:i
r
ancl' ^P= -B-,lD = 9@+b)-3{a-;b)= 6a+12b= a+?b
2A 18 18 3
ALITER SeeEx8(ii)onpage4.18. : ,. j

EXAMPLE4 Lhsing quailraticformula,solae thefolluaing equfiionfor x:

abx2 +(bz -ac\x-bc=0 '[cBsE200s]


SOLUTION Wehave,
abx2+(b2-ac)x-bc=0

2ab ::
-(b? -ac1x..lQ2 -ac)2 -4ab2c
X=
2ab
8SS r:;isl-iiri

$
*(02-_ac)*ffirli "inl

2ab "'' ",1


'1li:
E+ * -Q2 -@*J( ,
i 1:: i i ;
l -r
"i.

2ab

*+ r* <bz -acr*(b2 tacl


2ab
+acl
*-:/J2, -ac)+.(bz
2db
,,-
Zac -2b2
X=-.X=- I=-,X=-
c -b ,"i't
Zah' 2ab = . b' a

x-l * x-3 10
s soroefor *, ff * -2,4
EXAMrLE
fr= t:* 1i*;
-- x..x".::,,,,,,i-
solurloNwehave,,.,""'li'!i"r::':r::1
x-l r-3 10
x+2 x-4 3
-+-=-
(r2 -5r+4)+(x2 -4o=6*g.I$J ,*'i r i.",! * I *r.r.:nrJr.rj
(r + 2)(t - 4) ,:1 !.;,,i: ,. '::i,, .- f.riir i,, ;. . -

?*
zxz - 6x -z _lo
x2 -2s -g 3 ::11. I r\l.i i- r"*S,1 ii:. ir|l ,'';
:E* 6x2 = 18x - 6 = l0x2 - 20* - 80 ri*fJi '|.*t'

!+ 4x2 -?sc-74=O l: i;,-,

=+' 2x2 -x-37 =A


ii
:+
A.

724
EXAMPLE o -*= +
fr+ fil -'F-i#
Soloeforr,
'
+t,Ii{ar4' i":e
- '
SOLUTION Wehave, i. &1 i.'

+$'

=+

+ (r+1)(r+4) (r+4)(x+2)
3 x-2
=+ (r+1)(x+4) (r+4)(x+2)
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 831

:+ 3 x-2
r+1 x+2 [Multiplying bothaides b y @ + a)l
+ 3x+6= x2 -x-2
-=+ I

x2- 4x-8=o =+ I=_--


+t,lto
2
+ n *f = 2t2$
EXEBC'SE 8.s
1. Write the discriminant of the following quadratic eguations:
(, 2x2-sx+3=o (ii) 12+2x+4=O
(iii) (r - lxk.- 1) = 0 (ry) I -2x+1= eke R
(v) .15x2 +z^l2t -z6 = o (vi) x2-r+1=0
2. In the f-ollowing, determine whether the given quadratic equations'have real roots and if
so, find the roots:
(i) 16x2=24x+L (ii) x2+x+2=0
(iii) .fgf+10r-8J3=0 (rg 3x2 -2x+Z=0
(v) x2-2JBx+3=o (vr) ga2x2 +}abx+4b2
=0,a*0
(vii) gr2+2JBx-5=0 (viii) 12-2x+t=a
(*) x2+5J3x+6=0,. . (x) .lzx2 +7x+ErE=0,
(xt) z* -z.lx+1 = 0[NCERT] (xii) 3a2
-5r+2= 0 I INcERTI
*-? 3!;x*z,E
3. '-l* x-4
- -- x-2
solveforr: =
3' lcBsE2005l

4. sotveforr
: *=3, x*o,2 tNcERT,CE$820101

5. ,*1=
x
3, x*o
INCERjrI

A'VSlrEFS
1. (i) 1 (ii) -12 (iii) 1 (iv) 4- 4k
(v) 32 (vr) -3
2. ,llf (ii) Notreal (iii) 4J3,+
./3
,,
(iv) Nolreal

(v) Realandequal, -?h -2b


(vr)
;. sa
6 _.6
(vii)
7, (viii) 1 (rx) -r{r,+ (x) -'li,- JZ5
1 1
Q$ a' JZ (.ii) L
3
g. s.I
'2 -.ry _ 3r.6
z.
I

8.7 NATURE OF BOOTS


Let axz +bx+ c | 0,a + 0 bea quadraticequation.ln theprevious section,wehaveseen
that the roots of this equation are given by
MATHEMATICS-X

=
-u+rlD ,^p = :#
--tiyand - __-!r-rrl-rn
-b-JD ,provided t^2
that D -- b2 - 4ac > O.
"
lf D =b2 - 4ac > 0, thens andp arereal.
Also,
zJD ,ID
a-g=("*) ["#)= -b+,lD +b+ JD =-=-_
b
+ 0-P+0 cl*B =
Thus, if D = 8 - 4ac >0 i.e. the discriminant of the equation is positive, then the equation
has real and distinct roots a and p givenby

a=--u+fi
2o
ano p=--a-J-o
2o
lf D = b2 - 4ac = 0, thenclandparereal.
b
Also, o.=-h=F [PuttingD=Ointheexpressionforsandpl

Thus, if D = b2 - 4ac = 0 i.e. the discriminant of the equation is zero, then the equatibn has
b
real and equal roobboth equal to -;.
Nov/, a natural question arises: what is the nature of the,roots of the equation
airibx*c=0whenibdiscriminantDisnegafive?Toanswerthisquestioryletusgoback
to*ie'i$iation.
.ax2+bx+c=0
+ .bc
X"+lX+I=0 [Dividing Throughout by a]

obc
+; x'+
aa= --
-x

... (i)

b2 - 4ac
lf D = b2 - 4ac< 0, then -17= . O
I

Therefore, LHS of equation (i) is positive (being perfect'square of a real number) and its RHS
is negative. So, there is no real value of r satisfying equation (i). Hence, thele is no real root of
the given quadratic equation in this case.
Thus, if D = bz - 4ac < 0, i.e. the discriminant of the quadratic equation is negative, then the
equationhas not real roots.
Letusnow discussproblem.s ondetermining thenature of the roots of quadratic equatiorrs.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

ILLUSTBATIVE EXAMPLES
Tvpel oN DETERMTNTNGTHE NATURE OFTHE Boors oFA GtvEN ouADRATrc
EOUATION
EXAMPLE 1 Determine the nature of the roots of thefolloating quadratic equations:
(r) 2x2+x-1.=0 (ii) rz-4x+4=0 (iii) x2+x+L=0
(ivl +x2-4x+1=o fu) 2x2+Sx+5=0
SOLUTION (i) Thegivenquadraticequationis ?t2 .+ x - 1=0
Here, a=2,b=1and,c=-1
D=b2 -lac=12 -4x2x-l=9
since D > 0, therefore, roots of the given equation are real and distinct.
(ii) Thegivenequationis x2 - 4x+ 4 = 0
Here, a=l,b=-4ai1d,c=4,
D -- b2 - 4Ac =(*4)2 - 4 x 1 x 4 = 0
since D - Q therefore, roots of the given equation are real and equal. . , ,r

(iii) Thegivenequationis 12 + xi1.= 0


Here, A=1,b=1and,c=1
i. D=b2 -4ac=12 - 4x1x1= -3
Since D < 0, therefore, roots of the given equation are not real.
(iv) Thegivenequation is 4x2 - 4r + L = 0
Here, A=4,b=-4and,c=1 ;

D = b2 - 4Ac = (4)2 _4x4x 1=0


Since D = 0, therefore, roots of the given equation are real and equal.
(v) Thegivenequationis 2x2 +5r +5=0
Here, a=2,b=5and,c=5
D=b2 -4ac=52 -4x2x5 -25-40=-15
Since D < 0, therefore, roots of the given equation are not real. l

Typerr oN DETERMTNING THE vALuEs oF AN uNKNowN tNvoLvED tN THE GrvEN


OUADRATTG EOUATION WHEN THE NATURE OF ITS ROOTS IS GIVEN
ResultstoRemember:

'(i) ax-b o+ r > !rt,o r0andr .b rt,n.0


>
OA
(ii) r2 -i >0+x <-aor,x>A (iii) 12 -a2 >0=+r <--.A.ot,x)a
(iv) 12 -A2 <0 + - a<x<a (v) (r -a)(x-b)>O,a<b + xcaor,x>b
(vr) (r-a)(x-b)<0,a<b + a<x<b
EXAMPLE 2 Find the aalues of k
for which the giaan equation ftas real and equal roots:
(r) 2x2-7}x+k=0 (ii) 9x2+3kx+4=0
(iii) Dxz +4/rr+3=0 (iv) Zx2+3r+k=0
(v) 2x2 -Lt+1=0 (vt) *x2z5x+k=0
(vii) 12 +k(4x+k-1)+2=0 (viii) *2 -2x(1,+3k)+ T(3+2kl=g
8.v

SOLUTION (i) The given equation is 2x2 - 10r + k = 0


Here, a=2,b=-10andc=k
D = bz - 4ac --(-10)2 - 4.x2xk = 100 - 8k
The given equation will have real and equal roots, if
D=0+100-8k=0=1=1Q={
82
(ii) The given equdtion is 9x2 + 3kr + 4 = 0

Here, D=b2 )4ac=(3kF - 4x9x4=9k2 -1.M


The given equationwill have real and equal roots, if

D=0+ gkz
-74=0= k' =ly9 = k2 =76* k=!4
(iii) Thegivenequation is l2x2 + 4k* + 3 = 0
Here, a =72,b = 4kand,c = 3
D -- b2 - 4as = (4k)2 - 4xu2x3 -- l6k2 -lM
The givenequationwill have real and equal roots, if
D = 0 =+ 16k2 -lM =0 * l6k2 = \M * k2 = 9+ k =t 3
(iv) Thegivenequation is 2x2 + 3x + k = 0

Here, a=2,b=3and,c=k
D = b2 - 4nc = 9 - 4xZxk =9- 8k
The given equation willhave real and equal roots, if
D=0+9-8k=0=+k=98
(v) The given equation is 2xz
- kx + 1 = 0
Here, n=2,b=-kand,c=1
D = b2 - Aac =(-k)2 - 4x2x1 = k2 -8
The givenequationwill have real and equal roots, if
D=0+ k2 -8=0+ t? =8+k=r2JL
(vi) Thegivenequationis kr2 - 5r + k = 0
Here, a=krb=-5and,c=k
D =bz -4Ac=(-5F -4xkx(k) =?5*41?
The given equationwillhave real and equal roots, if
D= 0+ 25- 4k2= 0=+ 25 = 4k2
- k2 =442=+ t =tl
(vii) The given equation is

x2 +k(Ax+k-7'1+2=0 =+ x2 +4kx+k(k-1)+2=0
QUA.DRAfiC EQUATIONS

Here, a=l,b--*,c=k(k-1)+2=0.., .;-..-;,,, , .,

:+ D=16k2-4k(k-1)-g
=e D=16k2 -4k2 +4k-g ,..: .:l .. .;
+ D=12k2+4k-B , ,, l

=+ D=4(3k2+k-2)
=) D=4(3k3 + gk-2/.-z)
.

+ D=413k(k+l)-2(k+1)l
:+ D=4(9c-2)(ts+1)
Thegivenequationwill haveegual roots, if . :i

D = 0 =+ 4 (3k
- Z)(k + 1) = 0 =+ 3k - 2 = 0 or, k + 1 e 0,+ t = er, k -1,
] =
(viii) The given eguation is 12 - Lr (l + 3k) + 7(j + 2k) = O l

FIoe,, '' a = l,b * -2(7 + 3k) and c =Z(l + Zkl


.D = 4(l + 3k)2 - 4xl7 (3 + 2rc)l
i
+ D= 4(3k+t)2-.r
-4x1x 7(3+2kl
:+ O = *(gk2 +6k+1-zl-1,4k)

=) D=4btc2-Bk-20)

D=0
+ 40k2 -8k - 20) = o
- gk2
-gk-20 =0
+ gk2
-7gk+ 10k-20 = 0
+ (k-2)(9k+10)'= 0
.. :

+ k-2=0or,9k+10=0 =+ k =2ot,t=-9
'9
(ix) The givenequationis (k + 1) x2 - 2(k -1)r +1=0
Here, a=k+L,b=-2(k-l),c=l l

Let D be the discriminant of the given equation. Then,

D = f '- itsa = 4(k -t)2 - 4g +1) ,. 4 (k2 _ 3k) ,:


The given equation will have real and equal roots, if
D= 0=+ 4&2 -3k)=0 + k2 -3k=0=+k(k_3)= 0=+ k=0,3
ExAMPLE s Find the oalues of kfor which the fottoa,ing equation has equal roots:
(k -L2')x2 +2(k'12) x*2 = 0'
solurloN wehave,
(k - 12) x2 + 2(k - t2) x + 2 = 0
836 MATHEMATICS-X

Here, a=k-12,b =2(k-12\andc= 2


D = b2 - 4ac = 4(k - Lz)z - 4k -12)x2
=+ D=4(k-12)l(k-12)-2]
:+ D=4(k-f2)(k-14)
The givenequationwill have equal roots, if
D = 0 + 4(k-12)(k-14) = 0 + k-12= 0or,k -14= 0 =+ k =12ot,k =14
EXAMrLE4 lf -4isarootof thequadraticequation x2 +px- 4=0 andthequadraticequation
x2- + px + k = 0 has,equal roots, find the ttalue of k

SOLUTION Since-4isarootof theequation x2 +px- 4=0


(-4)2+px(-4)-4=0 [... Arootalwayssatisfiestheequation]
:+ 16.-4p-4=0 + 4p=L2+p=3
Theequation x2 + px + k = 0 has equal roots.
Discriminant = 0
+ p2 - 4k = O I:: a=L,b=P andc=k]

+ k=914
EXAMrLE s
Findtheaaluesofkforwhichtheequation x2 -4xtk = 0 hasdistinctrealroots.
SOLUTION Thegivenequationis x2 - 4x+ ft = 0
Here, a=1,b=-4andc=k
D = (4)2 - 4 x 1 xk = 16 - 4k
The givenequation will have real and distinctroots, if
D > 0 + 76- 4k> 0 + 16 > 4k + 4k <'l'6+ k.* = E

Hence, the given equation will have distinct roots, if k < 4


EXAMrLE6 Showthattheequation x2 +ax-4= 0 hasrealanddistinctrootsforallrealaalues
ol a.

dorrrrrou Thegivenequationis ax- 4 = 0 x2 +


The discriminant of the given equation is given by D = a2 - 4x -4 = a2 + 16

Clearly, D = A2 +15 > 0forallae R


Hence, the given equation has real and distinct roots.

