SHORT QUESTIONS

PHYSICS FOR 10
TH
CLASS (UNIT # 10)
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[Very Important] What is simple harmonic motion? What are the necessary
conditions for a body to execute simple harmonic motion?
The special kind of vibratory motion of a body, whose acceleration is directly
proportional to its displacement from mean or equilibrium position, is called si ple
harmonic motion.
Conditions:
i) Acceleration is directly proportional to its displacement.
ii) Acceleration is directed towards the mean position.

Think of several examples in everyday life of motion that are simple

harmonic.
i) Oscillating simple pendulum
ii) Oscillating mass spring system
iii) Pendulum of wall clock

[Very Important] What are damped oscillation ? How damping progressively

reduces the amplitude oscillations?
The continuous decrease of amplitude of oscill tor is called damped oscillator and the
oscillations are called damped oscillations.
Simple harmonic oscillations are ideal. In se of real oscillator, there is continuous
decrease of amplitude which ultimately be omes zero. It is due to resistance of
medium which reduces the mechanical energy of system. This resistive force is called
damping force.

[Important] How can y u define the term wave? Elaborate the difference
between mechanical and e ectr magnetic waves? Give examples of each.
Wave:
Wave is the mean to tra sport energy from one place to another without transport of
matter.
Mechanical Waves:
The waves which require medium for their propagation. For example sound waves,
water waves and r pe waves.
Electromagnetic Waves:
The waves which on't require any medium for their propagation. For example light
waves are electromagnetic waves.
Distinguish between longitudinal and transverse waves with suitable
examples.
The aves due to which the direction of oscillations are along the direction of
propagation of waves are called "Longitudinal" waves. And the direction of oscillations
are perpendicular to the direction propagation of waves are called transverse waves.
Examples of longitudinal waves:
i) Sound Waves ii) Waves on slinky spring.
Examples of Transverse Waves:
i) Water waves ii) String waves
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Draw a transverse wave with amplitude of 2 cm and a wavelength of 4 cm.

Label a crest and trough on the wave.

[Very Important] Derive a relationship between sp d, fr quency and

wavelength of wave. Write a formula relating speed of a wave to its time
period and wavelength.

If the speed of waves is (v) and the time period of the plate producing waves is T
seconds, then the distance covered by the wave will be vT. As it is equal to the
=
wavelength, therefore,
v = λ/Tor λ x 1/T
λ vT
We know that 1/T=f then
V = fλ
Waves are the means of energy transfer without transfer of matter. Justify
this statement with the help of a simple experiment.
If we hold an end of a long string and give it vibrations. Then a wave is set up on the
string and the other end also st rts vibrating automatically (after some time). It
confirms the transfer of energy by the help of wave on string. It confirms the transfer
of energy and not the transfer f m ss.
[Important] Explain the f wing properties of waves with reference to ripple
tank experime t.
1-Reflection:
When a waves strike an obstacle placed in its path, it will be reflected back in a
particular directi n. This phenomenon is called reflection of waves. Laws of reflecti n
are:
i) Angle of inci ent ray (Angle i) and reflected ray (Angle r) will be equal.
ii) (Angle i), (Angle r) and the normal, all lies at the same plane.
2-Refraction:
When aves enter from one medium to another, a part of it is reflected in the same
medium while the other part is transmitted into the other medium. This
phenomenon is called refraction of waves.
The ave speed and wavelength of a wave change in the second medium but
frequency does not change.
(*** draw figure from book)
3-Differaction:
The bending of waves around obstacles is called diffraction.
For example, radio and TV waves reach in those areas where they could not reach
directly due to diffraction
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Does increasing the frequency of a wave also increase its wavelength? If

not, how are these quantities related?
We know the relation V =f λ
It clearly shows if frequency increases then wavelength decreases because the
product is constant that is velocity. Velocity is constant until medium is constant.

[Important] A ball is dropped from a certain height onto the floor and keeps
bouncing. Is the motion of the ball simple harmonic? Explain.
As the ball is dropped from certain height “h” onto the floor having initial P.E = mgh
and keeps bouncing. It is observed after each bounce its height and its P.E are
decreasing. And time period is also decreasing. As time period is not constant and
total energy is not conserved so the motion of the ball is not simple harmonic motion.

A student performed two experiments with a simple pendulum. He use two

bobs of different masses by keeping other parameters constant. To his
astonishment the time period of the pendulum did t change! Why?
Formula of time period of simple pendulum is indepe de t of mass of bob. By change
of mass of bob no change in time period is expected.
What types of waves do not require ny material medium for their
propagation?
Electromagnetic waves do not require any m teri l medium for their propagation. For
example X-ray, Radio waves, TV waves etc.

Plane waves in the ripple tank un ergo refraction when they move from deep
to shallow water. What change occurs in the speed of the waves?
When water waves coming fr m deeper portion of ripple tank enter into another
region of shallow water regi n, then these show refraction. Their speed in both the
regions is not same due to cha ge f value of wavelengths.
[Important] Define vibratio al motion.
The to and fro motion of a body about is its mean position is called vibrational
motion. For example simple pendulum, flapping of wings of birds etc. The motion of
vibrating body from one extreme position to other and then back to the same is called
one vibration.
How spi er etects its prey.
A spider etects its prey due to vibration produced in the web.

  The time to complete one vibration is called time period.

 The number of vibrations in one second is called frequency.

[Very Important] What do you know about damping of shock absorber of

automobiles.
Shock absorbers in automobiles are one of the practical applications of damping
motion. A shock absorber consists of a piston moving through a liquid such as oil.
When the car travels over a bump on road, the car may vibrate violently. The shock
absorbers damp these vibrations and convert their energy into heat energy of the oil.
Thus the passengers do not feel vibrations.
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[Very Important] How pendulum clock was invented?

Christian Huygens invented the pendulum clock in 1656. He was inspired by the work
of Galileo who had discovered that all pendulums of the same length took the same
amount of time to complete one full swing.

What do you know about the speeds of Longitudinal and Transverse waves
through various matters?
 Longitudinal waves move faster through solids than through gases r liquids.
 Transverse waves move through solids at a speed of less than half f the speed
of longitudinal waves. It is because the restoring force exerted during this up
and down motion of particles of the medium is less than the re toring force
exerted by a back and forth motion of particles of he m dium in case of
longitudinal waves.

Which type of wave carry more energy. High frequency waves or low
frequency?
To generate a high frequency wave required more e ergy per second, therefore high
frequency waves carry more energy than low frequency waves.

LONG QUESTIONS
[Very Important] Explain the motion of mass attached with a spring on a
horizontal and frictionless plane is simple harmonic motion.
 Consider the following figure.
(Draw figure from book)
 In the figure, a spring is p ced n smooth surface. Its one end is attached to firm
support. A mass ‘m’ is attached on its other end.
 In this state, there is o extension in spring, i.e it is in equilibrium state.
 If a force ‘Fext’ is exerted on mass toward right, the length of spring will be
 increased by an amou t ‘x’. Mass will move from its position ‘O’ to ‘A’.
 As per Ho ke’s law
Fext α x
Fext = kx
 Here k is a constant, and is called spring constant. Value of k is obtained by the
 equation (k = Fext/x)
 The ratio of External Force (Fext) and increase in length (x) is called spring
-1
constant. Its unit is Nm .
 After removing the External Force (Fext), spring moves towards its original
 position „O‟. but now F = -kx
 Acceleration „a‟ of the mass „m‟ can be found as (a = F/m = -kx/m).
 Acceleration is always directed towards its original position.
 Due to inertia, mass ‘m’ does not stop at „O‟, but it reaches upto A’.
 After reaching to A’, spring again tries to reach to its original position ‘O’, but
 again pass it.
 In this way mass start moving to and fro about its original position ‘O’.
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 Therefore, motion of mass attached to spring is called simple harmonic motion.

 Time Period (T) of mass attached to spring can be found by the following
equation.

T = 2 ∏ m/k

Definition of SHM:
“The acceleration of a body executing S.H.M is directly proporti nal to the
displacement of the body from equilibrium position, and is always dire ted t wards the
equilibrium position.”

Kinetic and potential energies of mass attached o spring at different

displacement.
 Consider a horizontal spring-mass system. The mass is oscillating simple
 harmonic motion under restoring force.
 At the mean position, it has maximum velocity so it has maximum kinetic
 energy and zero potential energy.
 At the extreme position it has maximum potential energy and zero velocity so
 kinetic energy is zero.
 At any displacement it has partially kinetic nd partially potential energy, but
total energy is constant.

[Important] Explain the motion of a ball in a bowl. Show that it is simple

harmonic motion.
 Consider a ball is placed t equilibrium position “O” the bottom of a bowl.
 When the ball is at the b tt m of the bowl, its weight mg is equal to the reaction
 R so net force is zero.
 When a ball is ge t y disp aced form the centre of a bowl it starts oscillating
 about the centre due to force of gravity which acts as a restoring force.
 Once the ball is places at position A and then released, it will accelerate towards
 the mean position under its weight.
 At the mean p sition it gains maximum velocity and momentum, so it moves up
 to the p int B due to inertia.
 At B it has zero velocity so zero kinetic energy but has maximum potential
 energy
 Again from point B it will move toward O under the restoring force having
maximum velocity at O, but does not stop at O and will go up to A.
 In this ay the ball will continue to oscillate between the points A and B about
point O, it has simple harmonic motion.

[Important] What is a simple pendulum; explain the motion of the bob is

simple harmonic motion.
*See figure from book
 Simple pendulum consists of a single isolated bob, which is suspended from a
frictionless support by means of light inextensible string.

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 In equilibrium position, it is held stationary in vertical position and its bob is at
‘O’.
 If the bob is disturbed from O to A, it start moving about its mean position.
 This to and fro motion is between points A and B.
 Its acceleration remains towards „O‟.
 Hence, we can say that motion of simple pendulum is also simple har onic motion.

 Time period (T) of simple pendulum can be found by the following equati n.

T =2 ∏ l/g
 Where „l‟ is the length of pendulum and „g‟ is gravitational acceleration

[Very Important] Write down the characteristics of SHM and give some
examples from daily life?
Characteristics:
i) SHM is a vibratory motion.
ii) A body doing S.H.M, always vibrate about its mean (equilibrium) position.
iii) Its acceleration is always directed toward its mean position.
iv) Its acceleration is directly proportion l to its di placement from the mean
position.
v) Its velocity is maximum at mean position, and minimum at extreme
positions.
vi) The P.E is maximum at extreme position and zero at mean position.
vii) Amplitude of oscillation for SHM remains constant.

Daily Life Examples:

 An oscillating simple pendu um.
 An oscillating mass spri g system.
 The motion of a ball a d bowl system.
 The motion of the pro g of a tuning fork.

[Very Important] Explain the term wave. What are types of waves?
The perio ic isturbance spreading all around inside a medium is said to form a wave.
It has two types:
1-Mechanical Waves:
Waves that need a medium for their production and propagation are called
mechanical aves. For example waves produced in water and string. Mehcanical
aves have further two types:
 Longitudinal Waves: Those waves in which the particles of the medium
vibrate parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave are called
 compressional or longitudinal waves. For example sound waves.
 Transverse Waves: Those waves in which the particles of the medium vibrate
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave are called transverse
waves. For example waves produced by dipping a pencil in water. Those parts
of transverse waves where the particles of the medium are above the normal

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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 10)
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position are called crest and parts where the particles of the medium are below
their normal position are called trough.
2-Electromagnetic Waves:
The waves which do not require any medium for their propagation are called
electromagnetic waves. For example X-ray, light waves, radio and TV waves.

Explain waves as carrier of energy and write the two methods of transfer of
energy.
There are two methods of transferring energy.
i) Through matter.
ii) Through waves.

i) When gun is fired, bullet get energy and moves towards arg t. When it hits
the target, it transfers the energy to it. As a result breaking/damage takes
place.
ii) Running water in dams is also an example. Water tra sfers its K.E to turbine
blades, due to which turbine start rotating a d electricity is produced.

i) Fill a tub with water.

ii) Move a rod up and down in it. Waves re produced in water and moves away
from rod.
iii) Place of cork on other end of tub on water surface.
iv) You will see cork will also move up and down.
v) In this process, energy supplied by rod and this energy transfers upto the
cork by water waves.

[Very Important] Give the characteristics of wave motion.

Crests and Troughs:
The points at which the disp acement is maximum are called crests and where the
value of displacement of oscillations is minimum are troughs in a transverse waves.
Amplitude:
The maximum value to displacement on either sides of mean position of an oscillatory
proportion is called as amplitude.
Phase:
The physical quantity which specify the value of displacement along with its direction
w.r.t the mean position is called phase.
Wave length:
The distance between two successive points on a wave having same phases is called
ave length.
Cycle:
One complete vibration is called one cycle.
Frequency
The number of vibrations completed in one second is called frequency.
Period:
The time required to complete one vibration is called time period.
Wave front:
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The imaginary surface touching all those points which are in same phase is called
wave front.
Spherical Wave front:
The wave front due to waves generated by a point source, which spread all around the
point source, from wave fronts in shape of concentric spheres.
Plane Wave front:
The wave front due to a number of waves moving parallel to one another is in shape
of plane wave front.

