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A. Kinds of Friction
Static Friction
Static friction is a force that keeps an object at rest. It must be overcome to start moving
the object. Once an object is in motion, it experiences kinetic friction. If a small amount
of force is applied to an object, the static friction has an equal magnitude in the opposite
direction. If the force is increased, at some point the value of the maximum static friction
will be reached, and the object will move.
Rolling Friction
Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the force resisting
the motion when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface. It is mainly
caused by non-elastic effects; that is, not all the energy needed for deformation (or
movement) of the wheel, roadbed, etc. is recovered when the pressure is removed.
Sliding Friction
The term sliding friction refers to the resistance created by two objects sliding against
each other. This can also be called kinetic friction. Sliding friction is intended to stop an
object from moving.
B. Ways to Reduce of Increase Friction
 Make the surfaces smoother. Rough surfaces produce more friction and
smooth surfaces reduce friction. Some swimmers wear suits to reduce
underwater resistance. These suits mimic the smooth skin of sharks.
 Lubrication is another way to make a surface smoother. A lubricant is a

slippery substance designed to reduce the friction between surfaces.
 Reduce the contact between the surfaces. Spheres are the best shape for
reducing friction because very little of a spherical object is in contact with the
other surface. Several types of wheels, such as skateboard wheels, contain small
spheres called ball bearings to reduce the friction between the moving parts.
C. Effect of Gravity
Useful Effects
 Because of gravity, people are able to walk and run on the ground. People would
not float in the air because of the downward force caused by the gravity.
 It keeps the things on its place. Things would not float just everywhere because
of the downward force caused by the gravity.
Harmful Effects
 Gravity can prevent the blood in our bodies from freely flowing upward. Over
time, gravity takes a toll on the circulatory system, which may cause varicose
veins, decreased scalp circulation and swollen limbs. Poor circulation to the
eyes, ears, skin, scalp and brain is one reason why our most valuable organs
deteriorate over a lifetime.
 Gravity can actually rob us of the ability to golf, garden, and play with our
grandkids in our later years. Height loss and larger middles inevitably result in
lost flexibility. Perhaps the most vital part of maintaining an active lifestyle as you
age is maintaining the ability to move.
D. Types of Energy
Potential Energy
In physics, potential energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its
position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other
factors.
Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy of an

object that depends on its mass and its distance from the center of mass of another
object, the elastic potential energy of an extended spring, and the electric potential
energy of an electric charge in an electric field. The unit for energy in
the International System of Units (SI) is the joule, which has the symbol J.
Kinetic Energy
In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to
its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from
rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body
maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes. The same amount of work is
done by the body when decelerating from its current speed to a state of rest.
E. Forms Energy
Heat Energy Light
Light comes at us as waves—waves of electric and magnetic fields. That’s why the
scientific term for light waves is electromagnetic radiation. Radiation is a way of
transferring energy from one place to another. In addition to the light we see,
electromagnetic radiation includes infrared, ultraviolet, microwaves, radio waves, and X-
rays. These forms of electromagnetic radiation help us get many jobs done.
Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is energy that's stored in charged particles within an electric
field. Electric fields are simply areas surrounding a charged particle. In other words,
charged particles create electric fields that exert force on other charged particles within
the field. The electric field applies the force to the charged particle, causing it to move -
in other words, to do work.
Sound Energy
Sound energy is a form of energy associated with the vibration of matter. The SI unit of
sound energy is the joule (J). Sound is a mechanical wave and as such consists
physically in oscillatory elastic compression and in oscillatory displacement of a fluid.
Therefore, the medium acts as storage for both potential and kinetic energy as well.
F. Simple Machine and its uses.
Lever
A lever is a simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge,
or fulcrum. A lever is a rigid body capable of rotating on a point on itself. On the basis of
the location of fulcrum, load and effort, the lever is divided into three types. It is one of
the six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists.
Wheels and Axle
The wheel and axle is one of six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists
drawing from Greek texts on technology. The wheel and axle consists of
a wheel attached to a smaller axle so that these two parts rotate together in which a
force is transferred from one to the other. A hinge or bearing supports the axle, allowing
rotation. It can amplify force; a small force applied to the periphery of the large wheel
can move a larger load attached to the axle.
Pulley
A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and
change of direction of a taut cable. The supporting shells are called blocks.
Planes
An inclined plane, also known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle,
with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load. The
inclined plane is one of the six classical simple machines defined by Renaissance
scientists. Inclined planes are widely used to move heavy loads over vertical obstacles;
examples vary from a ramp used to load goods into a truck, to a person walking up a
pedestrian ramp, to an automobile or railroad train climbing a grade.
Wedges
A wedge is a triangular shaped tool, and is a portable inclined plane, and one of the six
classical simple machines. It can be used to separate two objects or portions of an
object, lift up an object, or hold an object in place. It functions by converting
a force applied to its blunt end into forces perpendicular (normal) to its inclined surfaces.
Screw
A screw is a mechanism that converts rotational motion to linear motion, and
a torque (rotational force) to a linear force. It is one of the six classical simple machines.
The most common form consists of a cylindrical shaft with helical grooves or ridges
called threads around the outside. The screw passes through a hole in another object or
medium, with threads on the inside of the hole that mesh with the screw's threads.
When the shaft of the screw is rotated relative to the stationary threads, the screw
moves along its axis relative to the medium surrounding it; for example rotating a wood
screw forces it into wood.

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 Lubrication is another way to make a surface smoother. A lubricant is a

Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy of an

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