EXAMPLE 7 lf p,q,rarermland p * 4,thenshowtlutttvrootsof theequation (p -q)x2 +5


(p + ql x - 2 (p - 4) = 0 are real and unequal'

-'*'o*,rT;T;:#":
,*),irr_,) =o
Here, a= p-Q,b =5(p+q)andc= -2(P-q)
D - bz - 4ac = ?s(p + q)2 - 4(p - q)x -2(p - q)
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
837

+ D=25(p+d2+B(p_q)2
Clearly, ZS(p+q)2 >Oand8(p -il2 >O[.: p*ql
j: D=25(p+q)z +B(p-q)2 >O
Hence, roots of the given equation are real and unequal.
EXAMPLE a Defurmine positiae aalues of 'k,
for which the equation x2 + kx + 64 0 and
x2 - 8x + k = 0 will both-the
hauc real roots.
=
SoLUTIoN Givenequationsare
x2 +kx,+64=0 ...(i)
and, x2 -8x+
k=0
...(i0
t€t Dr and D2 be the discriminants of equations (i) and (ii) respectively.
Thery
Dr = k2 - 4x & = k2 - 2_56 and D2 = (g)2 _ 4k 64_ 4k
=
Both the equations will have real roots, if
q >0
>0andD2 i

+ k2 -2%20and &- 4k>O


=) k2 >ZI6and6/-2 4k
:+ k>16(.;k>0)and k<16
=+ k=,,G
Hence, bo-th the equations will have real roots, when k = .!,6.
EXAMpLE e Find the aalues of kfor which the giaen equation has rear roots:
(i) l$c2 -6x-2=0 (ii) gx2+ikx+4=0 (iii) Sr2-kr+1=0
SOLUTION (i) Wehave, ki _5x _ 2 0
=
Here, a=k,b=-6andc=-2
D = b2 - 4ac = (_6)2 _ 4xkx _2 = 36 + gk
Thegivenequation willhave real roots, if

D > 0 =+ 36+ 8k 2 0 =+ gk > -36


=+ k ) %e
-+k>-:
82
(ii) Thegivenequationis 9* + 3kx+ 4 = 0
Here, a=9,b=3kandc=4
D = b2 - 4,ac = gk2 - 4x9x 4 = 9kz - lM
The given equation will have real roots, if
D>0
+ gk2
-1M>0
=+ 9(k2 -15) > o
+ k2-16>o l':ab>0anda>0+b>01
:+ k<4ork>4 ['t x2 - a2 > O+ r S -aor, x > al
838 MATHEMATMgX

(iii) The given equation is 5r2 kr + t


Hele, a=5,b =-kandc= 1- = 0

=+ D=b2 -4ac=(-k)2 -4x5x f =* -20


The given equation will have real roots, if
D>0
s, k2.20) 0 ,' ,

:+ k<-Jfror,kZ.,E0' f; r' : i i0 I 6 -g.or, * >i1


=+
EXAMpLE to Find the oalues of kfor uthich the equatiotn x2 + 5k + 15 = A has no real roots.
THOTSI
SOLUTION The,givenequationis, 12 + Skr,+16
=,0
Here, a=l,b = Skand,q= 16, l

D= t -
Lac =(5k)2 - 4x l x 16 = 2Sk2 - 16
The given equation witrl'have no real roots, if
D<0
=+ 25k2 -64<0

zs(*'-9).0
l.25./

+ k2 -t<o i'
['.'ab'<'Oand a > S=+'.b < 0]
25
.88 --<rc<-
::?
55 [rr'- I <o+-a<r.o)
TYPEIII ONDETERMININGORPROVINGTHENAIT,,NEOFT+IEBOOTS . :

EXAMPLE rr If p, q, r and s are real numbers such tlwt pr


=2(q +s),tharrwiffat ot tmst oniof
theequations x2 + px+q = 0 and x2 + rx + s 0 hasrealroots.-.,,, \ i
= IHOTSI
SOTUTION Wehave,
x2+px+tl=Q ...(r)
and, x2+rx*s=0 ...(ii)
I€t Dr and D2 be the discriminants of equationq (i) and (ii) respqctively. Then,
Dr=?2-U md Dz=12-4s
:+ D1+D2=p2 -4q+rr-4s= (p2 +rr)-4(q+s)
:+ Dr+Dr=p2+r,-f(+)
| * = 2(q +s) ;.q '=+) +

:+ Dl+Dz=p2+12-2pr=(p-i2>O t (p'-l)]>0forallrealp,r]
I
=, At leasi one of D1 and D2 is greater than or equal to zero ' : 'i
+ At least one of the two equations has real roots.
QU.ADRATIC EQUATIONS

EXAMPLE 12 If the roots of the equation .r2 + b, + eb = }',gre.rcnl aneqtnl, ptwe that the
equatian x2 -4a+b)x+a2 +b2 +2c2.=A,hoang.realroots, !i. . ,. ,., .:.,r , ,[Hp[-gl
SOLUIION Thetwoequationsare

and, x2'-z(a+.&)r+ a2.+b2 *zi 7-o ,,, , . :. ,r ...(ii)


Let Dl and D2 be the discriminants of equations(i) errd (ii) respectiv.ely, flrglr, u
, i .,, , ,r .

q=(2c): -4xtxab=4i-4ab=4,(c2-abl :j l

=+ 4. = 4(a + b)2 - 4{o2 + b2 + ?r27


+ 4.= 4la2 +b2 +Zab- -k2l
a2 -b2
=+ Dz = 4(%b -Zji,5 = a(i - ab) .
'r . rl :

Since the roots of equation (i) are real and unequal. Therefore,
' q >0
+ 4(c2 -ab)>o
+ c2 -ab>O
:+ -8(c2 -ab)<O
+ Dz <0
: ; ' i :

= Roots of equations (ii) aie hot real.


EXAMrLElg Prooethattheequation x21a2 +b2y+Zx(ac+bd)+(c2 +dr)=O iasnorealroot,
if ad * bc. .HOTSI
SOLUTION The discriminant of the given equation is grverr by
. D = 4(ac+bd)2 - 4a'+b2'y1c2 + d21
+ D=4I@c+bA2 -@2 +b2)1c2 +a211
+ D = 4la2c2 +b2d2 ,,lbc bd- a2c2 - azdz -b2c2 -fd21 .

D = 4l?ac. bd - *d2 - U'il


=+', ,: =,-4fa2t +b2l -znd.b!= -A.(ad-bdz :
D , : ,,.

Wehave, ad * bc /
ad-b*0 =+ (ad-hdz>o + -4(ad.-&c)2<0=+D<o I

Hence, the given equation has no real roots.


EXAMPLE 14 Finil the oalue of k for which'the giam equation has equal roots, Also,ftnil the roots.
(i) 9x2 - 24x +'k = 0 (ii) rlq2 '' ''40r i'i5 = 0
SOLUTION (i) Thegivenequationis 9x2 - 24x +k = 0
Here, a =9,b =-24andc=k.
MATHEMATICS-X

i.. D = b2 - 4ac = (-24)2 - 4xgxk -- 576 - %k


The given equationwill have real and equal roots, if
D=0=+ 576-36k=0 + k=16
Putting k = 15 in the given equatiory we get
gxz
- 24x+ 16 = 0 + (3r=0=+ 3r - 4 = 0 + x =
- 4)z 4/3.

Hence, both the roots of the given equationare equal to 4/3.


(ii) Thegivenequationis ?*xz - 40r + 25 = O

Here, a=Zk,b = -AOandc= 25


D = b2 - 4ac =(-40)2 - 4x2kx25 = 1500 - zffik
The equationwill have equal roots, if

D=0+1500-200k=0+k=8
Substitutingk = 8 in the givenequation, weget

l6x2-4Ox+?5=0=+ (4x-S)z =0 * r=l


4
Hence, the roots of the given equation are each equal to 5/4.
EXAMPLE ls Find the oalue of kfor which the quadratic equation
(k+4) x2 +(k+L)x+ L=0hasequalroots. ICBSE2000Cl
SOLUTION Let D be the discriminant of the given equation.
Wehave, a = k + 4,b = k+ landc = 1

D =b2 - 4ac

+ D=(k+1)2-4@+4\
+ D = k2 -2k*t5 = (k-5)(k+3)
If the roots of the given equation are real, then
D=0 = (l( - 5)(k + 3) = 0 + k = 5,-3.
EXAMrLE 16 lf - 5 is a root of the quadratic equation 2x2 + px- L5 = 0 and the quadratic
equation p @2 + r) + k = o has equal roots, find the oalue of k. tcBsE 2002, 20091
SOLUTION Since - 5 is a root of the equation 2x2 + px - 15 = 0. Therefore,

2?il2 -Sp-L5=0 =+ fi-5p-15= O - 5p=$ a p=/


Putting'p =7 in.p @2 + x) + k =0, we get 7xz +7x+ k = 0
This equationwill have equal roots, if
-49-4x7 49
rnt=0 =+ -49_4x7xk=0
Discriminant=0 - k=fr=,k=7'4
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 8.41

EXERCTSE 8.6
1. Determine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations:
(0 2t2-3x+5=0tNCERfl $) U2-6r+3=0 hrcEml
(iii) r'z -f,x +t = o (ir) 3r2 -a,l5x+4=0 NCERTI
f
(v) 3r2 -z.l-ox+2=o (vt) (r -za)(x-2b)= 4s6
(vi) 9a2b2x2 - z4abcdx + l6c2d2 = 0,a * 0,b * 0
(viii) 2(a2 +t)*' * 2(a+b)x +L = 0 (ix) (b + c)xz - (a+b + c)x + a = 0
2. Find the values of k for which the roots are real and equal in each of the following
equations:
(i) lcx2+4x+1=0 $) *x2-2.8x+4=0
(iii) 3x2-Sx+2k=0 (iv) 4x2+k+9=O
(v') Z*2-40x+2S=0 (vi) 9r2 -24x+k=0
(vn) +x2 -3kr+1= 0 (rrii0 12 -2(5+ ?*)x+3(Z+10k)=0
(ix) (3k,+1) x2 +2(k+1)i+k = 0 (x) tcx2 +k+1= 4x2 - x
(xi) (k+ 1) x2 + 2(k+ 3)x+ (k+ 8) = O
(xii) r2 -2-k+7k-12=0 (xiii) (k + 1) 12 - 2(gk + t) r + 8k + 1.= 0
(xiv) 5x2 -4x+2+k(4x2 -2x-t)=O
(xv) (a - k) x2 + (?* +4) x +(8k + 1) = g
(xvi) (?* + l)x2 + 2(k + 3)r + (k + 5) = Q
(xvii) 4r2 -2(k +1) r + (k + 4) = 0
(xviii) xz *21k+1)r+ k2 =0 tcBsE 2001cI
(xix) -z(zk-L)r+4 = 0
k2x2 lcBsE 2001cl
(xx) (k +t) x2 - 2(k -1)r+ 1 = 0 [cBsE2002 cl
(xxi) 2x2+kx+3=0 [NCERTI (xxii) k*(x-2)+5=0 INCERII
3. In the following, determine the set of values of k for which the given quadratic equation
has real roots:
(r) ?sc2+3x+k=0 (n) 2x2 +kx+3=0
(iii) 2x2 -5x-k = 0 (iv) kx2 +6r+1=0
(v) .t2 -kx+9 =o (w) zx2 +kt+2= o
(vii) gr2 +7t+k=O (viii) 4r2-3kr+1=0
(x) ?s2+kx-4=o
4. Forwhatvalueofk, (4 - k) x2 + (2k + 4) x +(8k + t) = 0, isaperfectsquare.
5. Find the least positive value of k for which the equation xz + kx + 4 = 0 has real roots.
6. Find the values of k for which the given quadratic equation has real and distinct roots:
(0 k2+2x+1=0 '(ii) Lr2+5x+t=0 (iii) x'-kx+9=0
8.42 MATHEMATICS-X

7. If thdrooBof theequation (b- c\x2 +(c- a)x+(a-b) = 0 areequal, thenprovethat


2b=a+c. lHos, cBsE2002cl
8i Iftherootsoftheequation(l +U2yf -Z@c+bd,Sx+1c2 +d2y =0 areequal,provethat
!=c llrorsl
bd' -

9. If the roots of the equations axz +2bx*c = 0 andbxz -2Jacx*& = 0 are simulta-
neously real, then prov e that b2 = ac. tHorsl
10. lfp,qarercaland p * 4, thensho-w.thattherootsof theequation l

(p-q)x2 +5 (p +qlx'2(p-q)= 0 arerealandunequal. IHoTsI


11. If theroots of t\eqtgtiol @2 - ahl i - z1a2 - bc) x + b2 - Ac = 0 areequal, prove that

t.2. :ffi fiff: :;l;'r,;T';, * + 2(a + b) x+ 1- Q has no re", *..,, *^#:Il


IHOTSI
13. Provethatboththerootsoftheequation(r- a)(x-b)+(r-D)(r-c) +(r-c)(r-a) = Q
arerealbuttheyareequalonlywhenA=b=c. I' i tHbfSl
14. If a,b, c are real numbers such that ac * 0, then show that at,least one of the equations
axz +bx*c = 0 arrd-ax2 +bx+c = 0 hasrealroots.
.. iHOrsl
15. If- the- equation (t + m2) x2 + Zmcx + (c2 - o2) = o has equal. qoots, prove that
c2 = az(L+ m2). IHorsI

ANSWENS
1. (i) Notreal (ii) Real and distinct (iii) Notreal
(iv) Real and equal (v) Real and equal (vi) Real and distinct
(vii) Real and equal (viii) Notreal (ix) Real and unequal

2. (i) k=4 (ii) k=9 (iii) k = 25


4 24
(iv)' k = tL2 (v) k=8 (vi) k = tO
(vii) k= tl3 (viii) k=2.!
'2
-1
(ix) k = --1,1

(x) k=5,-3 (x0 *o!3 (xii) p,= 4,3

(xiii) k = 0,3 (xiv) t = -9.t (xv) k = 0,3


5

(xvi) t--st'ET
2
(xvii) k=-3,5 -1
(xviii) k = -l
2
1
(xix) k =; (xx) k = 0,3 (xxi) * (xxii) k=Q6
=12J6
3.(i) k=; (ii) lc < -\-Ji ot, k>2J5

8
(iv) ts s (v) t<-5ork>5
QUADITATIC EQUATIONS 8.,(3

(vi) k <-4ot,k24 k<1 tLL


(uo) (vul) k < -jor.k > j
33
(ix) ke R 4. k=0,3 5. k=4
6. (i) tct (ii) t<q , (ru) t <-6ot,k> 6 .