[Very Important] What is ripple tank? Explain the construction and working
of a ripple tank.
Simple apparatus, called ripple tank is used to observe the prop rties of waves
(e.g. reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction etc).
Ripple Tank: -
 This apparatus consists of a rectangular tray with glass b tt m.
 It is placed nearly half meter above the surface of a table.
 Waves are produced on the surface of water with the help of a vibrator.
 This vibrator is an oscillating electric motor which is fixed on a wooden plate.
 This plate is suspended by means of rubber b nds and its lower end touches
 the water surface.
 On setting vibrator on, this plate st rts vibr ting and straight waves are
generated on the water surface.
(***Draw Figure here from book.)
 A bulb is hung over the tray. With the help of its light, the images of water
 waves is obtained on the white p per or screen.
 The crests of the waves ppe r s bright lines on the paper because they function
 like convex lens and c nverge the rays of light falling on them.
 The troughs of the waves appear as dark lines on the paper because they
function like concave e s and diverge the rays.
 To generate circular aves, the vibrating bar is raised up and a knob attached
to it is lowered in such a way that it touches the water surface.
 For the detailed analysis of these moving waves they should be frozen by one
way or the ther. This is done by means of a device called stroboscope.
 Stroboscope c nsists of a round disc with slits on its edge.
 This disk can be rotated about its centre by putting it into motion by a finger.
 When e see through this disc, we see waves only, when a slit passes against
our eye.
 If e adjust the speed of stroboscope, so that a slit in front of our eye is
replaced by another during the time in which the waves move forward by one
avelength, the waves appear to be stationary and we say that their motion is
“frozen”.

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SHORT QUESTIONS
What is the necessary condition for the production of sound? In which
medium sound travels fast? Air, solid or liquid Justify your answer.
Sound wave can be produced by vibrating a body. It travels in a medium whose
particles can vibrate. The frequency of vibrations must be greater than 20Hz and less
than 20,000Hz. In solids the sound waves have faster speed than in air r liquid (due
to larger elasticity).
What is the effect of the medium, on the speed of sound? In whi h medium
sound travels more faster: air, solid or liquid? Justify your an wer
Sound waves are mechanical waves so medium has effect on the peed of sound
waves. In solids the sound waves have faster speed than in air or liquid (due to larger
elasticity).

How can you prove the mechanical nature of sou d by a simple experiment?
 The sound waves are "mechanical waves". It require material medium.
 It can be proved by placing an electric bell in ide a glass jar where vacuum is
 produced.
 The electric bell is made ON, but its sound c nnot be heard, due to vacuum and no
 material medium.
 While before producing vacuum sound wi be he rd.
What do you understand, by the longitudinal wave? Describe the longitudinal
nature of sound wave.
 The waves are said to be longitu in l if the particles of the medium vibrate in the
 same direction as the direction of propagation of waves.
 Sound waves are mechanical nd longitudinal in nature.
 It means the particles f the medium (air, liquid or solid) vibrate in the same
direction as the direction of the sound waves travel.

Sound is a form of ave. List at least three reasons to support the idea that
sound is a wave.
Sound is a form f ave.
 It gives the sensation of hearing. If we listening sound the membrane of our ear
 starts vibrating.
 Ultra -soun s (high energy waves) are used in medical sciences.

We know that waves manifest phenomenon of reflection, diffraction and

refraction. Does sound also manifest these characteristics
 Yes, sound waves also exhibit the characteristics like reflection, diffraction and
 refraction.
 Echo is the practical example for the reflection of sound waves.
 Listening of the person in other room is an example of diffraction of sound
 waves.
 There are example to show the refraction of sound waves by which their speed
and direction is change.
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What is the difference between the loudness and intensity, of sound? Drive
the relation between them OR Define Weber-Fechner law.
Loudness:
It is a characteristic of sound by which loud and faint sounds can be distinguished.
Intensity:
Sound energy flowing per second through a unit area held perpendicular to the
direction of sound waves is called the intensity of sound.
Relation:
L α log I
L = (Constant) log I
L = k log I
This equation is mathematical representation of Weber-Fechn r law. Here K is
constant of proportionality.

On what factors does the loudness of sound depend?

a. Amplitude of Vibrating Body: -
 If amplitude of vibrating body is large then loud sound will be produced
 and if amplitude is small then faint ound will be produced
 e.g. when we strike the drum forcefully loud ound will be produced due to
 large amplitude.
b. Area of Vibrating Body: -
 If the area of vibrating body is arger than loud sound will produced and if
the area of vibrating body is small then faint sound will produced
 e.g. sound produced by larger rum will be loud then a small drum.
c. Distance from vibrating bo y: -
 Loudness of sound also depends upon the distance between producer and
 listener.
 Greater dista ce between them result in faint sound.
 Less distance between them results in loud sound.

What do you mean by the term intensity level of the sound? Name and define
the unit of intensity level of sound.
Difference between l udness of sound and loudness of faintest sound is called
intensity level f r any sound. The unit of intensity level is bel. The smaller unit of
intensity level is ecibel and 1 bel = 10 dB. Intensity Level = 10 log I/Io dB

What are the units of loudness? Why do we use logarithmic scale to describe
the range of the sound intensities we hear?
The unit of loudness is bel. The smaller unit is decibel.
What is difference between frequency and pitch? Describe their relationship
graphically.
The number of wave lengths passing through a point in one second is called
frequency. Its units are hertz (HZ) and, the pitch is quality of sound due to which a
shrill and grave voice can be distinguished. The greater is frequency of sound, the
larger is pitch of sound and vice -versa.
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Describe the effect of change in amplitude on loudness and the effect of

change in frequency on pitch of sound. Does sound also manifest these
characteristics?
The effect of change of amplitude of sound waves the energy changes and due to
which loudness may also change.
The magnitude of sensation of sound is called "loudness". When frequency of sound
wave affect the pitch of sound waves. The greater is frequency, the larger is it pitch
and vise -versa.
If we clap or speak in front of a building while standing at a particular
distance, we rehear our sound after sometime. Can we explain how does this
happen?
It is due to the reflection of sound waves. After incident on he walls of they come
back into the same medium. That is why we rehear the sound af r some time. It is
called echo.

What is the audible frequency range for human ear? D es this range vary
with the age of people? explain.
As name indicates, it is a range of sound’s frequency, which a person can hear. A
human ear can hear a sound only if its frequency lies between 20 and 20,000 hertz
(Hz). If the frequency of sound is less or gre ter than this range then that sound is
in-audible and could not be heard. This r nge c n be slightly differs in different
persons.

Explain that noise is a nuisance.

The sound which produce jarring nd unpleasant effect on our ears are called noise.
Noise pollution is a serious issue. N ise has negative effects on human health as it can
cause conditions such as hearing loss, sleep disturbance, aggression, hypertension,
high stress eve s.

Describe the importa ce of acoustic protection.

In the construction of classrooms, halls and musical halls if the walls are too
absorbent then s und level will low and hall will sound dull and lifeless. There should
be balance between reverberation and absorption. It is often advantageous to place
reflective surfaces behind the stage to direct sound to the audience. The ceiling of
lecture and conference halls are curved so that sound after reflection may reach all
the corners of the hall.

What are the uses of ultrasound in medicine?

 Ultrasonic waves are used to diagnose and treat different diseases. The waves
are made to enter the patient body through transmitters. These waves are
reflected differently by different organs, tissues etc. The reflected waves are
 amplified to form image which help in detecting the defect in the organs.
 Powerful ultrasound is being used to remove blood clots formed in the arteries.
 Ultrasound is used to get the picture of thyroid gland for diagnosis purposes.

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What are uses of ultrasound in technical fields?

 Cracks appear in the interior of moving parts of high speed and heavy machines
such as turbines, engine of ships and airplanes. These cracks are not visible but
 can be detected by ultrasound.
 Germs and bacteria in liquids can also be destroyed by using high intensity
ultrasonic waves.
Why two tin cans with a string stretched between them could be better way
to communicate than merely shouting through the air.
It is better way to communicate because the sound waves have high speed in s lids
than air and also maximum intensity (energy) will be transferred through string.
While in case of air speed is slow and intensity will be spread over large area.
We can recognize persons speaking with the same loudn from their voice.
How is this possible?
We can recognize the persons sound having the same loudness because of the quality
of the sound, are pitch.
You can listen your friend round a corner, yet y u ca n t watch him/her. Why?

The sound waves have larger wave length than light. The e are diffracted by corner of
well and light waves cannot do so, due to their very mall wave length (as compared
with size of wall corner). So, without seeing the friend his/ her voice can be heard.
Why must the volume of it stereo in room with wall -to -wail carpet be
turned higher than in a room with a wooden floor?
The wooden floor is more rigid than carpet. The sound waves produce reverberations
after reflecting from rigid wooden floor. Therefore, volume of the stereo must be kept
smaller. Whereas, in case of c rpet this is not the case and waves are mostly
absorbed.
A student says that the two terms speed and frequency of the wave refer to
the same thing. What is y ur response?
We know the relation between speed, frequency and wavelength V =f λ. It shows
that speed depends upon frequency and vice versa. But it is not necessarily because
in case of refraction of sound waves speed changes by changing only the wavelength.
Two people are listening to the same music at the same distance. They
disagree on its l udness. Explain how this could happen.
The two pers ns listening some same sound, sitting at same distance away from the
source, can say that loudness is not same, because the different human ears have
different sensitivities.
Is there any difference between echo and reflection of sound?
Explain Reflection:
The process, when sound waves incident on the surface of a medium it bounces back
into the first medium, is called reflection of sound waves.
Echo:
Echo is the same of reflection of sound waves but due to sensation of sound persists
in our brain for 0.1 sec. To hear echo the time interval between our sound and
reflected sound must be at least 0.1 sec. As we know the speed of sound is 334 ms-I
at STP. Then to hear echo the minimum distance between obstacle and from the
source of sound must be 17m.
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Will two separate 50 dB sound together constitute 100dB sound? Explain

Decibel is unit of intensity level. Whose value depends upon the natural loge of
intensities of a sound to the intensity of ordinary conversation. Therefore 50dB sound,
coming from two sources can not constitute 100 dB sound.

Why ultrasound is useful in medical field?

Ultrasound are harmless energetic sound waves, that is why these are useful in
medical field.

How does Stethoscopes operate?

It works on the transmission of sound for the chest piece, via air filled hollow tubes,
to the listener’s ears. The chest piece usually consists of a pla tic disc called
diaphragm. If the diaphragm is placed on the patient’s body sounds vibrate the
diaphragm, creating acoustic pressure waves which after mul iple reflection travel up
the tubing to the doctor’s ears.

What is sound? How it is produced and travel?

Sound is form of energy. It is produced by vibration of bodies. It travels in the form
of pressure waves from one place to another.

Why silent whistle is used to call dogs?

Some people use silent whistle to call dogs whose frequency lies between 20,000Hz
to 25,000Hz. It is silent for human bug not for dogs. Because the audible frequency
range for dogs is much higher.

On which things frequency f tuning fork depends?

Frequency of tuning fork depends n the mass of its prongs. The greater the mass, the
lower the frequency of vibrati n which means the lower the pitch.

How whales can commu icate over hundreds & thousands miles?
This is possible in part because sound waves travel five times faster in water than in
air. In additi n, the temperature characteristics of ocean water – decrease in
temperature with epth – create a unique sound phenomenon.

What is the function of large ears of elephants?

Elephants use low frequency sound waves to communicate with one another. Their
large ears enable them to detect these low frequency sound waves, which have
relatively long wavelengths. Elephants can effectively communicate in this way, even
hen they are separated by many kilometers.

What are the audible frequency ranges of bats, mice, dogs & cats and
humans?
Bats can hear frequencies up to 120,000 Hz. Other animals cannot hear such high
pitched sounds. Mice can hear frequencies up to 100,000Hz, dogs upto 35,000Hz and
cats upto 25,000Hz and human upto 20,000Hz.

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How can you see sound waves?

By using oscilloscope, we can see sound waves.

What are infrasonics?

The sound waves of frequency less than 20Hz are called infrasonics.

What is Sonar. Explain.

  SONAR stands for Sound navigation and ranging.
 It is technique to find depth of ocean and to locate the objects lying deep in the
ocean. The ultrasound waves are sent from a transmitter and re eiver ollects
the reflected waves. The time lapse is calculated, knowing the peed of sound in
 water the distance can be determined.
 SONAR ranging is also used to see the shape and size of obj c s, in side water.