: .. -i , .:

HINTS fO SELECTED PNOBLEMS


4. Put discriminant = 0 to get the values of k.
5. D20+k'-162'0=+k)4. .
7. D=0
:+ (c-a)'-4(b-c)(a- D) = 0 ,:

'+ c2 + a2 + 4b2 - 2ac - Aab +!,4ac - 4bc = 0


+ (c+'a-2b12 =0=+ c +a-?b=O
ALITER Clearly, r = 1 satisfies the given equation. Since it has equal roots.
So,both roots are equal to 1.

Productoftheroots=1. =, !-b
b-c =1
+ a-b =b-c :+ ?.b = a+c
9. Let D1 and D2 be thediscriminants of the two equations. Then,
q >0 andD2>b2
=t tbz-4ac20and4ac-4b2 >0 + b2>acandac>b2 + b2=ac.
11. WehavE, D = 4a(as + b3 + C - 3 abc)
Since roots are equal.
D=0=+ 4a(a3 +b3 +c3 -3abc)=0=+ A=}ot,a3 +b3 +c3 =3abc
13. Thegivenequationis 3r2 - 2x (a + b + c) + (ab + fu + m) = e
LetDbeihidiscrimiriant.,Thery' r' :

=r D = 4(a+b+ c)2 -12(ab +bc+ca)


:+ D = 4I(a+b+ c)2 -3(ab +bc+ ca)l
+ D = 4Ia2 +b2 +c2 - ab-bc- ul
+ D =212a2 +%2 +2c2 -zab-2tc-2cal
+ D =211u -b)2 +(b- c)2 +(c- a)2
Clearly D > 0. If D=0, then,
(a - b)2 + (b - cl2 + (c - a\2 = 0 + a - b = O, b - c = 0, c - a = 0.
8.8 SOLUTTONS OF PROBLEMS INVOLVING OUADBATIC EOUATTONS
In this section, we will discuss some simple problems on practical applications of quadratic
equation. In this type of problems we first formulate a quadratic equation whose solution is a
solution of the given problem. Sometimes it may happen that, out of the roob of the quadratic
equation only one has a meaning for the problem. Any root of the quadratic equatiory which
does not satisfy the condition of the problem will be rejected.
8.M MAlHElvfAfi€SrX

}r order to golve this type of problem.s, we rnay use,the following algorithm.


ALGORITHM
STEP I Tlanslate tlui word p,toblem into symbolic language and formulate the quadratic equatibn.
STEP II Soloethe quadraticequationformeilin Stq l.
STIP III T?anslate the solutian into oerbal language anil reject the solution which does nothaoe a
meanfutgfor theryoblem.
' :i ;"
" I
":'l'l NUMBERS
''
8.8.I APPLICATIONS OF OUADRATIC EOUATIONS FOR SOLVING PROBLEIT,IS ON
In this sectiory we will discuss problems on numbers. Following examples will illustrate
thesame.

ILLUSTRATIVE. EXAMPLES .' I,


EXAMPLE 1 The sum of the squares of two consecutioe natural numbqTs is 37.3. Find the numbers.
SOLUTION Lettwocorrsecutivenaturalnumbersbexandx+ 1..Thery . :: l

x2 + (x + 1)2 - 313 IGivenJ


:+ 2x2+2x+1=313
=) 2x" + 2x - 372= 0
+ x2+x-156=0
+ x2 + 73x -12Jt - 155 = 0
+ x(r+13)-12(x+13)=0
+ (r+13)(r -72)=
+ f +13=0or,x-L2=0 + r=12or,x=-13 .:,..1.: ,.,; :
Since r, being a nafural number, qannot be negative. Therefore, r = 12.
Hence, the twoconsecutive natural numbers are 12and 13. ' :

.3
EXAMPLE z Thesumof twonumbersisL5.Ifthesumoftheirreeiprocalsis
*,frndthenumbers.
tcBsE 2000,20051
SOLUUON let the required numbers be r and 15 - r. Thery
113
---=-
x 15-x 10
=+ 15-x+r- 3
r(15-r) 10
+ 153
----:::------: =
r(15 - r) -L0 :

+ 150 = 3r(15- r)
=+ lfl= 45x -3x2 :,
=e x2-75x+50=0
+ x2 -l}x-5r+S0 = 0
+ r(x-10)-5(r-10)=g
QUATTRAnC EQITATJONS &d5

:+ (r-10)(r-5)=6
+ X-10=0Or,X-5=0 =+ X=10Or,f=S
Hence, the twonumbers are 10 and 5.
EXAMPLEs The sum of a numbn,and tts reciproylir, ?+, rind tnqnimbri,' "
SoLUTIoN l-ettherequirednumberber.fhen, 30 i

x+\ =27
x30
x2 +l ..: ..til
61 '.i_. ii

- rQ0
:+ -=_
fix2 + 30 = 6Lx
:+ 30x2-6k+30=0
+ 30x2-36x-%x+30=0
=) 6x(5x-5)-5(5r-5)=g -9.t t.

i+ (6r-5)(5r-d)=O
=+ 6x-5=0otr 5x-6=0 x=?or,x'=9 lrr"": :ir'irrj., ':r- '
==,
65
Hence, the required nurnber is.S/6oi,615
EXAMPLE t A tzoo digit number is such that the p.roduct of its digits is 78. When 63 is subtracted
fromthenumber,thedifrts.interchangbihii;ila;,;:ii;iiii;;;t;;:...-..;-.'.i'.|::.:-.-
SOLUTION Let the tens digit be r. Then, the units digiO = .leBsE2006cl
*,
Number = 10t + 19 ,
x
and, Numberobtainedbyinterchangingthedigits = 10x19 + r, l,,'
(ror+1!')-[ror19**)=og '
( x) t., x )
+ ilr+19-180-x=61 ' ,' : ..':
xx
:+ g*-162-63=o

+ gxz
-6gx-162=
+ x2-7x-1g=o
:+ (x-9)(x+2) = 0 =+ x=9ot,x=-? . :,.r ,
But, a digit can never be negative. b, tt * 9:, , :

., i..,,

Hence, therequired number = 10x 9 +& = D.


9
EXAMPLE 5| ligit number is such that the product of the digits is 74. When 45 is added to the
tt1t.o
number,tfien the digits arerepused. Find thenumber.
8it6l ,Mf;TrrBMArtes$(

14 - ,J: . j .: :,:
SOLUTION l,etthe tensdigitber. Then,unitsdigil
e = -.
.x :

Number = 10r+ 11 :':'"'i11 ' ' r:' :; : " 1 :1r I

and, !
Numberformedbfrwersingthediglh'= 10x
x *' , ' i " 'l
ror+1!+4s=ror11*,
x x : -::: tcivenl
. ...].
:r
-x ror+11+45=140*,

4 - 726'*45=0
9x---- .-
x
=e 9xz+45x-12.6=0 ,. ,,, r,,. i.
+ x2+5x-74=0
:+ X2 +7X-?1 -14=0 .;.r ,., ,'-.

+ (x+7)(x-2\=0 = r=-7y,x=21x=2 , r,,. :.


Hence,therequirednumber = 10x Z+! =,2V .:. :

EXAMpLE6 Diaiile 16 into t* port riii*no *n* r*r*r.ri*if* rur,toc<Ar*n qnaw,


of the smaller part by 764.
sbrurrou Gt tr,i, ra6 piaLe x..niari;.trre smattei'pait+ i6rr. '
"'

?-x2 = (16- x)2 +7il


=+ zxz -1to-r42 -hil=o
+ xz+32x-420=0
";''' ' 1' -r" '; '.'r':'r':'' 1:r1:'1":': 't"
+ $+ 2)@-10)e0
=+ X=-42Ot,f =10 ',.: :
,,,r,1
=+ r=10 '['.'r>0.'.r=-42isnotpossibh]
Hence, the required parts are 10 and 6.
EXAMPLE t One-fourthof aherdof camelswasseenintheforest.Twicethesquarerootof tlrcherd
lud gone to mountains anil the remainhrg 75 camels were ieen on thc bank of a rizw, Fintl the total
numberof camels. :. ,i ,,: tHOT$l
SOLUTION Let the total number of camels be r. Then,

Number of camels seenin the forest = {


4,t-'
. Numberofcamelsgonetomountaitts =2& ': :' ' rl
Numberofcamelsonthebankofriver=-l5 ,i : :... i . .,:: ,-., ,,
Totalnumberofcamels = L +2,1i
4
+lS'' ::

Byhypothesis,wlhave , i i ir
!+2.1i +15= x
4
QunfihAsftrE xrt

' -' ').'d:' .'


"1," ' : :' I . :.-
+ zf _tsy+toy_tr=.,9,,. ":ti;" ..: 1"-l I , ..'i! ,' , -..,,: -: * :j
:.: i:':l'-rilli:ii'ii:.iii .1,,'..:":irrii:+. -:1:' .,i4 : :i =.' i ir,,{J:\ !il,::i
=+ Sytg-6)+10(y-6)=0' : !-1J

- - J w t vJ e 6 t v * tt vJ o wbt.o, bF, w ttte vf*w .|@! lrI l'f


7\t Y$rytf$lt&f
,t:1y:!:y::.y:*"remaininganoorrpioyinE,rtd,,ffi ilffi lrif,;tt*Wn,
*:;r:
rcwnumoerEstMns! ,;<r_:,-..
totatnwfiberqswns? ^ _.r1
-! ... .-.,
.Nd_: - -:_.. -!. - ,"''.'' '"' :'sr'i!in
!',j .'i ii,:"3i ;i'
'i'';r+'1*,i
soLUTtoN Letthetotat"d#m"iOf*,raH'i,ir.tr&i,2 ,

.., ' i"l:' '" ' t:'


' Number of swans playing on the shore of the tank = * 16
*
It is given that there are two remaining swans. ii '* 11'l' -.r.'1 -r ;.13 -
!
7-
x=-rlx+2
';=:i'- l:l

{:
7-
.:

=) x-'-Jx-2=0
2'
' !.{:i ::; :. ;1r.1;'] i:ir i'
3!.+iJ:i :T:ss .tAfit; S:ji.{ iil
i.i,,. t:ijfiif
.;
J,{; 5:: l.i *r: t"tr"i j,..: *l
+ V' -lV
"2' - 2 = o,where A2 = x"' .r:
r.A

.'-;;'; :1,1 ,.iir r','


rii:e{-r.ij

:+ 2y2-7y-4=0 $ - .!l :lqi ,$,+ :,t:jj ;i:"::i.rt!.iJ.* *ri: ,xr:{]'


:tr -- i:: . -.,-- ,jl *i
l', : 'i:;ri
I l-l .., " :
r'i
-
_
'

+ Zf-W+y-4=a ;. . .
*r,."i::j r;"ttr ,:r::i.:i :ii.i{l ,}'}
. ; ,:;,t.. ,. i-".1!,r,f.1.3;il;. .,,, ,,,r;
=+ 2y(V-4)+(y-4)=0 '....rri,,[:, -.r6i,ii.4:
,:1,:?. :
;.3, ,.;.;.;r
'.',
.,, r. : ,.1::i

=+ g-4)(2y+1)=g i.,,lrl;:u
; i] . .
r.'l * ur '-rl,: ;-i.-.'l;t'l. .* .r, i - ij.i,;i:T
'1';f:4
+*:,,,,:' i': i,.:3;- *,ft 6fi :tt d:riii,: ;i' ':!tt i.ii}1i it
i..*Ll i1 r: : !.';; i '.;, jir.:: :i::.-i ;;1rr 1{: iiil:a -;1f \j S.a .f;{iC,{ f{:x"il

, ,r;t
+ !=1 ri* ,- rjrqr*.,,.,, . [.giiiffidfisi*ti
+ X=U2=42='!,6
nl"iJ'tfa to*i'mi*Li 6r'#"l,ft i j r o.
8.$ MATHEMATICS-X

EXAMpLE e Thesumoftlrcsqturesoftwopositiaeintegosis20s.Ifthesquareofthelatgernumber
is 18 times the smaller numbu,ftnd the numbers.
SOLUTION Let the smaller number be r' Then,
S{uare of larger number = 18 r
Also, Squareofthesmallernumbat=x2
It is given thatihe sum of the square of the integers is 208.
x2 +18x=2oB
+ x2+18x-208=0
+ x2 +26x-8r -208 = 0
=) (r +26)(x''8)=0 *t * =8,x= -2J
But, the numbers are positive. Therefo te,, x = I
Square of the larger number = 18x = 1.8 x 8 = LM

+ Largernumb er = J@ = 12
Hence, the numbers are 8 and 12.
EXAMpLE 10 The dffirence of the squares of two numbers is 45. The sEtare of the smaller number
is 4 tima the larger nimber. Determine the numbers.
SOLUTION ' Let the larger numberbe r. Then,
Square of the smaller numb€t = 4)(
Also, Square of the larger number = x2
It is given that the difference of the squares of the numbets is 45
xz'4x = 45
:+ x2-4x-45=0
+ x2-gx+5r-45=0 (

+ x(x-9) + 5(r - 9) = 0
+ (x-9)(x+l)=g
+ x-9=0or,.x*5=0 + x=9,-S
Casel Whenr = 9,
In this case, we have
Square of the smaller number = 4x=36
Smallernumber = l$.
Thus,-the numbers are 9, 6 or 9, - 6
Casell Whenx=-5,
In this case, we have
Square of the smaller number 4x = -20
But, square of a number is always positive.
r=-5isnotpossible.
Hence, the numbers are 9, 6 ot 9, - 6
EXAMpLE tl If the nm of n successiae odd nntural numbers starting from 3 is 4& find the aalue
of n.
SOLUTION Wehave,
3' + 5 +7+ 9 + ... ton terms = 48

+ ltz*z
+ (n -1\x2) = 49
[rr*e,
s,=l{za+(,-1)d}whe re a=3anda=z]
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS &49

=) n(3+n-1)=rE
+ n2 +2n- {g'= 0
+ n2 +8n-5n-48 =0
r+ nln+8)76(a+S)
=10
:+ (z+8)(r,-6)=0
:+ n=4Otr1=6 + n=6 , \:, . r*.1.
,, ;r._.-.:,, ,[,..rr.,r,ti
sxAMftErz " tf ihe'iiiitii $ fiiit' i\ti6ii ndural numb*Sts a20)find thevalae of n,
SOLUTION Weharre,
2+ 4 +6 + 8 + .... to z terms = 420
::: . i'l:r:-i
+ l[zr.z.* {r-1)x.]t = a2o
n(2+n-1)=420
n(n+1)=42!0