LONG QUESTIONS
Show with the help of experiment that sound waves are mechanical waves.
Sound waves require some medium for their propagation. So we can say that sound
waves are mechanical waves.
Propagation of sound – Experiment:
 Place a bell jar on vacuum pump.
 Suspend an electric bell in it with the he p of two wires.
 Fix a cork in the mouth of bell jar.
 On ringing the bell sound c n be he rd.
 Now start expelling the air form j r by vacuum pump.
 The sound becomes faint and f int.
 At last sound become hard y heard.
 By this experiment it has proved that medium is necessary for propagation of
sound waves.

Write down the characteristics of sound?

There are foll wing characteristics of sound: -
i) L u ness: -
It is a characteristic of sound by which loud and faint sounds can be
distinguished.
Loudness of sound depends upon following factors: -
d. Amplitude of Vibrating Body: -
 If amplitude of vibrating body is large then loud sound will be
 produced and if amplitude is small then faint sound will be produced
 e.g. when we strike the drum forcefully loud sound will be produced
 due to large amplitude.
e. Area of Vibrating Body: -
 If the area of vibrating body is larger then loud sound will produced
 and if the area of vibrating body is small then faint sound will produced
 e.g. sound produced by larger drum will be loud then a small drum.
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f. Distance from vibrating body: -

 Loudness of sound also depends upon the distance between producer
 and listener.
 Greater distance between them result in faint sound.
 Less distance between them results in loud sound.

ii) Intensity of Sound: -

 Sound energy flowing per second through a unit area held
perpendicular to the direction of sound waves is called the intensity f s und.
 It is physical quantity and does not depend on the condition of ear.
iii) Pitch of Sound: -
 The characteristic of sound by which a shrill sound and grave sound can
 be distinguished.
 Higher pitch shows lower frequency.
 Frequencies of voices of ladies and children are greater and their voice is
 shrill.
 The frequencies of old men are lesser and their ou d is grave.
iv) Quality of Sound: -
The characteristics of sound by which two ounds of same loudness and
pitch can be distinguished.
v) Noise & Music: -
  The sound, which has pleasant effe t on our ears, is called Music.
 The sound, which produces jarring effect on our ears, is called noise.

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SHORT QUESTIONS
What do you understand by the reflection of light? Draw a diagram to
illustrate reflection at a plane surface.
When light ray is completely returns back into some medium after falling from a
polished surface is called “reflection of light”

Describe the following terms used in reflection.

Normal:
The perpendicular drawn on the reflecting plane, at point f incidence of ray of light as
called “normal”.
Angle of Incidence:
The angle between incident ray and normal is called angle of incidence.
Angle of reflection:
The angle between reflected ray and normal is c ed angle of reflection.

State laws of reflection. Describe how they can be verified graphically.

st
1 Law:
It states that angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
<AON = <ONB = <i = <r
nd
2 Law:
It states that incident ray, ref ected ray and normal lie in the same plane.

Define refraction of light. Describe the passage of light through parallel

sided transparent material.
The bending of light rays coming from one medium and enters into another medium.
This property of light is called "refraction" of light.
Explanation:
Consider a slab of glass (parallel sided transparent material) as shown in figure
below:
A ray of light IQ travelling from air falls on the surface of a glass block.
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At air-glass interface, the ray of light IQ changes its directi and bends toward the
normal and travels along the path OR ray inside the glass bl ck. The rays IQ and OR
are called incident and refracted ray respectively.
Angle of incidence:
The angle <i made by incident ray with norm l is c lled angle of incidence.
Angle of refraction:
The angle <r made by refracted ray with norm is c lled angle of refraction.
Normal:
The refracted light my leaves the glass it bends away from the normal and travels
along the path ME. It is called emergent ray.

State the laws of refracti n f light n show how they may be verified using
rectangular glass slab and pins.
st
1 Law:
Lt states that incident ray, ormal and refracted rays lie in same plane.
nd
2 Law:
It states that ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction
is constant (Snell‟s la )

What is meant by the term total internal refection?

When a light ray is incident upon the separating surface, coming from denser medium
for hich angle of reflection in rare medium is greater than 90° then it is called total
internal reflection.

State the condition for total internal reflection?

i) The incident ray should come from denser medium at angle of incidence greater
then critical angle.
ii) The totally reflected ray is received in the same denser medium.

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What is critical angle? Derive a relationship between the critical angle and
the refractive index of a substance.
Critical Angle:
The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which corresponding angle of
0
refraction is 90 in the rarer medium is called the critical angle. This angle of
incidence is denoted by C.
Relationship between Critical Angle and Refractive Index:
Let‟s say that the less dense medium is air (n=1). Then the refractive index f the
second medium is:

n = sin i /sin r
= sin 90° / sin
c n = 1 / sin c

So, REFRACTIVE INDEX:

n = 1 / sin c or 1 divided by sin c
c = critical angle for the medium

What are optical fibers? Describe how tot l internal reflection is used in light
propagating through optical fibers.
Optical Fiber is a strand of glass or plastic not much thicker than human hair uses
light signals to transfer information from one end to other.
Explanation:
The central part of the optical fiber is ma e up of glass or plastic having relatively high
refractive index called cone through which light travels. The core is surrounded by a
coaxial layer of glass (with sm ll index of refraction) or plastic called cladding having
low refractive index.

As shown in figure the light entering the optical fiber strikes the cladding with an
angle greater than the critical angle of the glass it is totally reflected into the core. In
this way light travels many kilometers with small loss of energy.

Define the following terms applied to a lens:

Principal axis:
The line passing through pole and focal point is called principle axis of lone.
Optical centre:
The central symmetric point of a lens is called optical centre.
Focal length:
The distance between focal point and optical centre of lens is called its focal length.
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What is meant by the principal focus of a (a) convex lens (b) a concave lens?
Illustrate your answer with my diagrams
In concave mirror rays of light parallel to the principal axis after reflection converge
to a point F. This point is called Principal Focus.

In convex mirror, rays parallel to the principal axis after reflection appear to come
from a point F situated behind the mirror. This point is called Principal Focus.

Describe how light is refracted through convex lens.

Convex lens bends the light towards the principal axis that is towards thickest part of
the lens after refraction.

With the help f a ray diagram, how you can show the use of thin converging
lens as a magnifying glass.
If object is placed at between optical point and F, the image is formed behind the
object, virtual, erect and larger than the object.

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A coin is placed at a focal point of a converging lens. Is an image formed?

What is its nature?
If a coin (object) is placed at a focal point of a converging lens its image is not formed
because rays become parallel after passing through the lens.

What are the difference between real and virtual images?

Real image is that image which can be formed on a screen but the virtual i age
cannot formed on a screen.

How does a converging lens form a virtual image of a real obje t? How does a
diverging lens can form a real image of a real object?
In case of converging lens: A virtual image is formed of a real obj ct when it is placed
between the focal point and optical centre of the lens.

Define power of a lens and its units.

The power of a lens is the reciprocal of focal length in meters. The SI unit of power is
called diopter, represented as D. The power of a lens with (f = 1m) is said to be one
diopter.
P = 1/f

Define the passage of light through a g ss prism and measure the angle of
deviation.

Prism is a transparent and refracted me ium made up of optical glass with at least
two polished plane faces inclined tow r s each other from which light is refracted. A
triangular prism is shown in figure below:

According to the law of refraction n = Sin i / Sin r

The incident ray PE makes an angle of incidence <i at point B and is refracted to ards
the normal N as BF. The refracted ray makes an angle of refraction <r inside the
prism and travels to the other end of the prism.

This ray emerges out from the prism at point P making an angle e. Hence the
emerging ray FS is not parallel to the incident ray EF but it is deviated by an angle D
which is called angle of deviation.

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Define the terms resolving power and magnifying power.
Resolving Power:
The resolving power of an instrument is its ability to distinguish between two closely
placed objects or point sources. For example we use high resolving power microscope
to see tiny organisms and telescope to view distant stars.
Magnifying Power (Angular Magnification:
The magnifying power is defined as “The angular size θ of the final image pr duced by
the magnified glass divided angular size θ of the final image produ ed by the
magnified glass divided the angular size θ of the object seen without the magnifying
glass.

What is light? How non-luminous objects can be seen?

Light is a form of energy that gives the sensation of vision. Light is the
electromagnetic radiations. When light from a source falls n a non-luminous object
then it is reflected, refracted or absorbed. This light received in the eyes of observer
and give sense of observation of object.

What is reflection of light? What are its type ?

The bouncing back of light into same medium is c lled reflection of light. It has two
types:-
Regular reflection:
It occurs when light is reflected through smooth surface.
Diffused or Irregular reflection:
It occurs when light is reflected through irregular surface.

Define spherical mirror. Wh t re their types?

The minor made up of a pan f surface of a hallow sphere of glass/plastic is called
"spherical mirror”. There are two types of spherical minors.
Concave Spherical mirror:
The spherical mirror havi g its inner reflecting surface is called concave spherical
mirror. Rays parallel to principal axis after reflection pass through the focal point.
Both real and virtual images can be formed by ths type of mirror.
Convex Spherical mirror:
The spherical mirr r having its outer reflecting surface is called convex spherical
mirror. Rays parallel to principal axis after reflection seem to be coming from the focal
point Only virtual and erect images is formed by a convex mirror.

Explain different type of technologies used in case of spherical mirrors.

Center of curvature (C):
The center of the hollow sphere a part of whose surface is used to make spherical
mirror is called center of curvature.
Radius of curvature (R):
The radius of hollow sphere, a part of whose surface is used to make a spherical
mirror is called “radius of curvature” of the mirror.

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Aperture:
The length of straight line which divides the spherical mirror into two equal parts is
called diameter or aperture of mirror.
Pole / Vertex:
The central symmetrical point of a spherical mirror is called pole of mirror. It is also
called vertex.
Principle axis:
The straight line passing through principle focus and pole of spherical mirr r is called
its principle axis.
Principle focus:
The point at which parallel incident rays, after reflection from pherical mirror
converge (or appear to converge) is called its principle focus.
Focal length:
The distance from "pole" to principle focus of a spherical mirr r is called its focal
length. For concave mirror it is taken as positive and for c nvex mirror it is taken as
negative.
What is the relationship between focal length and radius of
curvature? The focal length is related to the radius of curv ture by f = R/2
What is corpuscular nature of light?
In the early 1700s, there were two ideas about the n ture of light. Particle nature and
Wave nature. Newton put forward the idea of orpuscular nature of light. According to
him light consists of tiny fast moving parti les. Maxwell formulated the wave theory of
light. In I802, Thomas Young proved the wave nature of light experimentally. In 1900
Planck suggested that light consists of small packets of energy called photon. Later on
idea of photon was confirmed by experiments. Now we know that light dual nature.
Light as well as Particle nature.

What is mirror equation a d give its sign convention?

Mirror formula is the relation between object distance p, image distance q from the
mirror and focal length of the mirror. We can write this:
1 1 1
--- = --- + ---
f p q

  Focal length f is positive for concave mirror and negative for convex mirror.
 Object distance p is positive for real object and negative for virtual object.
 Image distance q is positive for real image and negative for virtual image.

Define magnification of spherical mirrors.

Definition of magnification is that “how many times the size of image formed by
spherical mirror is greater than the size of object". Mathematically we write
Size of image hi
Magnification = ----------------------------- = m = ----
Size of object ho
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What is total internal reflection of light? What are its conditions?

When angle of incidence becomes larger than the „critical angle, no refraction occurs.
The entire light is reflected back into same denser medium. This process is called total
internal reflection.
Conditions:
 When light ray is travelling from a glass (denser medium) to air (rare ediu ).
The light my bends away from normal. If the angle of incidence increases then
angle of refraction also increases.
 At some particular angle of incidence at which the „angle of refra ti n bec mes
o
 90 is called “critical angle". It is denoted by θc.
 Light ray should be incident from denser.
 Angle of incidence (in denser medium must be greater han θc)

What are totally reflecting prism and periscope.

o
Consider a right-angled prism whose one of the angles is 90 and ther angles are 45
each. When a light ray strikes a face of prism perpe dicularly, it enters the prism
without deviation and strikes the hypotenuse at an a gle of 45°. Since the angle of
incidence 45° greater than the critical angle of the gla which in 42° , the light is
totally reflected by the prism through an angle of 90°
Periscope:
Two such prisms (totally internal reflecting) re used in periscope. The light is totally
o
reflected by an angle of 180 .

What is mirage? Explain.

The mirage is formed by the pr cess of total internal reflection. The rays of light
coming from upper layers c er layer of air (denser) and enter into lower hotter layers
of air (rare). Then these ays bend away from normal because hotter layers of air are
less dense than coo er ayers. When thin process continues in the layer by layer, then
light is ultimately suffers total internal refraction and an inverted image of trees or
buildings is observed on roads. It is called mirage.