't n,- 420 = o


.n2 +

=t n2 +2ln-20n-420 =O
n(n+2L)-20(n+21)=0
1 (n+27)(n- 20) = 6
:9 ,,. n=20,-21 + n=N
ETAUPHu ,.,.Tlqdanqminatototgfrqc$p1!t1onpry9rethantry;yq!h.e.A@$tor;If
@esu,wof tly
I ,.r'.,i,:r 1s1;

SOLUTION let the numerator of the fractionber. Then,


. Denominator =2x + 1 l'l,ia'- l.''
':,
: [Given]
';t, ,'
Fraction = + Reciprocalof the fraction 2*"{7i' _
* 't'
It is given that the sum of the fractirin and its reciprocal
'" 2l9,
ir -21' ,l:
, x ,2x+1 ^10
_:__
.,r.i ,?t+.1 . x
=1_ -21 I :

,..',,,
3 t *@+r)2 _ 58
'!
i5r2
+ 4x +1 5g
;+.-=- '?s2+x
2l
, ], :

+ 21(5x2+ 4x+l)=58(*+I) :.
=+ 10512 + &x +21 = 1L6x2 + 58x : ri,:i i:r''
--,l' ."- - . -", :r
=+.
,
::..,
.' tlx'-?ix-2'1,=0
T-:- -::: ' -- .
Y.
,; . . .:
8.50 MAf,HEMATICS-X

+ - 33x +7x - 21 = 0
'1j1,x2

+ 11r(x-3)+7(x-3)=0
+ (11r+7)(x-3)=0
7
=+ X=3r-, + f =3
*
Hence,fraction = 2x +"1.=37
EXAMrLE t4
A two-digit number ig four times the sum and three,tirues the ytodact of its iligits.
Findthenumber.
SOLUTION Let tlre digits at tens and units place 9f the number be r and y respectively. Theo
Number=tOr+ y
Itisgiventhat
- Number digits. Also, Number = 3 x Product of digits
= 4 x Sum of the
:+ Llx+y = 4(x+ /)ana10x+y = 3x6y
+ 6x-3y = 0and10r +y =3xy
+ A =2x and10r +y =3xy
+ \0x + ?t = 3xx2x [Or{eliminatingy]
:+ 6x2 -12t = O
+ 6x(x-2)=0 + r=Qor-x=2
Since the given number is a two-digit'r{umber. So, its tens digit cannot be zero.
x=2 I U=2x2=4 l': y = 2xl
Hence,requirednumber =lCix+A = 10 x 2+4=24,
EXAMrLE ls
Find two consecutioe oddpositiae integers, sum of whose squares'is2gO. [NCERII
SOLIJTION Let r be an odd positive irrtlger. Thery an odd positive integer iust greater than
xi,sx+2.
It is given that
x2+(r+2\2=29A
:+ 2x2 + 4x +4=.290
=t 2x2+4x-2{36=0
+ xz +2x -143 = 0
+ x2 +l3x-L1r-143 =0
= r(r+13)-11(x+13)=0
= (x+13)(r-11)-g
= x-11 =0 [.'rr0.'.r+13*0]
+ r=1L
Hence, required integers are 1.1 and 13.
EXERCTSE 8.7
L. Find two consecutive numbers whose squares have the surn 85. , [cBsE 2000]
2. i)ivide 29 into two parts so that the sum of the squares of the parts is 425.
3. Two squares have sides r cm and (r + 4) cm. The sum of their areai is 556cm2. Find the
sidesofthesquares. r rr i
4. The sum of two numbers is 48 and their product is 432. Find the nurnbers.
5. If an integer is added.to its square, the sum is 90. Find'the inte$6i withttre help of
quadratic equation.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

6. Find the whole number which when decreased by 20 is equal to 69 times the reciprocal
of thenumber.
7. Find two consecutive natural numbers whose product is 20.
8. The sum of the squares of two consecutive odd positive integers is 394. Find them.
ICBSE 200e1
9. The sum of two numbers is 8 and L5 times the sum of their reciprocals is also 8. Find the
numbers.
10. The sum of a number and its positive square root i s 6 /25. Find the number.
11. The sum of a number and its square is 63 / 4, find the numbers.
12. There are three consecutive integers such that the square of the first increased by the
product of the other two gives 154. What are the integers?
L3. The product of two successive integral multiples of 5 is 300. Determine the multiples.
14. The sum of the squares of two numbers is 233 anci one of the numbers is 3less than twice
the other number. Find the numbers.
1.5. Find the consecutive even integers whose squares have the sum 340.

4
1'6. The difference of two numbers is 4. If the difference of their reciprocals is find the
a/
7,
numbers. lcBsE 20081
17. Find two natural numbers which differ by 3 and whose squares have the sum 112.
18. The sum of the squares of three consecutive natural numbers is 149. Find the numbers.
19. The sum of two numbers is 16. The sum of their reciprocals is 1/3. Find the numbers.
ICBSE 2OO5]
20. Determine two consecutive multiples of 3 whose product is !70.
21. The sum of a number and its reciprocalislT / 4.Find the r,r/r,bur.
22. + two-digit number is such that the product of its digits is 8. When 18 is subtracted from
the number, the digits interchange their places. Find the number.
23. A two-digit number is such that the product of the digits is 12. When 36 is added to the
number the digits interchange their places. Determine the number.
24. two-digit number is such that the product of the digits is 16. When 54 is subtracted
+
from thenumber, the digits are interchanged. Find the number.
25. Two numbers differ by 3 and their product is 504. Find the numbers: tcBsE 2002 cl
26. Two numbers differ by 4 and their product is 192. Find the numbers. [cBsE 2000 c]
27. A two digit number is 4 times the sum of its digits and twice the product of its digits. Find
thenumber.
28. The sum of the squares of two positive integers is 208. If the square of the larger number
is 18 times the smal{er, find the numbers.
29. The sum of two numbers is 18. The sum of rheir reciprocals is 1/4. Find
"i##;#r,
30. Thesumof twonumbersaandbis15,andthesumof theirreciprocafr
Find the numbers a and b.
]*a f,r"ltrO.
TCBSE 20051
31. The sum of hvo numbers is 16. The sum of their reciprocals is 1/3. Find the numbers.

,q.rur"of th"[;:?ffitr]
product of other two is 45, find the integers TCBSE 20101
8.52 MATHEMATICS-X

J3. The difference of squares of two numbers is 88. If the larger number is 5 less than twice
thesmallernumber, thenfind the fwonumbers. ICBSE 20L01
34. The difference of squares of two numbers is 180. The square of the smaller number is 8
timesthelargernumber. Findtwonumbers. TNCERII

AA'SWEFS
1. 6,7 or - 6,-7 2. 1.3,1.6 3. L6 cm,20 cm 4. 36,12
5. -10,9 6. 23 4,5 8. 13, 15

3,5 1 79
9. 10.
E 11. -or--
22 12. 8,9,10
13. 15, 20 or - 20, - 15 14. 8,13 15. 12,'1.4
16. 7,3 ot -3,-7 17. 6,9 L8. 5,7,9 19. 4,12
.L
20. 15, 1g 27. 4or; 22. 42 23. 26
4
74. 82 25. 21., 24, or -24, - 2'1, 26. L2,1.6, ot - 16, - 1,2
i
ti., 'zz. 36 29. 8,12 29. 72,6
'30. A=5,b=L0ora=10,b=S 31. 4,12 32. 4,5,6
.33. 1.3,9 34. 18,'1.2;1,8,-12
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
7.. Let the natural numbers be r and r + 1. Thery by hypothesir, *u hur"
x2+(x+1)2=65.
/. Let the two parts be x and29 - x. Then, by hypothesis, we have
i;' x2+(?9-x)2=425.
4. Let the numbers be r and 48 -r. Then, by using the given condition, we have
r (48 - x) = 432.
5. Wehave, x + x2 = 90
=+ x2 + 90 = 0 x- + (r + 10)(r - 9) = 0
6. kt
the whole numberbe x. Thery

(x - 2o)= 6of 1
l.r/)
1 -
x2 20x - 69 = 0=+ 2Z)(x +3) = 0 =+ x(r- =?3,--3.
7. Let the numbers be r and x + L. Then,
x(x+1)=20+x2+x-20=0
8. Let the consecutive odd positive integers be 2r .!..Then,
- 1 and 2x +
(2x -1)2 + (2x + 1)2 = 394 + Bx2 + Z = 294 + 4x2 392 a x 6
= =
9. Let the numbers be r and 8 - r. Thery
rs[1 *
8-*) = 8 = 15 = r(s- r) + x2 -8r + 15 = 0
\r =1-)
10. Let the number be x. Then,
6
I*tlr=-
25
f +y=6/25,wherex=y2
=
+ 25y2+25y-6=0.
11. Letthenumberbex.Then, r + x2 = 63
4
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 8.53

12. Lettheintegersbex,x+ l andr+2.Then, x2 +(x+ 1)(r+ 2) 154.


=
L3. Let the successive multiples of 5 be 5x and 5 (x + 1). Then,
5r.5(x + 1) = 3gg
= x2 + x = 12+ x2 + x -12= 0
14. Let one number be r. Thery other number = 2x - 3.
x2 + (2x -3)2 = 233
15. Let the consecutive even integers be 2x and2x + 2. Then,
(k)2 + (2t + 2)2 = 340 =+ lxi + Bx - 336 =0 =+ 12 + x - A = O.
17. Letthenumbersber and x-3. Thery x2 + (x - 3)2 117.
=
18. Letthenumbersbe )c,x+'l.andr+2.Then, x2 +(x+1)2 + (x+2)2
=L49.
19. Let the two parts be r and 57 - r. Thury r (SZ - = ZAZ.
i
20. Let the required numbers be 3r and 3r + 3. Then, (3x) (3r + 3) 27g
=
8.8.2 APPLICATIONS OF OUADBATIC EOUATTONS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS ON
TIME AND DISTANCE
For solving problems on time and distance, we use the following formulae:

speed=#,Time=ffi
Following example will illustrate the same.

ILLUSTRATTVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE t A train traoels a distance of 300 km at constant speed. If the speeit of the train is
i.ncreased by 5 km an hour, the
train.
iiia
iournry woild tuoe tatcen 2 hours tiss. iiiffliiit iprii tn,
"y
SOLUTION Let r km/hr be the constant speed of the train. Thery

Time taken to cover 300 km S0 hrr.


=
x
Time taken to cover 300 km when the speed is increasedby 5 km/hr = 300
hours.
It is given that the time to cover 300 km is reduced by 2 hours. ;;E
ffi- 3ffi
x x+5 =2
300 (r + 5) - 300r
r(r+5)
300x+1.500-300r _.)
+
x2 +Sx
+ 2x2 +7Ox = 1500
+ x2+5x-750--0
+ x2+30x-25x-750=0
+ r(r+30)-25(x+30)=0
:+ (r+30)(r-25)= g =e r= ?;.or,x=-Je.
But, r cannot be negative. Therefore, x = 25,
Hence, the original speed of the kain is 25 km/hr.
EXAMPLE 2 speed of a bgat in still water is 15 km/hr. It can go 30 km upstream
. \,
do-wnstream to the original point in 4 hours 30 minutes. Finil the spieil
and return
of the stlream.
SOLUTION_ Let the speed of the stream be r km/hr. Then,
Speed downstream = (15 + x) km/tu.
MATHEMATICS-X

Speed upstream - (15 -r) km/hr. \

Timetakenbytheboattogo30kmupstream 30
= 15-r ho*r.
Time taken by the boat to rehrrn 30 km downstream = I5+I
, hours.
=39
It is given that the boat returns to the same point in 4 hours 30 minutes
3030e l---=_
15-r 15+r 2
30(15+x)+30(15-x) _ 9
(15 + r) (15 - r)

450 + 30r + 450 - 30r= 9


- n€:Z- -
900
- 22r;7 -
+ 9(225-x2) = 1800 '
+ ?25-x2 =200 + x2=?S:+ r=ts
But, the speed of the stream can never be negative.
Hence, the speed of the stream is.S km/hr.

P,IA}IPL.E
,. ![::t train.takes 3 hours less.than a slow trainfor a journey of 500 km. If the speed of
the slmo train is l)-km/hr less than that of the fast train, find the spuds oi tie two traiis. r
SOLU-TION Let the speed of the slow trainbex km/hr. Then, speed of the fast trainis (x + 10)
km/hr.

Time takenby the slow train to cover d00 km 6ffi h",


=
x
' Timetakenbythefasttrain.tocover600km= 600 h.r.
r+10
600 600 ^
r r+10
600 (r - 600r
+ 10)
+ -3
r(r+10)
5000
+ .
x'+l0x -9
:+ 3(x2+10r)=5669
=9 x2 +lIx- 2000 = 0
=t 12+50r-40x-2000=0
:+ r(r+50)-aO(r+50)=0
=) (r+50)(r*40)=0
+ x = -50orr = 40+ x= 40 f.'rcannotbenegative]
Hence, the speeds of two trains are 40 km/hr and 50 km/hr.
HA-I\4PLE 4
Aptane left 30 minutes later than the schedule time and in order to reach itsdestination
7500.km away in time it has to inuease its speed by 250 km/hr
from its usual speed. Find its isual
speed.
SOLUTION Let the usual speed of the plane be r km/hr. Then,
QUADRATICEQUATIONS 8.55

1S0
Time taken to cover 1500 km with the usual sp""d = ho

i00 kmwith ihe speed of (r + 250),lon/hr = $^


x x*250 :2 , .., : ,.,

+ 1500 15oO 1 l

x x+250 2 "

1500r +-=-
1,500 x 2m,-,1500i 1

r(r + 250) '2

: 1500x 250 1
x'+250x 2 , : i,
:+ 750000 = x2 + 2fix
=t -=-+ 2fix - 750000 = 0
x2
:+ r' + 1(X)0r -750x - 750000 = 0
+ r (r + 1000) -7fi(x + 1000) = Q
:+ (r + 1000)(r- 750) = g
=9 x =: 1000 ot, x = 7fi + x= 750 t... speed carurot ,.be negative]
Hence, the usual speed of the plane is 750 km/hr
EXAMPLE 5 In aflight of 600km, aairoaft was slowed down due tobadweather.Its aaeruse speed
tne tuip-t1tg2 reduced W 200 km/hr aid the time of
fgr
duration offlight.
flfut increased by 30 minutes. ftni ttc
SOLUTION Let the original speed of the aircraft be r km/hr. Thery
New spe,ed = (r-200) km/hr.

Duratioh of'fiigrrratori$nat speed =


( T )"
Duration of flight atreduced speed =
( ;s. )*
500 600 1
x-2ffi--=_
x 2
. 500x - 600 (r - 200) 1
x(r - 200) 2
. 120000 1
- x2 -2ffix- i
:+ 'xv -2(x,x,-240000 = 0
+ , , -- - ffiy +-r00r,- 240000 0
x2,
:+ r(x - 600) + 400(r - 600) == 9
=+ (r-600)(r+ 400) = 0
+ r-600=0or,r+.400=0
8.56 MATHEMATICS-X

+ r=600ot,x=-4O0=x=600 [.' r cannot be negative]


So, the original speed of the aircraft was 600 km/hr.

Hence, Durationofflight=[9Q)* =( g)n =rn.


" IrJ [600/
EXAMPLE 6 Two trains leaae a railway satation at the same time. The first train traoels due west
and the second train due north. The first. train traaels 5 ktnfur faster than the second train. If after two
hours, they are 50 krn apart, find the aaerage speed of each train.
SOLUTION Let the speed of the second train be r km/hr, Then, the speed of the first train is
(r + 5) km/hr.
Let Obe the position of the railway station from which the two trains leave.
Distance travelled by the first train in 2 hours = OA = Speed x Time
=2(r+5)km
Distance travelledby the second train in 2hours = OB = Speedx Time = bi-l<rrl
By using pythagoras theorem, we have,
AB2 =OA2 +OB2
:+ 502 = l4x+S)12 + l?.:cl2

+ 2500 = 4(x + 5)2 + 4x2

=t +40x-24ffi=0
8x2

:+ x2+5x*300=0--
=+ x2+20x-15x-300=0
+ x(x+20)-15(r+20)=0
+ (r+20)(r-15)=0
=) X=1OOt,f=L5 Fig.8.1
+ x=L5 [.' r cannot be negative]
Hence, the speed of the second train is 15 km/hr and, the speed of the first train is
20km/hr.
EXAMPLE tSwati can row her boat at a speed of 5 km/hr in still water, If it takes her L hour more to
row theboat 5.25km upstreamthantoreturndutnstream,findthe speedof the stream.
SOLUTION Letthespeedof thestreamberkm/hr.
Speed of theboatupstream = (5-r) km/hr.
Speed of the boat downstream = (,5 + x) km/hr.
5'4
Time taken forgoing5.25 km upstream = 5-x 1',o*r.

Time taken for going 5.25 km downsheam = *3 nor.r.


5+r
Obviously, time takenforgoing5.25kmupstreamis morethan the timetakenforgoing5.25
km.downstream.
Itis giventhatthe time takenforgoing5.25km. upskeamis 1. hourmore thanthe time taken
for going 5.25 downstream.

_ 5.25 =1
5.25
5-x 5+r
QUADRATJC EQUATIONS 857

s.2s[ 1 - 1 ]=r
L5-r 5+rJ
21,[ 5+x-5+r
--, - -- - -- It=1
4 [(s-x)(5+x)J
2L 2x _{
4 75- x'
-^--r

:+ 2lx -- -1
--X =
2 25-. xz
+ 2tx = 5O-2x2
+ 2t2+21,x-50=0
+ 2x2+25x-4r-50=0
+ it(2x+25)-2(2r+25)=0
=) (2x+?5)(r-2)=0

:+ x-2=0,2x+l$=0 i x=2 [", * -Z*,, o]


Hence, the speed of the stream is 2 km/hr.

EXERC,SE 8.8
1. The sleed of a boat in still water is 8 km/hr It can go 15 km upstream and 22 km
. downstream in 5 hours. Find the speed of the stream.
p. A passenger train takes 3 hours less for a journey of 360 km, if its speed is increased by
,\ 10 km/hr from its usual speed. What is the usual speed?
3. A fast train takes one hour less than a slow train for a joumey of 200 km. If the speed of
the slow train is 10 km/hr less than that of the fast train, find the speed of the two trains.
4. A passenger train takes one hour less for a joumey of 150 km if its speed is increased by
5 km/hr from its usual speed. Find the usual speed of the train.
5, qe fime taken by a person to cover 150 km was 2.5 hrs more than the timetaken in the
retum iourney. If he retumed at a speed of 10 km/hr more thari the speed of going, what
was the speed per hour in each direction?
6. ,A plane left 40 minutes late due to bad weather and in order to reach its destination,
1500 km away in time, it had to increase its speed by 400 km/hr from its usual speed.
Find the usual speed of theplane.
7. An aeroplane takes t hour less for a journey of 1200 km if its speed is increased by 100
km/hr from its usual speed. Find its usual speed.
8. A passenger trTin takes 2 hours less for a journey of 300 km if its speed is increased by 5
km/hr from itb usual speed. Find the usual speed of the train.
/
9. A train covers a distance of 90 km at a uniform speed. Had the speed been 15 km/hour
more,itwouldhave taken3Ominuteslessforthi joumey. Find the original speed of the
train. ICBSE2006CI
10. A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 5 km/hr more, it wguld
have taken l'hour less for. the same jburney. Find the speed df the train. tNgERfl
MATHEMATICS-X

11. An express train takes t hour less than a passenger train to travel 132 km between
Mysoie and Bangalore (without taking into- consideration the ti-me .they stop at
inlermediate stati6ns). If the average speed of the express train is 11 km/hr more than
that of the passenger irain, find the average speeds of the two trains. INCERII
12. An aeroplane left 50 minutes later than its scheduled time, and in order to reach the
desdination, 1250 km away, in time, it had to increase its speed by 250 km_/hr_fromlits
usuat speed. Find its usuai speed [CBSE 2010]
AA'SWEBS
1. 3km 2. 30km/hr 3. 50km/hr,40km/hr
4. 25kmlhr 5. 20km/hr,30km/hr 5. 800 km/hr
300km/hr 8. 2skm/hr 9. 4Skm/hr 10. 40km/hr
11. Speed o! th" purr"nger train = 33 km/hr, Speed of the express train = 44 km/hr
72. SO0 km/hr

HI,VIS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS


2. Let the usudf speed of the trainbe r km/hr. Thery
360 360
.r r +\1.0
3. Ietthespeedof'thefasttrainbexkn/hr.Ttren,speedofslowtrain=(x-10)km/u.Since,fast
train takes one hbur less than a slow train to cover 200 km.

r-10 x \,

4. Lettheusualspeedbexkm./hr.Then,
150 --- = l.
'-- - 150
10. Let the speed in the tlqrard journey b" i*irl in"rr, *," speed in the returniourney
= (r + 5) km/hr. \
360 360 n

r --=l
r+5 \
8.8.3 APPLTCATIONS OF OUADA+TIC EOUATIONS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS ON AGES
The following illustrations will illiStrate the problems on ages'

ILLUSIRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMpLE 1 Oneyear ago, amanwas i'I;imes as old ashis son. Now his age is equal to the square of
his son's age. Find their present ages.
SOLUTION Suppose, one year ago, son'$3ge be x years.
Then, man's age one year ago = 8x years. "'.
preJent agi of son = (x +-L) years ind, Present age of man = (Br + 1) years.
gr+1=1r+1)2 lGivenl
+ x2-6x =0
:+ x(x-6)=S
= x=0or,x=6
+ x= 6 ['.'Son's age cannot be 0]
So, Present age ofson = (r + L) /ears = 7 yeats.
and, Present age of man - (8x + 1) years = 49 years.
EXAMpLE zThe product of Ramu's age (in years) fiae years ago u)ith his age (in years)
9 years later is 75. Find Rami's present age.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 859

SOLUTTON LetRamu'spresentageberyears. Thery


His age 5 years ago = (r - 5) years.
'" His age 9 years later = (x + 9) years.
lt is given that the product of these ages is L5.
(x-5)(r+9)=15
+ x2 +4x-50=0
+ x2+l}x-6x-50=0
=) (r+10)(r-5)=9
=9 X=6g1t,f =-10
But, )c *
-70. So, x = 6.
Hence, Ramu's piesent age is 6 years.
EXAMPLE t
Thesumofagesofafntherandhissonis45years.Fiaeyenrsago,theproductoftheir
(in years) was 124. Determine their present ages.
ages
SOLUTION Let the present age of father be r years. Then,
Son's present age = (45 -x) yeras.
Fiveyears ago:
Father's age = (r - 5) years
Son's age - (45 - x:5) years = (40 - r) years.
It is given that five years ago, the product of their ages was 124.
(x-5)(40-x)=124

+ x2 -45x+324=0
+ x2 -36x-9x+324=0
:+ x(x-%)-9(x-S)=0
+ (x-9)(r-36)=0 =+ x=9,or,x=36
When x = 36, we have
Father's present age = 36 years
Son's present age = 9 years
When r = 9, we have
Father's present age = 9 years
Son's present age = 36 years
Clearly, this is not possible.
Hence, Father's present age = 36 years and Son's presentage = 9 years.
EXAMLE 4 Seaen years ago Varun's age was fiae times the square of Swati's age. Three years hence
Swati's age uill be two fifth
of Varun's age. Fitrd their present ages. -
ICB-SE 2006C1
SOLUTION Seven years ago, let Swati's age be r years. Then, seven years ago,Varun's age
was 5r2 years.

Swati's present age = (r + 7) years, Varun's present age = 1Sx2 + 7) years


Three years hence, we have
Swati's age = (x +7 + 3) /edrs = (r + 10) years
Varun's og€ = (5x2 + Z + 3) years * (Sxz + 10) years
,.
It is given that three years hence Swati's age will be I5 of Varun's age.

x+10=?15rr*to;
5
8.60 MATHEMATICS-X

+ r+10--2x2+4
:+ 2x2-x-6=0
+ 2x2-4x*3x-5=0
+ 2x(x-2)+3(x -2) =0
+ (2x+3)(r-2)=g
+ x-2=0 [': zrc +3.* 0asr > 0]
=+ x=2
Hence, Swati's present a ge = (2+ 7) years = 9 years
Varun's present age = 1Sx* + 7) years-= ZT years

EXEBG,SE 8.9
1. Ashu is r-y-ears old while his mother Mrs Veena is I years old. Five years hence Mrs
Veena willbe three times old asAshu. Find theirpresentages..
2. The sum of the ages of a man and his son is 45 years. Five years ago, the product of their
-
ages was four times the man's age at the time. Find their preseniages.
3. The producf of Shikha's age five years ago and her age 8 years later is 30, her age at both
times being given in years. Find her present age.
4. The_product of Ramu's age (in years) five years ago and his age (in years) nine years later
is 15. Determine Ramu's present age.
5. Is the following situation possible? If so, determine their present ages.
The sum of the ages of two friends is 20 years. Four years ago, the product of their ages in
years was 48. TNCER1.I
6. A girl is twice as old as her sister. Four years hence, the product of their ages (in years)
willbe 150. Find theirpresentages. ICnSf ZO1OI
7. The sum of the reciprocals of Rehman's ages (in years) 3 years ago and 5 years from now
is1./3. Find his present age. INCERII

ANSWERS
L. 5 years,25 years 2. 36yearc,9years 3. Tyears 4. 6years
5. No. 6. 6years,l2years 7. Tyears
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
2. Let the present age of the man be r years. Thery present age of his son is (45 - r) years.
Five years ago, man's age = (r - 5) years. Son's age = (45 -r* 5) years.
(r-s)(45-x-5)=4(r-s) I
3. Let the present age be r years. Then, (r - 5) + 8) = 39.
fi
5. Let the present ages of two friends be r years and (20 - x) years respectively.
According to the givencondition, wehavei
(x - 4)(20- x- 4) = 48 + (x - 4)(t0i-r) = 40 + x2 -2Ox+104 = 0
Let Dbe the discriminant of this quadratic. Then,
D=4ffi-415=-16<0
So, above equation does not have real roots. Hence, the given situation is not possible.
7. Let his present age be r years. Then,
111
+----== I
r-3_ x+5 3 + x2-4x-21.=0 * X=T
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 8.61

8.8.4 APPLICATIONS OF OUADRATIC EQUATIONS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS IN


GEOMETRY
The following examples will illustrate the above application.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE t The lrypotenuse of right-angled triangle is 6 metres more than twice the shortest side.
If the third side is 2 metres less than the hypotenuse-, find the sides of the triangle.
SOLUTION Let the length of the shortest side be x metres. Then,
Hl4potenuse = (2x + 6) metres
And Thethirdside= (2x + 6-2)mehes = (be +4) metres
By, Pythagoras theorem, we have

(2x+6)2 = *'+(2x+4)2
=+ x2-gx-20=0
+ x2 -LOx-2x-20=o
:+ (r-10)(r+2)=g
= r=t0ortx=1 + x=10 [Sincesideofatriangleisnevernegative]
Length of the shortest side = 10 metres.
Length of the hypotenuse = (?sc + 6) metres = 26 metres
Length of the third side = (2x + 4) metres = 24 metres
Hence, the sides of the triangle are 10 m,26mand 24 m.