What is Lens? What are its types?

The piece of transparent refracting medium, whose boundary surface has some part
of spherical shape is called lens. It has 6 types:
Plano-convex Double convex Concave-convex Plano concave
Double concave Convexo concave

What are the three rays used for the formation of images in case of lenses?
 The ray parallel to the principal axis passes through the focal point after
 refraction by the lens.
 The ray passing through the optical centre passes straight through the lens and
 passes un-deviated.
 The ray passing through the focal point becomes parallel to the principal axis
after refraction by the lens.

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LONG QUESTIONS
Write notes on the followings.
Light pipe:
Light pipe is bundle of thousands of optical fibers bounded together. They are used to
illuminate the inaccessible places by the doctors and engineers. For example d ctors
view inside the human body. It can be used to transmit images from ne place to
another.
Endoscope:
An endoscope is a medical instrument used for diagnos ic surgical purposes. An
endoscope uses two optical fibers tubes through a pipe.
Process of Endoscope:
Due to small size it is inserted through the mouth and thus eliminates the invasive
surgery. The light shines on the organ of patient to be diagn sed while entering
through one of the fiber tubes of the endoscope. Then light is transmitted back to
physician's viewing lens through the other fiber tube by total internal reflection.
Flexible endoscope has a tiny camera attached to the end. Doctor can see the view
recorded by the camera is displayed on a computer creen.

A medical procedure using any type of endos ope is called endoscopy. For example
Gastroscopy, Cystosopy and Bronchos opy means endoscope is used to diagnose
stomach, bladder and throat respectively.

>> Question: Derive the c nvex lens formula?

Consider the following figure:

i) An object OA, is placed in front of a thin convex lens.

ii) A ray of light starting from point „A‟, moving parallel to the principal axis
strikes the lens at the point „E‟.
iii) After refraction through the lens, it passes through the principal pocus F.
iv) A second ray AC also starting from „A‟ passes through the optical centre of the
lens and moves straight (un-deviated) and intersects the first refracted ray at
the point „B‟.
v) Thus „B‟ is the real image of point „A‟.

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IB of the object OA is obtained. TH
PHYSICS FOR 10
vii) Distance of the object from the lens isCLASS (UNIT # 12)
represented by p and that of image by q.
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∆OAC and ∆IBC are similar because angle ACO = angle BCI. Also one angle in
0
each triangle is 90 .

AO OC
---- = ---- ----------------------- (i)
BI CI

Similarly, ∆EFC and ∆BFI are similar.

CE CF
--- = ---
BI FI

EC = AO

AO CF
--- = --- ----------------------- (ii)
BI FI

Comparing Equation (i) and Equation (ii) we get,

OC CF
--- = --- (As we know CI - CF)
CI FI

OC CF
--- = -------------
CI CI – CF

Now CI=q, OC=p and CF =f

P f
-- = -------
q (q – f)

fq = p (q - f)

fq = pq – pf

Dividing both sides by pqf, we get

1 1 1
--- = --- + ---
f p q
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What is Accommodation with respect to human eye? Explain.

The variation of focal length of human eye lens is called accommodation. The human
eye has different mechanism for focusing the image of an object onto the retina. Its
ciliary muscles control the curvature and thus the focal length of the lens and allow
the object at various distances to be seen.
 If the object is far away from the eye the deviation of light through the lens
must be less. To do this, the ciliary muscles relax and decrease the curvature of
the lens so by increasing the focal length. The rays focus on retina pr ducing a
 sharp image of the distant objects.
 If the object is close to the eye, the ciliary muscles increa es the urvature of the
lens so by shorting the focal length. The divergent rays from the nearer
object are thus bent more so as to come to a focus on he r ina.

Write a note on human eye. Also describe Near Point & Far Point.
Human eye has a refracting system having a converging lens that forms an image on
the retina which is a light sensitive layer at the back f the eye as shown in the
following diagram. The lens of the eye is flexible a d accommodates objects over a
wide range of distance.
Cornea:
Light enters the eye through a transparent membr ne called cornea.
Iris:
Iris is the colored portion of the eye and it ontrols the amount of light reaching the
retina. It has a opening at its center called the pupil. The iris control the size of pupil.
In bright light it contracts and in dim light it enlarged.

Near Paint / Least distance f distinct vision:

The near point of the eye is the minimum distance of an object from the eye at which
it produces a sharp image the retina. This distance is also called least distance of
distinct vision. Its value for orm al aye is 25 cm.
Far Point:
The far point of the eye is he maximum distance of a distant object from the eye or
which the fully relaxed eye can focus. A person with normal eyesight can see objects
very far away such as planets and stars.

What the defects of vision?

Near sightedness / Short-sight / Myopia:
 If a person cannot see distant objects clearly without aid of spectacles, this
 defect is known as short-sight or near-sightedness.
 It is due to the eyeball is too long that the light rays from a distant object are
 focused in front of retina and a blurred image is produced.
 This defect is removed with glass or contact lenses that use diverging lenses.
Light rays from the distant objects are now diverged by this lens before
entering the eye. For observer these rays appear to come from far point and
therefore focused on the retina forming sharp image.

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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 12)
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Far-sightedness / Hypermetropia:

 If a person cannot see nearby objects clearly without aid of spectacles. This
 defect is known as farsightedness.
 When a person with farsightedness defect tries to focus on a book held closer
than the near point, it shortens the focal length as much as it can. However at
its shortest the focal length is longer than it should be. Therefore the light rays
 from book would form image behind the retina.
 This defect is removed with glass or contact lenses that use converging lenses.
The lens refracts the light rays and they converge to form an image on the
retina. To the observer these rays appear to come from the near point to form
sharp and virtual image on the retina.

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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 12)
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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 12)
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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 12)
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 TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 13)
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THEORY & SOLVED EXERCISE

How can you show by simple experiment that there are two types of electric
charges?
 Take a plastic rod rubbed with fur and suspended horizontally.
 Bring another plastic rod already rubbed with fur close to the suspended r d.
 The suspended rods show repulsion. It means during rubbing they get same kind
 of charges.
 Now take a glass rod which is rubbed with silk.
 It is brought near another plastic rod (already rubbed with fur) and u pended.
 It also shows attraction.
 These two experiments confirm the presence of two

What is the method of charging bodies by electrostatic i duction?

The process of charging an insulated conductor develops positive charge at one end
and negative charge at the other end in the pre ence of a charged body is called
electrostatic induction.

How does electrostatic induction differ from ch rging by friction?

 In case of electrostatic induction the body is not physically in contact with the
 other body to be charged.
 The charged body is brought near to the body to be charged.
 But in case of friction the surf ces of the two bodies are rubbed with each other, so
there is mutual transfer f electrons.

What is gold leaf electr sc pe? Discuss as working principle with a label
diagram.
An electroscope is an i strume t used for detecting and testing the nature of charge
on a body. One special type of electroscope is gold leaf electroscope.

Construction / Structure: -
i) It consists of a brass rod which has a brass disc connected to its upper end.
ii) Two very thin gold leaves are attached to its lower end.
iii) By the help of cork this assembly is mounted inside a glass jar with a brass disc
projected outside.

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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 13)
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iv) A thin foil of aluminium is pasted in the inner surface of jar.
Use/Working of Electroscope: -

i) First of all electroscope will have to be charged with +ev or –eve charge.
ii) In order to charge the electroscope positively, touch the disc with positively
charged body and vice versa.
iii) In order to detect the presence of charge on a body bring it near the disc.
iv) If the divergence of leaves increases then the body has the same kind f charge
as the electroscope carrying.
v) If the divergence of leaves decreases then the body has the opposite harge as
the electroscope carrying.

Suppose you have a glass rod which becomes positively charged when you
rub it with wool. Describe, how would you charge he l ctroscope i) negatively
ii) positively?
 In order to produce positive charge on the electrosc pe, bring a negative charged
 rod near the disk of the electroscope.
 Positive charge will appear on the disk and negative chares will shift to the leaves.
 Now connect the disk of electroscope to the earthed aluminum foil by connecting
 wires.
 Charges of the leaves will flow to the earth through the wire.
 Now if we first break the earth connections nd then remove the nod the
 electroscope will be left with positive harges.
 Similarly we can charge it negatively by using positively charged rod.

With the help of electroscope how you can find presence of charge on a
body?
 If a neutral rod is brought near the disk of electroscope, there is no deflection on
 the leaves of the electrosc pe.
 When a positively or egatively charged rod is brought near the disk of electroscope
then in either case the gold leaves diverge or distance between the two increases.

Describe how y u would determine the nature of the charge on a body by

using electr sc pe.
 We take a charged electroscope. The sign of charge positive or negative on its
 leaves is already known. Consider the electroscope is positively charged.
 Now a charged body is brought near the disk of the positively charged
 electroscope.
 If the divergence of the leaves increases then the body carries positive.
 On the other hand if the divergence decreases then the body carries negative
charge.

What is meant by electric field and electric intensity?

 An electric field is the region around any electric charge q within which it can
exert coulumb’s force on any other electric charge when placed in it.

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(Page 2 of 6)
 The strength of electric field at any point in space is known as electric field
intensity. It is represented by E. TH
Explain Coulomb’s law PHYSICS FOR 10
of electrostatic CLASS (UNIT # 13)
and write its mathematical form?
============================================================
 It states that the force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is directly
proportional to product of the magnitudes of the point charges.
Mathematically F α q1q2
 And this force is inversely proportional to the square to the distance between
these two charges.
2
Mathematically Fα1/r

Combining these two facts we get
2
Fαq1q2/r

q1q2
F = k --------
2
r
 The constant of proportionally K depends upon the ature of medium between
the two point charges

Is electric intensity a vector Quantity? Wh t will be its direction?

Electric intensity is a vector quantity.lts direction is the same as the direction of
Coulomb’s force.

Find the electric intensity due to point charge q?

Consider a charge q is placed t point, it is called field charge and a unit positive
charge qo experiences a force F when pl ced inside electric field of charge q.
Mathematically:
The force experienced by u it charge is = F / qo
F
It is also known as value of electric field intensity E = -----
qo

How would y u define potential difference between two points? Define its
unit.
Electric potential at a point in electric field is equal to the amount of work done in
bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that point. Its unit is Volt.
One Volt:
The electric potential is said to be one volt, if one joule work work is done in brining a
one coulomb positive charge.

Show that the difference can be described as energy transfer per unit charge
bet een the two paints.
If W is the amount of work done in moving a charge q from infinity to a certain point
against in the field. So that W/q = work done on unit charge.
It is converted into P.E. The electric potential is denoted by symbol V where V =W/q

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 TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 13)
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Describe
This showscapacitor as an
that “electric energy
potential is staring
equal todevice?
electric potential energy per unit charge.
We define capacitor is a charge storing -1 device but in actual it is energy storing device.
It isorder
In scalar
toquantity.
store theIts SI unit
charge onisaJC . It is called
capacitor work Volt.
is to be done, due to which electric
potential is changed. So that energy is stored in the capacitor. The formula for the
2
energy stored in a capacitor is given as E = ½ CV
Where C is the capacitance and V is the potential difference.

What do you mean by the capacitance of a capacitor? Define units of

capacitance.
Capacitance of capacitor is the ability to store the charge. By he capacitor equation:
Q = CV, or C = Q/V
SI Unit of capacitance is “farad”. One farad is the capacitance f hat capacitor which
can store an electric charge of one coulomb when the p tential difference applied
across the capacitor is one volt.

Derive the formula for the effective capacitance for a series combination of a
number of capacitors.
 Each capacitor has the same charge acro it.
Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3
 The potential difference across ea h apa itor is different due to different values
 of the capacitances.
 The voltage V of the battery has been divided among the capacitors, we can
 write
V = V1 + V2 + V3 ………………………………… (1)
 The equations for three capacit rs are
Q = C1V1 = V1 = Q/C1
Q = C2V2 = V2 = Q/C2
Q = C3V3 = V3 = Q/C3
 Adding the above equations, we get
V = V1 + V2 + V3
V = Q/C1 + Q/C2 + Q/C3
V=Q(1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3)
 The equation for the single equivalent capacitor is

 Putting value of V in equation (1)

Q/Ceq = Q(1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3)

1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3

Discuss different types of capacitors.

Paper Capacitor:
  Paper capacitor is an example of fixed capacitors.
 The paper capacitor has a cylindrical shape.

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 
Usually an oiled or greased
PHYSICS paper
FOR 10or aCLASS
TH thin plastic sheet is used as dielectric
(UNIT # 13)
 medium between the two aluminum foils.
============================================================
 The paper or plastic sheet is firmly rolled in the form of cylinder and then it is
closed into a plastic case.

 It is another example of fixed capacitor.

 In such kind of capacitor mica is used as dielectric between the two etal plates.

  Wires are projected out of the case for making connections.