EXAMPLE z Thehypotenuseof arighttiangleis 3..6 cm.lf thesmallersideistripledandthe


larger side is doubled, the nant hypotenuse zoill be 15 cm. Find the length of each side.
SOLUTION Let the smaller side of the right triangle be r cm and the larger side by
ycm. Thery
*'+y'=(3G)2 [Using Pythagoras Theorem]
+ x2+y2-4s ...(i)
If the smaller side is tripled and the larger side be doubled, the new hypotenuse is L5 cm.
(3r)2 + (2A)z =152 + 9x2 + 4y2 = 225 ...(ii)
Fromequation(i),weget y' = 45 - x2

Putting !2 = 45 - 12 in equation (ii), we get


9x2 + 4(45- x2'1= "zs
:+ 5x2+180=225 + 5x2=45 1xg2=9+x=13
But, length of a side cannot be negative. Therefore, r = 3.
Putting r = 3 in (i), we get
g+y2=E*y'=%+y=6
Hence, the length of the smaller side is 3 cm and the length of the larger side is 6 cm.
EXAMPLE s Vikram wishes to ftt three rods together in the shape of a right triangle . The hypotenuse
is tgbe 2 cmlonger than thebase and4 cmlonger than the altitude. What shouldbe thelengths of the
rods?
SOLUTION Let the length of the hypotenuse be r cm. Then,
Base = (x-2) cm and, Altitude = (x-4) cm.
862 i MAII{EMATICS-X

By Pythagoras theorern, we have


(Base)2 + (Altitude)2 = (Hypotenuse)2

+ (x-2)2 +(r- 4)2 = x2

+' x2-4x+4+x2-8r+16=xz

+ x2-LOx-2x+20=0
=+ r(x-10)-2(x-10)=9
:e (x-10)(r-21=g
+ x=Zot,r=10 =:1 x=10 [Forr=2,Base=0cm.whichisnotpossible]
Hence, the length of the rods are 8 cm 6 cm and 10 cm.
EXAMPLE e The hypotenuse of a grassy land in the shape of a right triangle is L metre more than
twice the shortest side.lf the third side is 7 metres more than the shortest side, find the sides of the
grassy land.
SOLUTION Let the length of the shortest side be r metres. Then, by hypothesis
Hypotenuse = (?J + 1) metres, Third side = (* +7) metres.'
By Pythagoras theorem, we have
(Hypotenuse)2 = Sumof the square of the remaining two sides
+ (2x+1)2=x2+(x+7)2
+ 4x2 + 4x +'1, = 2x2 +',,.4x + 49
+ zx2-1or-48=o ,

+ x2 -Sx-24=0
=+ x2-8x+3x-24=0
=+ r(r-8)+3(r-8)=0
=+ (r-8)(r+3)=0
+ r=8r-3
+ I=8 [','* = =3'is not possible]
Hencg the lengths of the sides of the grassy land are 8 metres, 17 metres and 15 metres.

EXERCTSE 8.10
1. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 25 cm. The difference between the lengths of the
other two sides of the kiangld is 5 cni. Find the lengths of these sides.
2. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 3Ji0 cm. If the smaller leg is tripled and the longer

leg doubled, new hypotenuse will be 9J5 cm. How long are the legs of the triangle?
3. A pole has,lq be elected at a point on the boundary of a circular park of diameter 13
metres ip such a rvay that the difference of its dista4ces lom two diametrically opposite
i i fixed g4tes {
and B bn the boundary is 7 metres. Is it the posSible to do so? If yes, at'ivhat
distanceslrom the two gates should the polebe erected? INCERT]
4. The diagonal of a rectangular,field is 60 rnetres more than the shorter side. If thelonger
side is 30 metres more than the shorter side, find:the sides of,the field. , : . '
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 8.63

ANSWERS
1. 15 cm,20 cm 2. 3cm,9cm 3. At a distance of 5 metres from the gate B
4. 720 m,90 m
HINTS TO SELECTED PNOBLEMS
3. Let Pbe the required location of the pole such that its distance from gate B is x metres. i.e.
BP=rmetres.
AP=x+7
InrighthiangleAPB,wehave l

APz+PBz=AB2
=) (x+7)2 +12 =132
=+ 2x2+'1.4x-120=0 + x2 +7x-50=0+(x+ 1,2)(x-5)=0 =:) r=5
8.8.5 APPLTCATPNS OF OUADRATIC EQUATTONS FOR SOLVTNG PROBLEMS
ON MENSURATION
Following examples will illustrate the above applications.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE t lf twice the area of a smaller square is subtractedfrom the area of a larger square, the
result is14 cmz. Howeoy,.if^tw_ice tleyeaof the larger squareis addedto threi timei'theireaof the
smaller square, theresult is203 cm2. Deteniine theiides of the square.
SOLUTION Let the lengths of each side of the smaller square be r cm and that of the larger
square be y cm. Thery
Area of the smaller square -f cm2, Area of the larger square = y2 sfie
It is given that
y2 -2x2 =14 . .. (r)
and, 2y2 +3x2 =203 ... (ii)
From(i),wehave
Y2 =14+?t2
Substituting this value of y2 in(ii), we get
2(74+i;r2)+Zx2 =203
+ ?8+4x2 +3x2 =203
+ 7x2 =203-28
+ 7x2 = l7S + x2 = ?-S +.r = Scm.
Putting x = 5 in (i), we get
y2 -2x52 = 14 +A2 =64 +
Y=8
Hence, the lengths of the sides of the square are 5 cm and 8 cm respectively.
EXAMPLE2 Afarmer wishes to grow a L00 mz rectangular begetable garden. Since he haswith the
only 30 m barbed wire, \e-feltces t\r9e siles of the rectiingular garilenletting compound walt of his
house act as the fourth side-fence. Find the diinensiorts ofhis girden.
SOLUTION Let the length of one side be r metres and other side by y metres. Then,
x+y+r=30 - y=30-2x ...(0
Area of the vegetable garden = 100 m2
+ xI=100
8.& MA'IHEMATICS-X

+ .r (30 - 2r) = 100


+ 3}x-2x2 =7N
:+ 15r*r2=50
=) x2-15x+50=0
+ x2 -l}x-5r+50 =0 Fig.8.2
:+ (r-10)(t-5;=6
+ r=5,10
When r = 5,wehave
A=30-2X5=20 [Using(i)]
When r = 1O we have
A=30-2x10=10 [Using(i)]
Hence, the dimeruions of the vegetable gardenare: 5m x 20m or, 10m x '10rt
EXAMrLE g The area of a right angled triangle is 6N cmz. If the base of the triangte exceeds the
altituile by 70 cm, find the dimensions of the triangle.
SOLUTION Let the altitude BC of right-angled triangle ABCbe r cm. Then,
Base= BC=(x +10)cm.

Arga = l(Bu*,
2'
Height)

1
+ ,{rea =
i<r
* 10) x cm2

1
+. |x@ + 10) = 5gg [.'Area = 600cm2]
2

+ x2 +10x = 1200
(r+10)cm
A B
:+ x2 +hox- 1200 = 0
Fig.8.3
=) x2+40x-30r-1200=0
=t x(r + 40) - 30(r + 40) = 0
+ (r+40)(r-30)=0
+ X=30,-40 :+ X=30 [.'x > o]
Hence, Base = (30 + 10) cm = 40 cm and, Altitude =p0 cm.
ExAMpLEa Theperimeter of a rectangularfield is 82 cm and its area is 400 mz.'Find the breadth of
the rectangle.
SOLUTION Let the breadth of the rectangle be r mehes. Then,
Perimeter = 82m
+ 2(kngth+ Breadth) = 32
+ Length+ x = 41.

+ I*rgth = 4L- rmetres


Now, Area = 400 m2
=) LengthxBreadth = 400
QUADRATICEQUATIONS 8.65

+ @l- x)x = 4N
+ 4lx -'x2 = 4ffi
+l x2-47x+400=0
+ x2-?5l-l6x+400=0
:+ x(x -25)-16(x - 25) = 0
+ (r-25)(r-15)=0 + x=25or,x=1.6
Hence, breadth = 25 m or, 16 m.
ylAYTtE 5 -.T!" telStl.rof t!e. side.s foying-nght qngk of a right angleil triangle are Sx cm and
(3x - 1) cm. lf the areh of the triangleis 60 ciz, frnd its"ffitmise.
SOLUTION I.et ABC be a right angled triangle with right angle at B.
I.et AB = 5r and BC = 3r- 1. Then,

Area = 2;4iBC= 118"** Herghfl


2'
1
tfr =
= ,(ABxBC)
1
+ 6A=;x5x(3x-L)

=t . 120 -- 5r (3x
- 1)

+ 24=x(3r-1)
+ bx2 -x-24=0 B (3r-1)cm C
3x2-gx+8r-24=O Fig.8.4
3x(x-3)+8(r-3)=0
=) (r-3)(3x+8)=g
r-3=0or3x+8=0
+ x=3ot,* =-,8 + r-3 [.:x+-B/31
AB = 5x = 5 x 3 = L5 cm and BC = (3r _ 1) = (3 x 3 _ 1) = g cm.,,
Now, AC2 =A* +BC2 + AC2 =(15)2+(g)2+ AC? =?JJ9+ AC=r7cm.
Hencg Hypotenues=17cm.
EXAMPLE o The area of an isosceles triangle is 60 cm2 and the tmglh of each one of its
equal sides
is L3 cm. Find its base.
soLUTIoN Let ABCbe the given isosceles triangle in which AB = AC = 13 cm. Dtaw AD
perpendicular fromA on BC.
Let BC = kcm.Thery BD = DC=.rcm.
I^ LABD, wehave
Aff=M+Bff [By Pythagoras Theorem]
132=AD1 +x2
AD = Jldr-; -. ']-.69
- x2
MATHEMATICS-X

Now, Area = 60cm2

Itr.* AD)=6s
f,{e-"Jffi}=so
r,tffi=6
+ x2 (\69 - r2).= 3600

:+ xa-L6gx2+3600=0
B
'-
o. c
Fig.8.5 ' : :

+ (x2 -tu)(x'- *) = o

=+ x2 =\44ot,x2 =?5 + x=12otrr=5 .

Hence, Base= 2x =Z|cmor, 10 cm.


EXAMrLE 7 The perimeter of a ight triangle is 60 cm, Its hypotenues is 25 cttt. Find the area of the
triangle.
SOLUTION Let ABC be the given right angled triangle such that base = BC = x cm and
hypotenuseAC = 25 cm.
Now, Perimeter=50cm
+ AB+BC+ AC =60
:+ AB+x+25=60
::. AB=35-r
By Pythagoras theorem, we have

AB2+BC2=ACz
+ (35-r)2 +x2 =?-52
+ 2x2 -7Ox + 600 = 0
+ -glx +300 =0
x2 B , rcm. C

+ x2 -20x-l1x+300=0 Fig.8.6
+ (r - 20)(x - 15) = g''=e a'= 20or,r = 15
lf x = 2},thenAB = 35- r = t5and BC = x = 20.
Area = 1 (rcr AD = l(20 x15) = t5ocm2
z', 2'
If r = 15, then48 = 35-.x = 2Oand BC = r = 15

Area =
|trar AB) =|trur2o) = 15s.-z !

Hence, Area = 150 cm2.


EXAMrIIE s
,The,tength oJ a rectangle exceeds its wiilth by I cm anil the areq of the rectangle is 240
sq. cm.Find the dimeisiotis of the rectangle.
SOLUTI0N Let the breaaitr of Ure giien rectangle be x cm. Then, length = (r + 8) cm.
Now, Area = 24$cm2
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

=+ lengthx breadth = 240


+ (r+8)x=240
=+ x2 +8x-24O=O
+ x2 +2Ox-L?l--240=0
:+ x(x+20)-12(x+20)=0
:+ (x +20)(r - tZ; = g
+ X =l}or,X = -20
But, x cannot be negative. So, r = 12.
"

. r ;,
Hence, length = x + 8 = 72 + 8 = 20 cm and breadth = 12 cm.
EXAMPLE 9 The side of a.square exce_eds the side of the another square by 4 cm and the sum of the
areas of the tw_o squaresis_{0 tq. cm. Find the dimdnsions of the siuares.
Let 51 and 52 be-two squares. Let the side of the square be r cm in length. Then,
PLUTION 52
the side of square 51 is (r + 4) cm.
Areaof sguare S, - (x + 4)2
[...Area = (side)2]
and, Areaof square g, = 72
It is given that
Area of square 51 + Area of square S, = 400 cm2

+ (r2+8r+16)+x=M i: ':

+ ?t2 +8x- 384 = 0


+ x2.+4x-792=0 '',
+ x2 +'!.6x - 72x - 192 = 0
=+ x(x+76)-12(x+16)=Q
=) (x + 16)(x -,12) = 0
=+ X=12ArrX=-L6 i :

As the length of the side of a square cannot be negative. Therefore , x 12.


=
.:. Sidebfsquare S, = x*4=12+4=16cm and, SideofsquareSz=12cm.
EXAMPLE 10 There is a squarefield whose side is 44 m. A squareflower bed isprepared in itscentre
t:,!!i!,s,, qr:aet path att riund iniyt*,i iii. f;, t";;i;;;iii nozulr ied anit s:raaeuing
thepath at Rs 2.75 and Rs L.50 per square metre, respectiaely,is Ajl".iln,
nsq,{Oq. Find the wiittn $the graait
path.
SOLUTION Letthewidthof the gravelpathbermetres. Thery
Each side of the square fl owei bed is (M - 2x)metres.
Now, .-.' Areaof thesquarefield = Mx44 = 19%m2

Areaof theflowerbed = (M - 2xyz' ;z'' " " '

, Areaof thegravelpath ! .
'
= Area of the field - Area of the flower bed ,

= Lg%-(M-b\:2
= 1936 - (19% - t76x + 4x2) 44fi
= (LT6x _ 4*r)r* Fig.8.7
8.68 MAT1TEMAfiCS-X

Cost of laying the flower bsd = (Area of the flower bed) (Rate per sq. m)

= (M-Zx)z x*100=+(M-2x)2
4' =1t(22- x)2
Cost of gravelling the path = (Area of the path) x (Rate per sq. m)

= (176x - 4x21ffi = o (ax - x2)


It is given that the total cost of laying the flower bed and gravelling the path is Rs 4904.
Ll(22.- x)2 + 6(Mx - x27 = 4qm4
lL(M-44x + x2'1+ 12Ax -5x2) = 49M
=+ 5x2 -22Ax+5324= 4908
+ 5x2 -?2Ox+420=0
+ x2-Mx+84=0
+ x2 -42*-?t+84=0
=+ x(x-42)-.2(x-40.)=0
+ (x-2)(x-42)=0
x=2orrx=42
But, r* 42, as the side of the square is 44 m. Therefor €, x = 2.
Hence, the width of the gravel path is 2 metres.
EXAMPLE 11 A
chess board contains 64 equal squares and the area of mch square is
6.25 cm2. Aborder rcund the board is 2 cm wi.de, Finil the length of the side of thi chess boird.
SOLUTION Let the length of the side of the chess board 6e xtm. Then,
Area of 64 squares = (x - 4)z

(x-4\2=64x6.25
+ x2 -8x + 15 = 400
:+ x2 -Bx- 3&4 = o

+ x2 -24r + 16r- 384 = 0


=+ @-2a\(r+16)=0 rcm
:+ x = 24cm. Fig.8.8

EXENC,SE 8.'1
1. Theperimeterof a rectangular field is S2manditsarea is400p2. Find thebreadthof the
rectangle.
, The length of a hall is 5 m more than its breadth. If the area of the floor oi the hall is 84 m2,
whatare the length and breadth of the hall?
3: Two squares have sides t cm and (r + 4) cm. The sum of their areas is 656 cm2. Find the
sides of the squares.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 8.69

4. The area of a right angled triangle is 165 m2. Determine its base and altitude if the latter
exceeds the former by 7m.
5. ts it Possible to design a rectangular mango grove whose
length is twice its breadth and
the area is 800 m2? Ii so, find iti length aid breadth. INCERII
6. Is it possible to design a rectangular park of perimeter 80 m and area 400
m2? If so, find
itslengthandbreadth. 1NC;ERU
7. Sum of the areas of two squares is 640 m2. If the difference of their perimeters
is 64 m, find
the sides of the two squares INCERX, CfSn iOOAt

ANSWERS
1. t6m 2. Breadth-Tm,Length=L2m 3. 16cm,20cm
4. Base = L5 m, Altitude = 22 m 5. yes, 40 m, 20 m 6. yes. 20m, 20 m
7.24m,8m
,,I'VTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
1. Let the breadthber metres. Then,
2 (length +breadth) = 82 + length = 4'L
-x metres.
Area = 400 m2 + x (41- x) = 400 =+ x2 - 4lx+ 400 = 0
8.8.6 APPLTCATIONS OF OUADBATTC EOUATIONS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS
ON
TIMEANDWORK
Following examples will illustrate the above applications.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE I A t\an the time taken by B to finish a piece of wo*. lf both A anil B
takes 6 days les,s
togethercanftnishitin4ilays,findthetimetakenbyito7inisntheioii,-J--_..-.
PLUII9N Suppose B alone takes x days to finish the work. Then, A alone can finish it in
(r - 6) days.

Now (A's one day's work) + (B's one day,s work)


t '' = I* 1
., x x-6 ,

md, (A + B)'s one day's work = l-


111
_+_=_
xx-64
. :_ x-6+x
_=_ 1

x(x-6) 4
:_ 2x-6 L
_-=_=_
x'-6x 4
+ .8x-24= x2 -6x
+ x2 -L4x+24=0
+ xz -l?.x-?t+24=0
:+ (x-12)(x-2)=0 =+ x=12or,x=2
But, r cannot be less than 6. %, x = 12.
Hence, B alone can finish the work in 12 days.
8.70 ' MATHEMATICS-X

EXAMrLE z A satimmting pool is filled with three pipes with unifonn flow. The first tuto pipes
operating simultaneously, fill thg pool in'the same time during which the pool is filled by the third
pipe alone. The second pipe fills the pool ffue hours faater than the first pipe and four hours slower
than the third pipe. Find the time required by each prye to fill the pool seporately.
SOLUTION Let Vbe the volume of the pool and r the number of hours required by the
secondpipealone tofill thepool. Then, thefirstpipe takes (x + 5)hours,while the thirdpipe
takes (r - 4) hours to fill the pool. So, the parts of the pool filled by the first, second and third
pipes in one hour are respectively

x+5'x x-4
Let the time taken by the first and second pipes to fill the pool simultaneously bet hours.
Then, the third pipe also takes the same time to fill the pool.

t*.Y),= Volumeof thepool.


Also, *, = Volume of the pool.

(:-*I), = v,
= [r+5'x)' x-4'
111
r+5 x x-4
-+-=-
+ (2r+5)(r-4)=x2+5x
:+ x2 -Bx-20 = 0
+ x2-h}x+2x-20=0 =+ (r-10)(r+2)=0 =+ r=l0or,x=-2
But, I cannotbe negative. So, x = 10.
Hence, the timings required by first, second and third pipes to fill the pool individually are
15 hours, 10 hours and 6 hours respectively.

ExAMPLE g Two pipes running together can fill a cistern i, 3* minutes. lf one pipe takes 3
minutes more than the other to fill it, find the time in which each pipe would fill thc cistern.
SOLUTION Suppose the faster pipe takes r minutes to fill the cistern. Therefore, the slower
pipe will take (r + 3) minutes to fill the cistern.
Since the faster pipe takes r minutes to filI the cistern.

Portion of the cistem filled by the faster pipe in one minute = 1


x

:+ Portion of the cistern filled by the faster pipe in


fl minutes ,0
- x13-1.
=
40
13,
Similarly,
N 'minutes
Portion of the cistem filled by the slower pipe in O
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 8.7r

=-X-=
140 N
r+3 13 13(r+3)
410
It is given that the cistemis filled in minutes.
13

40' 40
I
13x 13(x+3)
-+----=
1113
_+_=_
x x+3 rtO
:+ r+3+x-13
r(r+3) N
=+ 40(2x + 3) = l3r (r + 3)

=+ 80x+120 =13x2 +39x


+ l3x2 - 4lx -120 = 0
=+ L3x2 - 65x +24x
- 120 = 0
:+ 13x(r-5)+24(x-5)=0
+ (r-5)(13r+ 24)=g
=) r-5=0or,13r+24=0
+ r=5or, *=-fr + r=5 ['.'x > o]
Hence, the faster pipe fills the cistem in 5 minutes and the slower pipe takes 8 minutes to fill
thecistern.

EXERCTSE 8.12
1. Atakesl0dayslessthanthetimetakenbyBtofinishapieceof work.If bothAandB
together can finish the work in 12 days, find the time takin by B to finish the work.
2. If two pipes function simultaneously, a reservoir will be filled in 12 hours. One pipe fills
the reservoir 10 hours faster than ttre other. How many hours will the second
to fill the reservoir?
fife take

3. Two water taps together can fill a tank in 9 Oorrr. The tap of larger diarneter takes 10
$
hours less than the smaller one to fill the tankseparately. Find the time inwhicheach tap
can separately fill the tank.
[NCERII

4. Twopipesrunningtogethercanfillatankin 11| minutes.If onepipetakes5minutes


morethantheotherto fill the tankseparately, find thetimeinwhicheachpipewould fill
the tankseparately.
tCfSn zorOl

A'VSWEBS
1. 30 days 2.3Ohours 3. 15 hours,25 hours
8X2 MATHEMATICS-X

TO SELECTED PROBLEM
H//NTS
1. Suppose B alone takes r days to finish tlre work. Thery A alone can finish it in (x- 10)
days.
Now,
A's one day's work + B's one day's work = (e + B)'s one day's work
111
- ---=-
x x-10 12
8.8.7 MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS OF OUADRATIC EOUATIONS
Following examples will illustrate the above applications.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1 A person on tour has Rs 360 for his expenses. If he extends his tour for
4 days, he has to cut down his daily expenses by Rs 3. Eind the original duration of the tour.
SOLUTION Let the original duration of the tour be r days.
Total expenditure on tour = Rs 360

Expenditure per day = g"


360
x
Duration of the extended tour = (r + 4) days

Expenditureperdayaccordingto newschedule = Rs ffi


x+4
It is given that the daily expenses are cut down by Rs 3.
ffiw
--- - ---
x x+4 =$
* ffi(x+4\-ffix
x(x + 4)
=J
%Ox +144O -3ffix
x(x + 4) =3

+ lW
;--- =3
x'+4x
:+ x2+4x=480
=+ x2+4x-480=0
=e x2 + 24x -20x
- 4tl0 = 0
+ x(x+24)-20(x+24)=0
:+ (x-20\(x+24) = 0 + x-20 = 0or, x+24 = 0 =l x=2oor,x=14
But, thenumberof days cannotbenegative. So,r'7 20.
Hence, the original duration of the tour was of 20 days.
EXAMPLE z
Apiece of cloth costs Rs 20A, lf the piece'was
piece' 5 m longer and each metre of cloth costs
t<s I
Rs2less
less ffie
the cost oI
of ffie pBce
thepiecewouldhaoe unchanged. How long is thepiece andwhat is the
remainedunch.,
original rate per metre?
209
SOLUTION Let the length of the piece be r metres. Thery rate per metre = Rs

New length = (r + 5) metres.


Since the cost remains same.
QUADRAIIC EQUATTONS
8.,3

Newratepermehe = n, 2m=
x+5
Itisgiven that
200_ 200
x x+5 =2
200(r+S)-200r
=
r(r + S)

1(m
--__
=5 = ]
r(r+5)
=+ 5r = 5(X)
.r2 +
+ x2+Sx-S(X)=0
=) x2+Z5x-2flx-500=0
+ (x+E)(.r-20)=0
=+ X+E=0Or,f-20=0
:+ X+?5=0orrr-20=0 =9 .t= Nor,X=45
Butrcannotbenegative.So,r=20. :

Ratepermetre
= f,s = n, *
+x20 = Rs 1o
Hence, the length of the piece of cloth is 20 metres and
rate = Rs 10 pr rnebe.

WifrH',ffi x"V[ilr#irxr6wf fr;T:{;il,xr#;:#,,fwtherebeents


SOLUTION Let the original number of persons be ,. .ih"r,,

Shareof eachperson = R" 6ffi


x
If the number of persons is increased by 15. Then,

Newshareofeachperson 55oo
- Rs
r+15
since eachpe.rsonggts 30less, if number of persons is increased by 15.
!s
6500_ 6ffi =30
x r+l5
+ eq**%ssr_so
6500 x 15
{ r(r
- + 15)
3250
--_=1
--_30
r(r+15)
=, x2 +llx - 3250 = 0
8,74 MAIIIEMATICS-X

+ x2+65x-50r-3250=0
+ r(r+65)-50(r+55)=0
=+ (r+65)(r-5p)=0

Since the number of persons cannot be negative. Theref,ore, r = 50.


Hence, the original number of persons is 50.
'Ashopkeeperbuys
EHMrLE t anumber of bookcfor Rs 80.If hehadbought 4morebooksfor the
same amount, each book woryld lnoe cost Rs I less. Hw many book did he buy?
SOLUTION kt thenumberofbooksboughtber. Theo

Costofrbooks=Rs 80 =+ Costofonebook = Rs
&
x
If the number of books bought is r + 4, then

Costofonebook = R" &,


x+4
It is given that the cost of one book is reduced by one ruPee. ' . l- :.

80 80
---=1
x x+4
+ n( !- 1 )=r
Ir x+4)
:$ *1r+a-r|
x(x+ 4l
=r
l. )
320
-l
- x'+4x
:+ x2 +4x=320
--r
=+ x2+4x-320=0
+ x2+20x-16x-320=0
:+ x(x+20)-L6(x+20)=S
=+ (x + 20)(/ - 15) = 0

=+ X = -}[ Cit, X= 15 =+ 'X ='16 [.' x cannot be negative]


Hence, the number of books is 16.
EXAMPLE s If the price of a book is reduced W k 5, a Persan can'b*y 5 more book fot
tu 300. Finil the original list price of the book.

NumberofbooksboughtforRs 3fi) =
ffi

'm= ' '

-: =
NumberofbooksboughtforRs s00
r-5 .,..' :. .. i
auAsn}#re'EQui{rroNs

Itisgiventhat
300 _=5
300
r-5 r
300r-300r+1500
r(r-5) =5

1500
x'-sx
+. , *' - 5r =.300
--s-

+ xz -5x- 3(D = o
t .r. '.: :

=)
..
x2 -2Ox+15r-300=0
+ (x-20)(r+15)=0
:+ x-20=0or,r+15=0
+ X=20,f =-15 1 X=N ,, ,. ,[i,'.r = dSiingtprxsible]
Hence, t[re list price of the book = Rs 20 ]...
: ; r::.
EXAMPLE
9...4flrtorv.\q.t.lncreasingit.s o!t!p!t! by tle pmepgrryt*g4eueyy.,year,,Fi4dthe
percefiage if it is known that the output is doubliil in {he last two iears.
S0LUTION Let P be the initial production (2 years ago), and lid the incfease in proarct eu-ery
yearberTo.Then,

Productattheendof firstyetrr * 3t = p(
---l----= p-'100 r * -L)
'[-'rmj i

Productattheendof thesecon4year., : , :i :i. : , .i. ,,..r,r,.r,-: ,r r.;r::r." :,,.r

l. 100).L{r(1*a)}
=e(t.+) lwt t- ,*))
=r(r.#)[,.#) =r(,-#)' '
.. ''
''.,,: ':
Since product is doubled in last two years

p( r*-Lf zp
t 100J =
(r*J-l'=z
t. 100J
+ (100+ x)2 =2xlp2
+ x2 +20/|li - 10000 = 0
: r..:_ , l: .:

-2oo* JeoqE.4oooo
=) 4-
i r..':r.r,.i,' 2
= -100 t 100.8 = 100 (-1 t #) '

',. .

=+ x=1001-t+rtr) ,,, {1.'r qannot-bd negative}


MATHEMATICS-X

EXAMPLE t Adealersellsatoy forRs24andgainsasmuchpercentasthecostpriceof thetoy.