 If the capacitance is to be increased large numbers of plates are piled up, one
over the other.

 Such capacitor is used to large amount of charge at rela iv ly low voltage.

 It consists of a metal foil in contact with an electr ly e s lu ion that conducts
 charge by virtue of the motion of the ions contained in it.
 When voltage is applied between the foil and the s luti n, a thin layer of metal
oxide (an insulator) is formed on the foil, thus this layer serves as the dielectric

What is difference between variable and fixed type capacitor?

Fixed Capacitor:
The capacitor having the fixed capacitance. It is due to its constant area of storing
the charge is called fixed Capacitor. For examp e paper and mica are fixed capacitors.
Variable capacitor:
In variable capacitors some arrangement is made to change the area of the plates
facing each other.

Enlist some uses of capacit rs.

Capacitors are widely used in e ectrical and electronic circuits. For example:
  They are used in tu i g circuits of T.V. and radio in electric motors/fans etc.
 They are used in electro ic circuits of computers etc.
 They are used to differentiate between high frequency and low frequency
 signals. They in used as filters in the circuits of rectifiers.
 The ceramic capacitors are true durable and an: superiors in their use.

Discuss one application of static electricity.

Static electricity has wide application in our daily life like photocopying, car painting
and extracting dust from dirty capes and from chimneys of industrial machinery. One
of them is give below.
Electrostatic Air Cleaner:
 An electrostatic air cleaner is used in homes to relieve the discomfort of allergy
 suffers.
 Air is mixed with dust and pollen enters the device names positively charged mesh
 semen.
 The airborne particles become positively charged when they make contact with the
 screen.
 Then they pass through a second negatively charged mesh screen.
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 The electrostatic force PHYSICS
of attraction between
FOR 10
TH the
CLASS positively
(UNIT # 13) charged particles in the
air and negatively charged screen causes the particles to precipitate outer the mm
============================================================
 of the screen.
 Through this process we can removes a very high percentage of contaminants
from the air stream.

What are hazards of static electricity?

Lightening:
 The phenomenon of lightening occurs due to a large quantity of ele tric hare build
 up in the heavy thunderclouds.
 The thunderclouds are charged by friction between the water molecules in the
 thunderclouds and the air molecules.
 When the charge on the thunderclouds is sufficiently high.
 It can produce positive and negative charges in the air.
 The huge amount of negative charge is discharged to the highest object and on
 the ground and can harm them.
 That is why it is dangerous to swim in the open ea, play in an open ground during
 a thunderstorm.
 To prevent the tall building from damaging, lightening conductors are used.
 The purpose of this conductor is to provide di ch rge path to flow charges from air
top of building to earth.

 A fire or explosion may occur due to ex essive build-up of electric charge produced
 by friction.
 In case of fuel carrier (gasoline/petrol) truck gets charge through tires due to
 friction.
 This excess of charge can cause fire or explosion.
 To avoid such accide t a c nducting chain is suspended from the truck touching
 road.
 So the excess of charge flow to earth from the body of the truck.
 In case of aero plane, it gets charge on it due to air friction.
 There are quenching machines in the aero plane which neutralize the body of aero
 plane constantly.
 When the plane lands it is earthed to cause the flow of excess of charges to earth.

An electrified rod attracts pieces of paper. After a while these pieces fly
away. Why?
When an electrified rod brings close to a piece of paper, opposite electric charges
appear on piece of paper due to electrostatic induction. After attraction the positive
charge body attracts the electrons from other so become neutral. Force finishes and
paper flies away.

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Define electric current. TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 14)
The rate of flow of electric charge through any cross-sectional area is called electric
============================================================
current. If the charge Q is passing through an area A in time t second, then the
current flowing through it will be I,
Current = charge/time
I = q/t
The unit of current is ampere in SI system.
Ampere:
One ampere is the amount of electric current due to the flow of electric harge at the
rate of one coulomb per second.

What is meant by conventional current?

A current produced due to flow of negative charges is equival nt o a current due to
flow of an equal amount of positive charge in opposite direc i n. This equivalent
current of positive charge is known as conventional current.

Which type of charge is responsible for the flow of current in metallic

conductors?
In metals or metallic conductors, the current is due to the flow of free electrons i.e.
negative charges. For example in a copper wire there are large numbers of free
electrons which are in random motion. When we pply potential difference across the
wire, these free electrons move through the wire.

In electrolyte which charge are responsible for the flow of current?

The molecules of the electrolyte re issolved among positive and negative ions in a
solution. Thus current in electr lytes is due to the flow of both positive and negative
charges.

How energy is obtai ed due to flow of charges.

When a positive charge moves from a point of higher potential to the point of lower
potential, it gains the energy from the electric field. During flow of electric current,
positive charges fl c ntinuously from a high potential to a low potential point. Thus
the electric current becomes a continuous source of energy.

How a galvanometer is converted into voltmeter?

The galvanometer is converted into voltmeter by connecting suitable resistance in
series ith it. The value of the resistance depends upon the range of the voltmeter.
Usually its value is several thousand ohms. Thus the resistance of a voltmeter is very
high.

How a galvanometer is converted into ammeter?

Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a small resistance
parallel to it. This small resistance is known as “shunt”. Shunt provides an alternative
path for the current to flow. The major part of the current passes through the shunt
and small fraction of it flows through the galvanometer.

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Why resistance of the ammeter is kept TH low?
the resistance of the ammeter is kept CLASS
PHYSICS FOR 10
high, (UNIT # 14)
If============================================================
then high amount of current flows
through the galvanometer. When high amount of current will flow through the
galvanometer then galvanometer can be burnt. That is why resistance of the
ammeter is kept low.

Why resistance of the voltmeter is kept high?

If the resistance of the voltmeter is comparatively low, it will draw more urrent from
the circuit. Due to this the potential difference across the resistan e f r the
measurement, of which the voltmeter was connected, would drop.

On what factor reliability of voltmeter depend?

Higher the resistance of the voltmeter, more reliable would be i s r adings. Therefore
a good voltmeter should have such a high resistance so that no r very little current
could pass through it.

Differentiate between electromotive force and pote tial difference.

Electromotive Force:
The electromotive force of a battery or cell is the total energy supplied in driving one
coulomb charge round a complete circuit in which cell is connected.
Potential Difference:
The potential difference determines the energy between any two points of the circuit
which is required in moving a charge from one point to another.

State and explain Ohm’s law. Write own its limitations.

The value of current I passing thr ugh a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference V app ied acr ss its ends, provided the temperature and the
physical state of the co duct r d es not change.
V α I
V = IR
Limitations:
Ohm’s law is applicable only in case of metallic conductors when their temperature
and physical state not change.

Define resistance and its unit.

The property of a substance which opposes the flow of current through it is called its
resistance.
R = V/I
S.I unit of resistance is Ohm.
Ohm:
If a current of one ampere passes through it when a potential difference of one volt is
applied across its ends then resistance would be one Ohm. Ohm is usually
represented by the Greek letter (Ω).

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(Page 2 of 14)
What are the factors upon which the TH resistance of u conductor depends?
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 14)
 Length of the conductor (L)
 ============================================================
 Area of cross-section of the conductor (A)
 Nature of the conductor
 Temperature.

Why does the resistance of a conductor increase with the rise f its
temperature?
When the temperature of the conductor rises, average speed of the rand m m ti n of
the free electrons increases which enhances the rate of collision of ele trons and
atoms. This causes an increase in the resistance of the conductor.

Why do we always use metal wires for conduction of elec rici y?

Because, they are good conductors of electricity and offer less resistance to the flow
of current.

What do you mean by insulators?

The substances through which almost no current flow are called insulators. For
example glass, wood, plastic, fur, silk etc.

State Joule's Law.

The amount of heat generated in a resistan e due to flow of charges is equal to the
product of square of current I, resistan e R and the time duration t.
2
W = I Rt

Define electric power.

The amount of energy supp ied by current in unit time is known as electric power.
Work QV = ------- = P = ----
Power Time t = IV = I2R

Define kilowatt h ur?

The amount f energy delivered by a power of one kilowatt in one hour is called
kilowatt - hour Mathematically:
One kilowatt - hour 1 kwh = 1000 w x 1 hour

Differentiate between A.C and D.C.

Alternating Current (A.C.):
The current which changes its direction again and again is called alternating current.
AC current can transfer electrical energy over the long distance.
The frequency of AC is 50Hz.
Direct Current (D.C.):
A current which always flows only in one direction is called direct current.
The DC cannot travel very far until it begins to lose energy.
The frequency of DC is zero.

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What are live and neutral wires? TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 14)
Neutral wire:
============================================================
  One wire is earthed at the power station, so it is at zero potential.
 This wire is called neutral wire.
 This wire provides the return path of current.
 It is a black or blue in colour.

 The other wire on power station is at some certain potential called the live wire.
 The potential difference between both wires is 220.
 It is red or brown in colour.

How electricity Is dangerous for us?

 Our body is a good conductor of electricity through which current can easily
pass.
 Therefore if a person holds live wire, then because f the presence of voltage in
it, current will start flowing to ground through the human body which may
prove fatal for the person.

What is a cable?
An insulated covered wire is known as cab e.

Define fuse and write down its prin ip e.

A small wire connected in series with the live wire is known as fuse wire or fuse.
Principle:
A specified amount of current c n s fely pass through it. When the current following
through it exceeds this limit, it gets so hot that it melts.

What is Circuit Breaker? A so write down its principle.

It is a safety device which is used in place of fuse. Due to any fault when the current
exceeds the safety limit, then the button of the circuit breaker moves upward. Due to
which the circuit breaks and the flow of the current is stopped in it.
Principle:
It works on the principal of electromagnet. As soon as the current exceeds the limit,
the magnetic f rce f the electromagnet is so increased that it attracts the iron strip
towards it Hence the contact points are separated and the circuit breaks.

How earth ire is useful to us? Principal of earth wire.

Whenever the metal casing of the appliance, due to faulty insulation, gets connected
ith the live wire, the circuit shorts and a large current would immediately flow to
ground through the earth wire and causes the fuse wire to melt or the circuit breaker
breaks the circuit. Therefore, the person who is using the appliance is saved.

What is mean by electromotive force? Write its equation and explain its unit.
The electromotive force of a battery or cell is the total energy supplied in driving one
coulomb charge round a complete circuit in which cell is connected.

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(Page 4 of 14)
 TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 14)
============================================================
Energy W
In other words, it is the energy supplied by a battery to a unit charge when it flows
e.m.f. =-------- =E=---
through the closed circuit.
Charge Q
Equation:
Unit of e.m.f.
-1
SI units of energy and charge are Joule and coulomb, then the unit of emf will be JC

Explain the V-I characteristics of Ohmic and non Ohmic conductor

Ohmic Conductor:
Ohmic conductors have a linear current-voltage relationship ov r a wide range of
applied voltages.
The straight line shows a constant ratio between voltage and current, So Ohm’s law is
obeyed.
For example most metals show Ohmic behavior.
Non-Ohmic Conductor:
Non Non-Ohmic materials have a non-linear current-voltage relationship.
For example, Filament lamp, Thermister, Fi ment l mp

Define and explain the term spe ific resistance. Discuss different factors
which affect the resistance of con u tors
The resistance of one meter cube of a substance is called its specific resistance.
Explanation:
A short pipe offers less resistance to w ter flow than a long pipe. A pipe with larger
cross-sectional area offers ess resistance than the pipe having smaller cross-sectional
area.
Same is the case for resista ce of wire that carry current the resistance of wire
depends both on the cross-sectional area and length of the wire, current flow also
depends upon the nature of the material of the wire.
Factors:
a) Length f C nductor = Longer wires have more resistance.
b) Cross-Secti nal Area = Thick wires have less resistance.
c) Nature of Conductor = Copper wire has less resistance than steel wire.
d) Temperature

Mathematically:

R α L
R α 1/A
R α L/A
R = p L/A
Where (p) is the constant of proportionality and known as specific resistnace.