Findthe costpice of the toy
SOLUTION Let the cost price of the toy be Rs r. Then,

Gain = xYo + Gain = n".[ r r. -L ) = n" 4


( 1m) lw
S.P.=C.P.+Gain= **t-100
But, S.P. = Rs 24.

x+ r '=24
^-2
lGivenl
100
+ 100r+ x2 =24C[
+ x2 + 100x - 2t100 =0
:+ x2 +120x-20x -24ffi = O
+ x(x+120)-20(x+120)=0
:+ (r+120)(r-20)=0
+ x=20,-120 + x=20 [.'r>o]
Hence, the cost price of the toy is Rs 20.
EXAMPLE a The angry Arjun carried some arrows for fighting with Bheeshm. ,With half the
arrows,he cut duonthc arroutsthroumbyBheeshmonhimandwithsixother anuoslukilled thi rath
ilriau of Bheeshm. With one arrow each he loncked down respectiaely the rath, flag and the bow of
Bheeshm. Finally, with o.ne.y9r1tlan four times the square yoot.of anrous he laid Bheeshm
unconscious on an nrrowbed.Eind the totalnumber of aruouts Arjunhad. [HOTSI
SOLUTION Suppose Arjun had r arrows.
Numberof arrows used tocutarrows of Bheeshm = r/2
Number of arrows used to kill the rath driver = 6
Numberof other arrowsused = 3
Remaining arrows = 4Ji + 1
Byhypothesis,,we have

!*e*3+a,li*L=r
2'"'-'
:+ x+20,+8Ji =2x
+ x=20+6^li
Putling x = yz, the above equation becomes
Yz =20+8Y
+ y'-By-20=o
+ .y2 -fiy+2y-20=0
+ (y- 10) (y +z)= 0
+ !=10or,U=-2
:+ A =10 [.'y cannot be negative]
+ x=yz+x=lN
Hence, the number of arrows which Arjun had = 100.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 8.77

EXAMPLE e One'fourth of a heril of camels was seen in the forest. Twice the square root of the herd
had gone to mountains and the remaining L5 camels were sien on the bank of rioer.i Fini the total
numberof camels.
IHOTSI
SOLUTION Let the total number of camels be r. Then,

Number of camels seen in the forest = x


a
Number of camels gon6 to mountains = zJi
Number of camels on the bank of river = 15

Totalnumberof camels = +15


f,+Z.li
By hypothesis, we have

!+zJi+15=r
4
+ 3x-B.li-60=0
+ 3y' - ay- f,Q = 0, where x = y2
lyz -tAy +lOy-60 = 0
+ 3VU-6)+10(y-0)=o
:+ (3y+10)(y-6)=9
-10
y=oot,A=-T

Now u
u=_g:+x=l,_lqY_roo
3 [ s./ s
But, the number of camels cannot be a fraction.
l'' x = y'l

A=6+x=62=36 lt*=y'l
Hence, the number of camels = 35.^
EXAMPLE 10 | rya9ock is sitting on the top of a pillar, which is g m hi*tt. From a point
t/ m away lrom the bottom of the pil\r, a snake is coming to its hole at the base
oi the pillar. S'eeing
the snake the.peacock pouncis on it. I7 their speeds are eqiuat, at zihatditi;;;; fri;'iii'*naiii tn,
snake caught? TCBSE 2008I
SoLUTION Let PQ be the fgle a1d peacock is sitting at the top P of the pole. Let the hole
the
be at Q. Initially, the snake is at S whenthe peacock noEces the snake such that
eS = ZZ m.
Suppose u m/sec is the common speed of b-oth the snake and the peacock and
th-e peacock
catches the snake after-f second_s at point T. Clearly, distance travelled by
the rriut" i" t
seconds is same as the distance flownbypeacock.
PT=ST=x (say)
Thus, in right triangle PQ?, we have
QT=27-x,PT=rand pe=9
Using Pythagoras theorem, we have
pT2 = pd +eT,

+ x2 =92 +(22 - x)2


s ---+ zo^iZ-Q
Fig.8.9
8.78 MATHEMATICS-X

x2=81+7D-54x+xz
0=810-54r
+ 54r = 810
+ x=15
ST = (27 -15) m = 12m
QT = SQ-
Hence, the snake is caught at a distance of 12 m from the hole'
EXERCISE 8.13
1. A piece of cloth costs Rs. 35. If the piTg were 4 m lo-nger and each metre costs Rs. one less,
the cost would temain unchanged. How long is the piece?
2. Some students planned a picnic. The budget for foodwas Rs. 480.But eiglt of these
failed to go ut d tLrrt the cost of food for eaih member increased by Rs' 10' How many
students attended the Picnic?
3. A dealer sells an article for Rs. 24 and gains as much percent as the cost price of the
article. Find the cost price of the article.
4. Out of a group of swans, 7 / 2 trmesthe square root of the total nurnberare playing on the
share of f por,a. ffru tworemainir,gor,eia."twinginginwater. Find the totalnumberof
swans.
5. If the list price of a toy is reduced by Rs. 2, a person can buy 2 toys more for Rs' l6-0:lt"d
the original price of ihe toy. ICBSE 2002 CI
6. Rs. 9000 were divided equally among a certain number of persons. Had there been 20
more persons, each woui'd have got Rs. L60less. Find the original number of persons.
7. Some students planned a picnic. The budget for food was Rs. 500' But, 5 of them failed
to
go and thus the cost of fooa fot each meirber increased by Rt. 5. How many students
attended thepicnic?
g. A pole has to be erected at a point on the boundary of a circular park of diameter 13
metres in such a way that the difference of its distances from two diametrically opposite
fixed gates A and B on the boundary is 7 metres. Is it the possible to do so? If yes, at what
distances from the two gates should the polebe erected?
9. In a class test, the sum of the marks obtained by P in Mathematics and science is 28' Had
he eot 3 marks more in Mathematics and 4 marks less in Science. The product of his
*uitr, *o"ld have been Find his marks in the two subiects.
1"80. [CBSE 2008]
10. In a class test, the sum of Shefali's marks in Mathematics and English is 30. Had she got
2 marks more in Mathematics and 3 marks less'in English, the product of her marks
would have been 210. Find her marks in two subiects' INCERTI
11.. A cottage industry produces a certain number of pottery articles in a day. It was observed
on u puiti.rlar day'that the cost of production of each article (in rupees) was 3more than
trndce the number'of articles produced on that day. If the tgtal cost of-production
on that
day was Rs. 90, find the number of articles produced and the cost of each article.
INCERTI

ANSWERS
1.. 10m 2. L6 3. Rs.20 4. 16
5. Rs 20 6. 25 7. 20
8. At a distance of 5 metres from the gate B
9. Marks in Mathematics = 12, Marks in Science = 16
QUADRA,IIC EQUATIONS 8.D

or
Marks in Mathematics = 9, Marks in Science = 19
10. Marks in Mathematics = 12, Marks in English = 1g
C
Marks in Mathematics = 13, Marks in English = 17
11. Number of articles - 5, Costof each article 15
=

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

, Suppose r students planned a picnic. fheru share of each stu4gnl Rs.


1P

Share of each student when 8 students failed to go i, R".


ffi
480
.
x-8 -ffi=to.
x
3. Let the cost price be Rs. r. Then, gain percent = r
selling Price = nr.[* * * * r) = *.I I ]1oo' )
(100itL00)
x2 +lCfx
= ff = 24+ x2 +Lffix- 24oo = o.

4. Letthenumber of swansber. Then,


IF
+2= x + 2x-TJi -4 =0 - 2y, -7y -4 = 0iwhere )c =y2.
1'lx
8. Let P be the required location of the pole such that its distance from gate B is r metres. i.e.
BP = r metres.
AP=x+7
In right triangle APB, we have
AP2 +PBz = AB2
+ (x+7)2 +x2 =132
+ 2x2 +74x-120=O + x2 +7x-60=0=(r+Lz)(x-5)=0:* r=5

Short AnswerType Questions (VSAOs)


Multiple Choice Questions (MCQsl
Summary

Answer each of the following questions either in one word or one sentutce or as per requirement of the
question:
1. Write the value of k for which the quadratic equation x2 - kx + 4 = 0 has equal roots.
2. What is the nature of roots of the quadratic equation 4x2 - 12x - 9 = O?
3. If 1 + J2 is a root of a quadratic equation with rational coefficients, write its other root.
4. Write thenumberof real rootsof theequation x2 + 3l x I +2 0.
=
5. Writethesumof,l
realrootsof theequation 12+ I r I - =
G 0.
5. Writethesetof valuesof 'a' forwhichtheequation x2 + ax- 1= 0 hasrealroots.
8.80
MAIHEMATICS_X

7. [s there any real value of 'a' for which the equation 12 + 2x + (a2 + l) = Q has real roots?

8. Write the value of ). for which x2 + 4x + 2r, is a perfect square'


9. Write the condition to be satisfied for which equations axz + ?bx* c = 0 and
bx2 - ZJil x + b = }have equal roots.
10. Write the set of values of k for which the quadratic equation has 2x2 + kx'8 = 0 has
real roots.
polynomial, sum of whose zefos is 2J3 and their product is 2'
11. Write a quadratic
12. Show thatx = -3 is a solution of x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 . lcBsE 2008I
13. Showthata=-{isasolution of 3x2 +13r+ 14=0. tcBsE 20081

14. Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation gJi x2 + 10r + JI = 0 TCBSE 20091

'AATSWEFS

7. k= i.4 2. Real and distinct g, 1-J' 4. No real root


5. 0 6. All real values 7. No 8. l,=4
9. b2 =ac 10. All real values
11. f(x'| = k(x2 - 2J5x+ 2), wherekisanyrealnumber 14' 64
MCQs
Mark the correit alternatfue in mch of the following:
1. If the equation x2 + 4x + k = 0 ha' real and distinct roots, then
(a) t<4 (b) k>4 (c) k>4 (d) t<l
2. If the equation 12 - ax + 1 = 0 has two distinct roots, then
(a) lal=2 (b) lal< z
(c) lal> z (d) trlone of these

3. If theequation 9x2 + 6kx +4 = I hasequalroots, thentherootsarebothequal to


ro tt ru) t; (c) 0 (d) t3
4. lf axz + bx +s = Q hasequalroots, thenc =

@* b)* @\+ @*
5. If the equa tron axz + 2x + 4 = Q has two distinct roots, if
(a) a=t1 (b) a=0 (c\ a=0,'!. (d) a=-1,0
6. The positive value of k for which the equation x2 + kx t 64 = 0 and
x2 - 8x + k = 0 will both have real roots, is
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 15

7. Thevalueof
(a)a (b)3 (c)-2
(d)3.5
8, If 2isarootof theequation x2 +bx +L2= 0 andtheequation 12 +bx + 4 = 0 hasequal
roots, then 4 =
(a) 8 (b) -8 (c) 15 (d) - 16,
QLIADRARC EQUATIONS
8.81

9' If theequation (a2 +b2'1x2 -2(ac+bd)x+c2 +d2 = 0 hasequulroits,thur,


(a) ab = cd. @) ad = bc (c) ait = Jfr @) ab = ,Gd.
10' If therootsof theequation (a2 +b2)x2 -?b(a+c)x+(b, + c2)= 0 areequal,then
(a) U= a+c h) b2 =ac G) U= L (d) b = ac
1r. If the equarion x2 - bx+ 1 = 0 or* rr;:rsess real roots, then
'(a) -3<b<g (b) -z<b<z
(c)a>2 (d)b<-2
,
12. lf x = 1 isacommonrootof theequations ax2 +ax,+3 =0 and x2 + x+b
ab= -u-v'= 0, then
(a) 3 (b) 3.s (c) 6 (d) _ 3
13. If pand4are therootsof theequation *, _ px * q = Q,th"r,''
(a) p=L,4=-2 (b) b=o,Q=l
(c) p=-2,4=0 (d) p=-2,q=1
14. lf a and D can take values r,2, g,4. Then the number of the equations of the form
ax2 +bx + 1 = o havingrealrootsis

15. The number of quadratic eguations having rear roots


and which do not change by
squaring their roots is
@)a (b)s (c)2 (d)1
16. If (a2 +b21x2 +2(ab+bd)x+c2 +d2 =}hasnorealroots,then
(a) ad=bc (b) ab=cd (c) ac=bd (d) ad * bc
17. If the sum of the roots of the equation 12 _
x = )u{Zx_ l.) is zero, then }, _

(a)+ (b)2 (c) @);


;
18. Ifr=l.isacommonrootof ax2 +ax+2=0 and
12 +x+b=0then,ab=
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 3
19. The value of c for which the equation ax2
+ 2bx* c = 0 has equal roots is

@)T @)* (c)i @*


,
@ -?,1 ru) l,-, k) l,: ,0, -i,-l ,

21' If thesumandproductof therootsof theequa.tion


k*z + 6x + 4k-= Lareeqriaf,Tltrri=
(a) -,332) (b) ; (c)
; -i
-lal
MATHEMATICS-X

22. If sin c, and cos cr are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx +c = 0 , then ts =
(a) n2 -tutc b) a2 +2.nc
- ac (d) a2 + ac
(c) az

23. If2isarootoftheequation12 +ax+12=0 andthequadraticequationr2'+ ax+q-0


has equal roots, then 4 =
(a) 12 (b) I (c) 20 (d) 15
24. If the sum of the roots of the equation xz - (k + 6)x + 2(X - 1) = 0 is equal to half of
their product, then k =
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 1 (d) s
25, lfaandbarerootsof theequation x2 + ax +b =0, then a + & =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) -1
26. A quadratic equation whose one root is 2 and the sum of whose roots is zero, is
(u) x2+4=0(b)12-4=0 (c) 4xz-1=0(d) 12 -2=0
27. If one root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is three times the other, then b2 : ac =
(a) 3:1 (b) 3 : 16 (c) 16 :3 (d) 16 : 1

28. If one root of the equation 2r2 + kx + 4' = 0 is2, then the other root is
(a) 6 (b) -5 (c) -1 (d) 1
29. If one root of the equation x2 + ax + 3 = 0 is 1, then its other root is
(a) 3 (b) -3 (c) 2 (d) -2
30. If one root of the equation 4x2 - 2x + (I - 4) = g be the reciprocal of the other, then l" =
(a) 8 (b) -8 (c) a (O -4

A'VSWEBS
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4.(d) (a)
s. 5. (d)
7. b) 8. (c) e. (d) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (a)
13. (a) la. (a) 15. (c) 16, (d) 17. (c) 18. (b)
le. (a) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (b)
2s. (d) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (d) 2e. (a) 30. (a)
SUMMARY
1. A polynomiai of degreb 2 is called a quadratic polynomial. The general form of a
quadraticpolynomialis ax' +bx *c, wherea,b,catetealnumberssuchthat a * 0 and
x is a real variable.

2. lf p(x)= a!2 +bx =+c,a *0 isaquadraticpolynomialand o, isarealnumber,then


p (a) = aa' + ba. + c is known as the value of the quadratic polynomial p (r).
3. Arealnumber o issaidtobeazeroof thequadraticpolynomial p(x) = axz +bx + c, if
P(o)=o'o
a.If p(x)=axz +bx+c isaquadraticpolynomial,then P@)= 0 i.e., ax2 +bx*c =0,
a * 0 is called a quadratic equation.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
8.83

5. A real number o issaid tobearootof the quadraticequation ax2 +bx1.s=e,if


ad2+ba*c=0.
,::*r:y3r-c,isaroot of axz +bx +6 = g if andonlyif a isazeroof thepolynomial
P\X)=ax.'+bx+c.
I! axz + bx + c,a * 0 is factorizable into a product of two linear factors,
then the roots of
the quadratic equation axz + bx * c 0 cinbe foundby
= equafi eachfactor to zero.
7. The roots of a quadratic equation can also be found
by using the method of completing
thesquare.
8. The roots of theluadratic equation ax2 + bx + c O,a * 0 can be
= found by using the
quadratic formula -b t 'lb'z - Aac
--rvided that
provided thar b2 ) A.
ann >
h2 - 4ac
^ ff,
?. of quadratic equation-ar + bx+ c 0, a * 0 depends upon the
2.
*y:r":\f"y =
value ot D = b' - 4ac , which is known as the discriminate
of the quad'ratic eqiration.
10. Thequadraticequation ax2 +bx +c
=0,a* 0 has:
(r) two distinct real roots, if D = b2 _ 4ac > 0
(ii) two equal roots i.e. coincident real roots if D b2 _
= 4ac = A
(iii) no real roots, if D b2 4ac < 0.
= -

You might also like