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(Page 5 of 14)
How are resistances connected in series?
PHYSICS FOR 10
TH What
CLASS are#characteristics
(UNIT 14) of this
combination?
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i) In this method only one path is present for flow of current because
resistances are connected end to end.
ii) The magnitude of current through each resistor is same.
iii) The sum of voltages across each resistor is equal to the voltage of
battery.
V = V1 + V2 + V3
If current is passing through resistors R1 ,R2 ,R3 then
V = IR1 +IR2 +IR3
V = I(R1 +R2 +R3)
iv) The equivalent resistance Re of a series combina ion is that resistance
which when substituted in place of the combina ion he same current
would flow through the circuit.
R = R1 + R2 + R3 +………….Rn

How are resistances are connected in parallel. What are the characteristics
of this combination?
i) In this combination potential drop cro all the resistances is the same.
ii) The sum of current flowing through the various resistances is equal to the
total current.
I = I1 +I2 +I3
iii) The equivalent resistance Re of the parallel combination is that resistance
which when substituted in place of the parallel combination does not alter
the total current of the circuit.
1/Re = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/Re = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 …………….1/Rn (For n resistances)

Describe the Electric E ergy and Joule’s Law?

i) We know that during flow of current positive charges always flows
towards negative. Thus electric current becomes a continuous source of
energy.

ii) C nsi er two points having a potential difference of V volts. If one c

ul mb f charge passes between these point, the amount of energy
supplied by the charge would be V Joule. Hence when Q coulomb of
charge flows between these two points then we will get QV joule energy.
We can represent it as:
W = QV.
iii) As current is rate of flow of charge so the energy gained during t second
is: -
W = QV =I x t x V ……….(i)
By ohm’s law
V = IR
2
W=I Rt Substituting the value of V in Equ (i)
iv) This energy can be utilized for different functions e.g. fan convert this
energy into mechanical energy.
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Define Cycle. TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 14)
The set of all the value of current during one period is known as one cycle. The
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number of cycles completed by alternating current in one second is called its
frequency.

How Circuit become short?

A short circuit occurs when circuit with a very low resistance is formed. The low
resistance causes the current to be very large.

How insulation damage?

 Electrical current exceeds the rated current carrying capacity of the conductor
it can produce excess current that can damage insulation due o ov rheating of
 cables.
 Constant friction may also remove the insulation fr m he wire.
 Too much moisture also damages the insulation because moisture decrease
resistance and increase the rote of current.

The voltage chosen for the transmission of electrical power over large
distances is many times greater than the voltage of the domestic supply.
State two reasons why electrical power is tr n mitted at high voltage.
i) Sending power at high voltage wou d reduce the power loss in the form of
2
heat dissipation i.e. I Rt. For same power, high voltage means lower current
and hence less power loss.
ii) Sending power at high voltage means low current. It means we need thinner
wires and also less number of repeater step-up transformers to send power
over long destinati ns.

Why is the voltage used f r the d mestic supply much lower than the voltage
at which the power is tra smitted?
Domestic appliances operate on low voltage because high voltage can damage these
instruments. High voltage can also be dangerous for users as it can cause electric
shock. It may also damage property and other valuables as a result of some serious
electric shock.

Which metal is used as the filament of an electric bulb?

Tungsten is used as the filament due to high resistance.

A bird can sit harmlessly on high tension wire. But it must not reach and
grab neighboring wire. Do you know why?
A bird can sit harmlessly on high tension wire as no current passes through its body,
since the potential of the wire is constant. However, if the bird grabs the neighbouring
ire, then due to potential difference of two wires, current will flow through the body
of the bird and can be fatal

In order to measure voltage in a circuit, voltmeter is always connected in

parallel. Discuss.
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 TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 14)
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In this way, voltmeter does not disturb the current and hence the voltage of the
circuit. Due to high resistance of voltmeter, no current passes through it and hence
In order
voltage of to
themeasure current
circuit remains In a circuit, why ammeter Is always connected
unaffected.
in series?
In order to measure current ammeter is always connected in series with the circuit so
that all the current to be measured must flow through it (due to its low resistance).

What is difference between cell and battery?

 Cell is the specific name of source of emf in which chemical energy is converted
into electrical energy.
 Battery is more general name of source of emf in which any kind of nergy (heat,
solar, chemical, mechanical) energy is converted into elec rical energy.

From your experience in watching cars on the roads at ight, are automobile
headlamps connected in series or in parallel?
Head lamps of automobiles are connected in parallel because of the following
reasons:
 The potential difference between head amps rem ins same.
 If one head-lamp is out of order the other mps still glow. Also we can turn ON or
 OFF any individual head lamp independent y, which is only possible if they are
connected in parallel.

It Is Impracticable to connect n electric bulb and an electric heater in series.

Why?
 When appliances are connected in series, total resistance of circuit increases. This
 decreases the curre t a d hence the power through each appliance.
 In order to avoid this oss of current and power, through bulb and heater, they are
connected in parallel.

Does a fuse in a circuit control, the potential difference or the current?

 Fuse in a circuit is used to control the current in the circuit.
 When current exceeds the limited value as allowed by the fuse, it burns out, stops
the current and beaks the circuit.

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 TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 14)
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
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 TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 14)
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 TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 14)
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 TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 14)
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 TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 14)
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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 14)
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 PHYSICS FOR 10 THEORY
TH
CLASS (UNIT # 15)
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Question: Draw the lines of force in case of straight current carrying

conductor?
When electric current flows in straight conductor, then shape of lines of magnetic field
is of concentric circles.

Question: Describe the magnetic field of a current carrying solenoid?

i) A solenoid is a closely wound cylindrical coil of insulated wire.
***Draw fig here from book here.
ii) These lines emerge out from one end of solenoid and af r ncircling around it,
enter into it through other end.
iii) Inside the solenoid the lines of force are parallel and all point in the same
direction.
iv) The pattern of these lines resemble with the li es f magnet.
v) Due to this resemblance we can say that one e d of ole oid behaves like North
Pole and other like South Pole.
vi) The polarity of a current carrying solenoid c n be determined by the following
rules.
a) “Hold the solenoid in your right h nd by curling the fingers in the
direction of the current, the stret hed thumb would indicate towards
the North Pole.”
b) Hold down the end of the current carrying solenoid in front of you, if the
direction of current flow through this end is anticlockwise, it would be North
Pole, otherwise it would be s uth pole.”

Question: How direction f ines f force can be determined?

The direction of lines of force can be determined by the right hand rule. If we grasp
the current carrying co ductor in our right hand with the thumb being stretched in the
direction of current, the fingers would curl in the direction of lines of force.

Question: Describe the nature of force on a current carrying conductor in a

magnetic fiel ?
When a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field, it experiences a force,
which is described in experiment below: -
Experiment: -
i) Take a large size cork and fix two iron nails into opposite faces.
ii) Nails should not touch each other in cork.
iii) Clamp the cork on a stand so that the nails are horizontal.
iv) Now take thick wire and bend it in U shape and make hooks at its tow ends.
v) Now suspend U shaped wire such that it passed from horseshoe magnet.
***Draw Fig here from book.
vi) Connect the two nails with battery and switch.
vii) Press the switch key. Now current will start flowing in wire and wire will moves
inwards.
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viii) This movement of wire is due to the force, which is acting on the side AB of the
wire.
ix) The direction of force acting on side AB of the wire can be found by Fleming’s
left hand rule.

“According to this rule, stretch the thumb, forefinger and the middle finger of the left
hand mutually at right angles to each other. If the forefinger points in the directi n of
magnetic field, the middle finger in the direction of the current, then the thumb w uld
indicate the direction of the force acting on the conductor.”
x) Experiments shows that force acting upon the conductor in u h a case is
directly proportional to sin 0.
xi) So, if the conductor is placed parallel to the field, no force would act upon
the conductor because the value of sin0 is zero in his case.

Question: Write a detailed note on D.C Motor?

Structure: -
i) It consists of rectangular coil abcd mounted on a pi dle so that it can rotate
between the poles of a permanent magnet.
ii) A copper ring is fixed on the spindle of the coil. This ring split into two halves S1
and S2.
iii) Two carbon brushes X and Y are caused to press lightly against the rings.
iv) When these brushes are connected to a battery, the coil starts rotating.
***Draw fig from book here.
Function: -
i) Let the coil is in horizont l position when the current is passed.
ii) Ring S1 is in contact with brush X nd S2 with Y.
iii) According to Fleming’s eft hand rule, the force acting on side ab is directed
upward and onside cd is directed downwards.
iv) Under the action of these two forces, a couple acts on coil, which causes it to
rotate clock ise.
v) When coil reaches the vertical position, the brushes reach to the vacant space
between the split rings and their connection with the coil is cut off and no
current w uld fl w.
vi) But coil c ntinue to move beyond vertical position due to momentum.
vii) Connection of split rings with brushes is again established.
viii) But this time brush X is in contact with the ring S2.
ix) Now the direction of flow of current is reversed but coil continue its rotation
clock ise.
x) In this way D.C Motor converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy,
hich is utilized for different types of work.

Question: Explain the term Electromagnetic Induction?

We know that the lines of force are in the form of concentric circles. In the case of bar
magnet lines start from North Pole and end at South Pole. Then they pass from South
Pole to North Pole through the magnet, thus making a closed loop. The number of

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 www.parahii.com
TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 15)
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magnetic lines of force passing through any surface is known as magnetic flux
through that surface.
If magnetic flux through a coil or a solenoid is changing, an emf is induced in it. This
can be explained by an experiment.
Experiment: -
i) Take a solenoid and connect a galvanometer with its two ends.
ii) If North Pole quickly moved towards the end A of solenoid, the needle of
galvanometer gets deflected, which shows that an emf has been generated in
the solenoid.
iii) Now stop the motion of magnet, we shall see that defle tion in the
galvanometer gets zero.
iv) This means that induced current flows only when magnet is moving.
v) The amount of deflection in galvanometer depends upon he sp d of magnet.
vi) If North Pole moved away from end A, again galvan me er shows deflection but
this time opposite in direction.
vii) Similar results will be obtained if magnet is kept stati nary and solenoid is
moved towards or away from magnet.

From this experiment we conclude that an emf is induced in the coil when there is
relative motion between coil and m gnet. This phenomenon is called
electromagnetic induction.
According to Faraday: -
“The value of the induced emf is ire tly proportional to the rate of change of
flux. This is knows as Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic induction.”

Question: Write a detailed n te n A.C Generator?

A generator, which produces r generates alternating e.m.f. is called A.C Generator.
Construction: -

i) It consists of a rectangular coil, which is rotated between poles of a

permanent mag et.
ii) The ends of ire of coil are soldered with two circular slip rings. These rings
are fixed n arm of the coil.
iii) Two carb n brushes are kept in contact with these slip rings.
iv) At outsi e surface of slip rings connections are taken out to draw electric
current from the coil.

i) The induced emf is generated when coil is rotated by applying mechanical

energy.
ii) Suppose, at the start, coil is vertical with its side A upward.
iii) In this position side A and B are moving along the direction of lines of
magnetic field. Therefore rate of change of magnetic flux is zero. Hence
induced emf is also zero.
iv) After one quarter rotation, side A and B are moving at right angle to the
direction of magnetic lines of force, so rate of change of magnetic flux is
maximum and maximum emf is obtained.

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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 15)
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v) After half quarter rotation, again side A and B move parallel to lines of
magnetic field, so magnetic flux change and emf will be again zero.
vi) After three quarter rotation, side A and B are moving at right angle to the
direction of magnetic lines of force, so rate of change of magnetic flux is
again maximum and again maximum emf is obtained.
vii) Similar graph is completed for every next complete rotation of coil.

Question: Write a note on mutual induction?

***Draw fig from book.
i) In fig two coils X and Y are shown placed close to each other.
ii) Coil X is connected to battery and coil Y is connected to galvanometer
iii) When switch is closed galvanometer shows deflection showing that current is
flowing.
iv) Similarly when switch is open, galvanometer shows pp si e deflection.
v) We can explain these observations on the basis f magnetic flux passing through
passing through two coils.
vi) So we can say that If a current is induced in a circuit due to a change of current
in another circuit, this phenomenon is known as mutual induction.

Question: Write a note on Self Induction?

i) We know that when current passes through coil, it produces magnetic field.
ii) If the current passing through the oil changes, then the magnetic field produced
by it also changes, whi h results in a change in the number of lines of force
passing through the coil.
iii) In other words, the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes.
iv) This causes an induced emf in the coil which is known as self induced emf and
this phenomenon is ca ed self induction.

Question: Write a note on transformer?

This is an electrical device, which is used to increase or decrease the value of
alternating voltage.
Structure: -
i) It consists f two coils, which are wound on two different sides of a rectangular
iron core
ii) One coil is called primary other is called secondary.
Function: -
i) The alternating voltage, whose value is to be altered, is supplied to the primary
due to hich an alternating current begins to flow through it.
ii) This current creates a continuously changing magnetic flux through the primary
coil.
iii) The iron core enhances the magnetic flux to a very large value.
iv) As the flux is continuously changing, therefore, in accordance with the principal
of mutual induction, an alternating voltage is induced across the secondary coil.
v) The value of this voltage depends upon the number of turns in the primary and
secondary coils.
vi) If
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 TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 15)
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a. Np = No. of turns in the primary coil.
b. Ns = No. of turns in the secondary coil.
c. Ep = Voltage applied across primary coil.
d. Es = The required voltage
generated Then

vii) According to this formula, if the voltage applied across primary c il is to be

decreased, i.e. Es < Dp, then Ns would also be smaller as compared to Np. Such
a transfer is called step down transfer.
viii) On the other hand if voltage applied to the primary coil is to be in reased, the
number of turns in the secondary would be large as compared to number of
turns in the primary. Such a transfer is known as a step up ran former.

=*=*=*=*=

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 THEORY
PHYSICS& SOLVED
FOR 10
TH EXERCISE
CLASS (UNIT # 16)
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Describe using one simple diagram in each case, what happens when a
narrow beam of electrons is passed through (a) a uniform electric field (b) a
uniform magnetic field. What do these results indicate about the charge on
the electron?
Uniform Electric Field:
When an electron beam is passed through
a uniform electric field it deflects and
accelerates the electron beam.

Uniform Magnetic Field:

When an electron beam is passed through
a uniform magnetic field it only deflects
the electron beam

The two above results show that electrons c rry neg tive charge.

Explain the working of different parts of osci loscope.

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO):
It is used to display the magnitude of rapi ly hanging electric current or potentials as
a function of time. The inform tion is isplayed on the face end of cathode ray tube
called fluorescent screen. It c nsists f following components:
The Electron Gun:
 It is essential and initial part f cathode ray tube and consists of electron source
 which is electrically heated cathode that ejects electrons.
 It has an electrode called grid G for controlling the flow of electrons in the beam.
 The grid G is at negative potential with respect to cathode.
 By making it m re negative with respect to cathode, so electrons are repelled and
 fewer electr ns reaching the screen.
 It controls the number of electrons so intensity of the beam and hence, the
 brightness of the luminous spot at the screen.
 The two ano es A1 and A2 which are at high positive potential with respect to
cathode F accelerate as well as focus the electron beam to fixed spot on the
screen.

 After leaving the electron gun, the electron beam passes between two pair of
 plates.
 A pair of horizontal plates. A potential difference applied between these plates
deflects the beam in a vertical plane. This pair of plates provides the Y-axis or
 vertical movement of the spot on the screen.
 Similarly, second pair of vertical plates provides the X-axis or horizontal movement
of the spot on the screen.
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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 16)
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The screen of a cathode ray tube Consists of a thin layer of a phosphor, which is a
material that gives light as the result of bombardment by fast moving electrons.
 fluorescent
A screen:
 The phosphor is applied to the inside of the end of the tube by spraying, dusting or
precipitation from a liquid.

Write some uses of oscilloscope.

Cathode ray oscilloscope is a versatile electrical instrument which is in fa t a high
speed graph plotting device.
Voltage Measurement:
Enter the unknown voltage at “Y-input" and the “VOLT/DIV” knob at the oscilloscope
can be tuned to be used as voltmeter.
Time Measurement:
By adjusting the “TIME/DIV" knob the oscilloscope can be used measure the time.
To show the x-t signal:
Oscilloscope can display the time signal (voltage-time r current-time) I output
whether it can be shown in beat high frequency wave.
To show the x-y graph:
The relation between two variables can be di pl yed by entering a horizontal signal
and vertical signal.

Considering an oscilloscope explain the fo owings.

How the filament is heated?
Filament is heated by a battery usually of 6 Volts.
Why the filament is heated?
Filament is heated to get the electr ns by thermionic emission.
Why the anode potential is p sitive with respect to the cathode potential? The
anode potential is positive with respect to the cathode because I electrons being
negatively charged partic es are accelerated towards the anode (positive potential).
Why large potential is applied between anode and cathode.
The degree of deflection and acceleration produced in electrons is proportional to the
strength of the electric field, so high potential will accelerate the electrons to high
speed and they sh t straight through the hole of the anode in a fine beam of electrons

Why the tube is evacuated?

The tube is evacuated because electrons could not collide with other gas to give rise
other electrons and ions.

What is electron gun? Describe the process of thermionic emission.

 Electron gun is an important mean to provide continuous beam of electrons.
 It consists of a evacuated glass tube at a very low pressure.
 The electrons are produced by thermionic emission from a tungsten filament
 heated by a battery, usually 6 V supply.
 A high positive potential (several thousands) is applied to cylindrical anode (+).
 The electrons will be accelerated to a high speed and they shoot straight through
the hole of the anode in a fine beam of electrons.
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What do you understand by digital and TH analogue quantities?
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 16)
Analogue Quantities:
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The analogue quantities are those whose values vary continuously. For example the
variation of temperature with time during a day. This shows that temperature
variation with time is continuous. So we can say that temperature is an analogue
quantity with respect to time. Similarly, pressure, distance covered by a moving car
etc are all analogue physical quantities.
Digital Quantities:
The part of electronics which processes the data provided in the form f digits or
numbers is known as “digital electronics”. Digital electronics uses only two numbers 1
(high) and 0 (low), the whole data is provided in binary sy tem due to which
processing has become very easy.

Differentiate between analogue electronics and digi al electronics. Write

down names of five analogue and five digital devices that are commonly
used in everyday life.
Analogue Electronics:
The section of electronics, which is concerned with circuits processing analogue
quantities like current, voltage etc, is c lled n logue electronics. Five analogue devices
are:
1) Refrigerators 2) Electric fans 3) Electric iron
4) Electric lamps 5) Radio re eiver.
Digital Electronics:
Digital electronics use the digital signal in a sequence of voltage pulses represented in
binary digits “0” and “1”. Computer operates by counting the digits. Fives digital
devices are:
1) Computer 2) T.V. 3) Digital camera
4) Mobile Phone 5) Security system

State and the explain each case whether the information given by the
following devices is in analogue or a digital form.
a) a moving-c il voltmeter measuring the e.m.f of a cell.
It is analogue evice which measure the value of emf of a cell. The deflection of the
moving coil is c ntinu us variation with time. It is analogue signal.

b) a microphone generating art-electric current.

A public address system (loud speaker system) is an example of analogue electronic
system. The microphone converts sound energy into continuously varying
voltage/current. It is called analogue voltage/current signal. This signal is applied to
an amplifier, which is also analogue electronic circuit, which amplifies the signal
ithout changing its shape, which operates the loud speaker.

c) a central heating thermostat controlling the flow of traffic.

The thermostat depends upon the atmospheric temperature which varies continuously
with time. It is an analogue signal. So the thermostat controlling the flow of traffic is
an analogue device.
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 TH
Write down some benefits PHYSICS FORof 10 CLASS
using (UNIT #
digital 16)
electrons over analogue
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electronics.
d) automatic traffic lights controlling the flow of traffic.
Digital electronics use the digital signal in a sequence of voltage pulses represented in
It is a digital system which is being operated between two values “1” high (Present)
binary digits “0” and “1”. Computer operates by counting the digits. The pr ess with
and low “0” (Not present).
numbers becomes fast, reliable and less error as unpaired to analogue signal.
Digital electronics is being used in every modern electronic devi e like modern
telephone system, radar system, naval and other military controlling systems,
modern cameras, control system of operation of indus rial machines, medical
equipment etc.

What are the three universal Logic gates? Give their symbols and truth
tables.
Logic Gates:
The electronic circuit which are designed to implement various logic operations. These
circuits are called logic gates.
AND Gate:
  The electronic circuit which implement AND oper tion is called AND gate.
 In digital electronics 0 and 1 digits are a otted to two potential levels 0 for
 minimum or low, and 1 for maximum or high.
 Usually 0 is used for earth and 1 is used for 5V (typical value).
 The truth table and symbol for AND g te is shown in figure below.

A B X
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
OR Gate:
 The electr nic circuit which implement the truth table of OR operation in called OR
 gate
 The truth table and symbol for such a circuit is shown in figure.
 The gate also has two (or more than two) inputs and has only one output OR
 operation is represented as follows X= A+B.
 It is read as “output X is equal to input A or input B”. The truth table for OR
operation is given below:

A B X
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1

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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 16)
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In this type of operation there is only one Boolean variable as input.
 And
NOR has one Boolean variable as output.
Gate:
 Not operation always negates the sense of input for example if we have logic
 statement that.
 X is student of 1oth class then its negative is the output, which is “X is not student
 of 10th class”.
 This shows that if input is, 1 then output is, O. and if input is zero the utput is
 equal to 1.
 This operation is symbolically written as.
Output = negation of single input A, It is written as

x=A
 It is read as a output is equal to negation of input A. It is also read as “X equals A
 NOT”.
 The truth table for the NOT operation is shown in figure bel w.
A
X=A
1 0
0 1

Name two factors which can enhan e thermionic emission.

It depends upon:
i) The substance used s fil ment because different materials have different
number of free available electrons.
ii) The value of the battery used to make it heated.

Give three reasons to supp rt the evidence that cathode rays are negatively
charged electrons.
  The cathode rays are deflected and accelerated towards positively charged plate.
 The deflection of cathode rays is the presence of magnetic field shows that these
 are negatively charged particles.
 Grid in the scill sc pe is negatively charged and the electrons are repelled by the
grid G It sh ws that cathode rays (electron beam) is negatively charged particles.
When electrons pass through two parallel plates having opposite charges
they are deflected towards the positively charged plate. What important
characteristics of the electron can be inferred from this?
If electrons ill deflect towards the positive charged plate it means electrons are
negatively charged particles.

When a moving electron enters the magnetic field, it is deflected from its
straight path. Name two factors which can enhance electron deflection.
 Fast moving electrons pass through magnetic field, they are deflected from their
 straight path shows that these are charged particles.
 The deflection can be enhanced by increasing the velocity and magnetic field
strength.
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In what ways is an oscilloscope a voltmeter?
TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 16)
Voltage Measurement:
============================================================
Enter the unknown voltage at “Y-input” and the “VOLT/DIV” knob at the oscilloscope
can be tuned to be used as voltmeter.

How can you compare the logic operation X = AB with usual Operation of
multiplication.
There is logic operation which is give by the equation (X = A.B). It is alled AND gate.
The truth table of this gate is given below.
This particular gate holds the usual operation of multiplication.
A B X
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1

NAND gate is the reciprocal of AND gate. Discu

NAND gate is not reciprocal of AND gate. We can ay that NAND gate is inversion of
AND gate. If X is output of NAND gate then m them tically we can write as X = A.B

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 REVIEW QUESTIONS
PHYSICS FOR 10
TH
CLASS (UNIT # 17)
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What is difference between data and information?
Data is raw information in the form of figures, alphabet, or graphics. But information
is a processed data on some logical operations that can be used for useful purposes.

What do you understand by information and communication techn l gy

(ICT)?
Information and communication technology is electronic based system whi h deals
with scientific methods and means to store and process vast amount of information in
seconds and of telecommunication to transmit it almost instantan ou ly
It is combination of two fields, namely "Information T chnology" (IT) and
"Communication Technology" (CT).

What are the components of information tech ol gy? Clearly indicate the
function of each component.
There are five parts (components) work together to produce Computer Based
Information System (CBIS).
1) Hardware:
The term hardware refers to machinery. This includes the computer itself, which is
referred as central processing unit (CPU), nd of its supporting devices like input,
output, storage and communication devi es.
2) Software:
The term software refers to computer programs. Computer programs are machine-
readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the CBIS to
function in ways that produce useful information from data. Programs are usually
stored on disks.
3) Data:
Data are facts that are used by programs to produce useful information. It may in the
form of graphic or figure that can be recorded. Data is usually stored on disk or tape.
4) Procedure:
These ate set f instructions and rules to design and use information system. These ate
written in manuals and documents for use.
5) People:
Every CBIS nee s people if it is to be useful. The component “people” that most
influence the success or failure of information systems.

Differentiate between the primary memory and the secondary memory.

Primary Memory:
It is based on electronics and consists of integrated circuits (ICs). It is Random
Access Memory (RAM). It vanishes when the computer is switched off.
Secondary Storage Devices:
The data stored devices are generally the secondary memory of the computer. It is
used to store data permanently in the computer. When we open a program data is
moved from the secondary storage into the primary storage

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 TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 17)
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Name different information storage devices and describe their uses.
Audio And Video Cassettes:
Audio (related to sound) cassettes consist of magnetic tapes on which sound is saved
in a particular form by the help of magnetic field. Microphone changes sound waves
into electric pulses which are made by amplifier.
Magnetic Disks:
There are different types of magnetic disks, which are coated, with a layer f s e
magnetic material. The read/write head of disks is similar to the record replay head
on a tape recorder.
Floppy Disk:
A floppy disc is made of flexible plastic wafer packed in plastic ca e It is coated with
magnetic oxide. Floppy disc is cheap, convenient, and reliable but lack the storage
capacity and speed for many large jobs. It has storage capaci y from 1 to 3 MB.
Hard Disk:
Hard disc is made of aluminum and is not flexible like fl ppy drive or CD's. It is
enameled with a layer of a metal like Fe, Co, Kr, Ni which can be magnetized easily.
Hard disk has higher speed and larger capacity of data storage. It is also called
storage disk. A large amount of information can be read or write on the hard disk.
Hard disk is made by joining many plates and e ch is acce sed via read/write head on
a moveable armature. This disc revolves inside box with great speed about its axis. It
is enclosed in by a jacket to avoid exterior po ution.
Compact Disc (CD):
It is molded plastic disc containing igital ata that is scanned by a laser beam for the
reproduction of recorded sound or other information. A pit pattern is formed on it.
This has billions of pits of varying lengths and spaces on a shiny disc. Shiny area
between every two consecutive pits is called a "flat". The pit pattern is read by fine
laser beam. It is focused on a particular take.
Flash Drive:
It is an electronic device that consists of data storage ICs. A flash drive is a small
storage device that can be used to transport files from one computer to another. A
flash drive is easy to use. Once we have created a paper or other work. We can
simply plug ur flash drive into a USB port and the work can be saved in the flash
drive.

Explain briefly the transmission of radio waves through space?

Information like sound, video clips, graphics etc. can be sent from one place to
another place. First by changing the information into electrical signals and then these
signals are superimposed on electromagnetic waves which are called carriers waves.
These carriers waves travel in space and then at the receiving end this information is
demodulated into original information.

How light signals are sent through opticalfiber?

As "Optics" means related to "Light" & "Fiber" means "Thread". Optical Fiber is a
strand of glass or plastic not much thicker than human hair uses light signals to
transfer information from one end to other.
Principle:
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 TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 17)
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Propagation of light signals in an optical fiber requires the light should be confined
within the fiber. This is done by total internal reflection that the angle of incidence
What is
should becomputer? What
greater than is the angle.
the critical role of computer in everyday life?
Computer is an, electronic, computing device. It makes analysis, operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication etc and arranges the· information given to it.
Role of Computer:
Computer has changed the world revolutionary. It has made the world into a gl bal
village. Computer is one of the base components of information te hnology. Using
computer we can collect and share the knowledge through Internet Almost all the
offices have computer to manage their day-by-day work.

What is the difference between hardware and s f ware? Name different

software.
Computers work through an interaction of hardware a d s ftware.
Hardware:
Hardware of a computer is a solid device like keyboard, mouse, monitor, motherboard
etc.
Software:
Software refers to the instructions, or progr ms th t tell the hardware what to do. For
example operating systems, Microsoft app i ation (MS Office) etc.
Operating System:
It is essential for a computer having operating system. For example: Windows, Linux,
Unix are the operating systems.

What do understand by the term worn processing and data managing?

Word Processing:
It is a computer program, which helps us to write letters, reports and books. Hence,
to type something by computers keyboard, to correct, to arrange, to amend the
document, to add and delete the written portion when required is called the word
processing.
Data Managing:
The informati n ab ut a subject can be stored in the computer in more than one
interlinked files, which may be shared in different programs. This is called "Data
Managing" Addition and deletions in the data are possible.

What is internet? Internet is a useful source of knowledge any information.

Discuss.
Internet is a worldwide network of computers that use common communication
standard and interface to provide the physical backbone for a number of interesting
applications.
 Today internet comprises of many million computers.
 The language used in Internet is called HTML, which is abbreviation of
 Hypertext Markup Language.
 All connected computers communicate through same code.
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 It is called "protocol" whose name is TCP/IP. It is abbreviation of Transmission
 Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 17)
 Basically three major search services available for different tasks.
============================================================
 Directories, search engine and Meta search engine.

Discuss the role of information technology in school education.

Information Technology (IT):
The scientific method for storing, arranging information for proper use and to
communicate them to others is called the information technology (IT) C mputers and
internet, etc are the main sources for the information technology.
Role of IT in School Education:
School education is an important aspect of human life. If from he growing age the
students are familiar with computers then it will be easy for h m to get maximum
benefits from computer technology.
Utilizing the computers we can meet and compare the internati nal standard of school
education. There should be computer labs in schools. Stude ts and teachers should
have access to internet. For students they should get permission from their teachers
to use internet for useful purposes under the supervi ion of their teachers.

Why Optical Fiber is more useful tool for the communication in process.
Optical fiber is a strand of glass or plastic (not thick than human hair) uses light
signal to carry the information, Light signa s have very high frequency so more
information can be send per second over large distances without interruption and loss
of information.

Which is more reliable fl ppy disk or a hard disk.

Hard Disk is more reliable and safe.

What is difference between RAM and ROM?

Random Access Memory (RAM):
It is based on electronics and consists of integrated circuits (ICs). It is Random
Access Memory (RAM). It vanishes when the computer is switched off.
Read Only Mem ry (ROM):
It is based on electr nics and consists of integrated circuits (ICs). It is Read Only
Memory It remains even when the computer is switched off.

THEORY
What is flow of information?
Flow of information means the transfer of the information from one place to another
through different electronic and optical equipments.

What do you know about Radio Tuning Circuit?

Radio tuning circuit consists of coils of fine wire wounded on a rod which is connected
to the antenna. The coils are connected to variable capacitors. The tuned circuit
selects signals of only particular frequency.

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 TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 17)
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It does not amplify the signals from transmitters with slightly lower and higher
frequencies. The voltage rises and falls as the frequency of the received signal
Write down
increases the advantages
or decreases relative and
to thedisadvantages of Fiber
constant frequency Optics.
of the oscillator.
Advantages of Optical Fibers:
 Waves of visible light has much high frequency than the frequency of radio waves
 so more information can be sent per second with light beam.
 Fiber optic provides secure and reliable data transmission.
 It is not affected by electromagnetic interference.
 There is no noise and distortion in fiber optics.
 Its error rate is very low.
 It provides high quality transmission and high data transmission rate.
Disadvantages:
 Fiber optics is difficult to install.
 It is quite expensive.

Write a short note on the risks of the Information and Communication

Technology to the society and environment.
 Over use of computer is dangerous to he lth with respect to eyesight and
 backache.
 Computer crime is accomplished through knowledge or use of computer
 technology.
 Computers are used to steal money, goo s, information and resources.
 Hacking is unauthorized access to computers for any illegal work.

To avoid the above risks we sh u d take care in using the computers. We should use
key, ID numbers or fi ger pri t password.

What is difference bet een FTP and HTTP.

FTP:
FTP stands f r File Transfer Protocol. It is used as a tool to efficiently uploading and
downloading files n the internet.
HTTP:
HTIP is a protocol; web browsing is supported by this function. It allows user to view
web page

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TH
PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 18)
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THEORY & SOLVED EXERCISE

What is difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?
 The number of protons in a nucleus is called its atomic number. It is denoted by Z.
 The number of nucleons in the nucleus is called Atomic Mass number. It is sum of
the masses of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. It is denoted by A.

Give a symbolic representation of a nuclide.

A
Generally atom is represented by XZ . It is called nuclide where X denotes element,
Z is atomic number and A is atomic mass number.

What do you mean by the term radioactivity? Why some lements are
radioactive but some are not?
 The emission of radiation by unstable nuclei having at mic number greater than
82 (Z>82) is called natural radioactivity. The eleme ts are called radioactive
 elements.
 The elements with atomic number (Z<82) are table a d do not emit radiation.

How can you make radioactive elements rtificially? Describe with a suitable
example.
 Artificially produced radioactive e ements, by the bombardment of different
 particles, are called radioactive isotopes.
 Elements having atomic number Z (1 to 82) are stable and non radioactive
elements can also be ch nged into unstable and radioactive elements by
 bombarding them with protons, neutrons or alpha particles.
 For example, when s dium-11 is bombarded with neutrons, it becomes unstable
and excited. Then it de-excites with the emission of gamma rays photon.

What are the three basic radioactive decay processes and how do they differ
from each other?
If an unstable parent nuclide X changes into a daughter nuclide Y with the emission of
alpha particle, beta particle or gamma particle.
Alpha decay:
After Alpha ecay the atomic number of parent decreases by 2 units and mass number
A ecreases by 4 units.
Beta decay:
After Beta decay the atomic number of parent increases by 1 unit and mass number A
remains same.
Gamma decay:
The nature of element does not change. It comes back to normal state after excited
state. The sign (*) shows that nucleus is in exited state.
234
Write the alpha decay process for P91. Identify the parent and daughter
nuclei in this decay.
234 230 4
Pa91 -------------> Pu89 + He2 + Energy
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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 18)
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Explain whether the atomic number can increase during nuclear decay.
Support your answer with an example.
  Yes, atomic number (Z) can increase during Beta decay.
 For example Carbon-14 gives Beta decay with Nitrogen-14. After Beta decay its
atomic number increases by ' unit and mass number A remains same.

What do you understand by half life of a radioactive element?

The time during which half of the unstable nuclei disintegrate is called the half life of
the sample of radioactive element.

Is radioactivity a spontaneous process? Elaborate your an w r with a simple

experiment.
Yes, radioactivity is spontaneous and natural process. It d es n depend upon any
change of physical or chemical combination.
Experiment
 A small quantity of the radium source was placed in a hole dug in block of lead.
 The radiations emitted from radium are pas ed in the pace between the two poles
of permanent magnet placed inside an ev cu ted chamber.
 And photographic plate is placed at right ng e to the direction of these rays.
 When, after some time, the photographic p te was developed which show three
separated spots.
 This proves the existence of three ifferent types of radiations.

What is meant by background r i tions? Enlist some sources of background

radiations.
Radiations present in atmosphere due to different natural radioactive substances are
called background radiatio s.
Sources:
 In our environme t the rocks, soil, water, and air are traces of radioactive
 elements.
 Our Earth also receives radiations called cosmic radiations from outer space. These
 radiations are high-energy radiations.
 The cosmic ra iati ns interact with atoms in the atmosphere to create a shower of
secondary ra iations.

Describe t o uses of radioisotopes in medicine, industry or research?

1-Tracers:
Tracers are chemical compounds containing some quantity of radioisotope.
Tracers in Medical:
Tracers are used to explore the metabolism of chemical reactions inside the
human body, animal or plant. For example, isotopes of Iodine-131 is
accumulated in the thyroid gland and can be used for monitoring of thyroid
functioning are used for diagnosis of goiter in thyroid gland.
Tracers in Industry:

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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 18)
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Tracers are used to locate the wear and tear of the moving parts of the
machinery. They can be used to locate the leaks in underground pipes.
Tracers in Agriculture:
The radioactive like Phophorous-32 is used as tracer to find out how well the
plants are absorbing the phosphate fertilizer which are crucial to their growth.
2-Medical Treatment (Radiotherapy):
Radioisotopes are used in nuclear medicine for curing various diseases. F r exa ple
radioactive Cobalt-60 is used for curing cancerous tumor and cells. The radiati ns kill
the cells of malignant tumor in the human body.
3-Carbon Dating (Archeological and Geological uses):
It is the method of age determination of old carbon containing objects (fossils) by
measuring the radioactivity of C-14 in them is called radio-carbon dating or simply
carbon dating.

What are two common radiation hazards? Briefly describe the precautions
that are taken against them.
Radiation Hazards:
 Radiation burns, mainly because if beta and gamma radiations cause redness and
 sores on skin.
 Radiation can cause Sterility which means in bility to produce children.
 Radiation causes genetic mutations in hum n being and plants. Serious
deformations are resulted in newly born hi dren.
 Radiation cause beloved cancer (Leukemia)
 Radiation cause blindness or contracts are formed on eye.
Precautions:
 Sources should be handled with t ngs and forceps.
 Rubber gloves should be used and hands should be wasted carefully after
 experiment.
 Thick lead containers shou d be used to save radioactive sources.
 A person should never poi t a radioactive source.
 Radiation sensitive areas should be avoided frequent visits.

Nuclear fusi n reaction is more reliable and sustainable source of energy

then nuclear fissi n chain reaction. Justify this statement with plausible
arguments
As the light nuclei are fused to give rise heavy nucleus in nuclear reaction. More
energy is released in nuclear fusion as compared to fission reaction. More than 200
Mev energy is released in one nuclear fusion reaction. Its main fuel is hydrogen that
is easily available. The main hurdle in sustaining this reaction on earth is the
temperature control because very high mum is required to sustain this reaction.
14
A nitrogen nuclide N7 decays to become an oxygen nuclide by emitting an
electron. Show this process with an equation.

14 14 0
N7 --------> O8 + e-1 + Energy

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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 18)
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Is it possible for an element to have different types of atoms? Explain.

Yes, an element can have different atoms with same atomic number but different
mass number. These are called isotopes of the element.
For example: There are three isotopes of hydrogen called Protium, Deutrium and
Tritium.

What nuclear reaction would release more energy, the fission rea ti n r the
fusion reaction? Explain.
The nuclear fusion reaction release more energy as compared to fi ion nuclear
reaction.
Two hundred million electron volt (200 Mev) energy is releas d in one reaction of
fusion.

Which has more penetrating power, all alpha particle r gamma ray photon?
Gamma ray photon has the highest penetrating power, it can pass through 2 cm thick
of aluminium and can be blocked by lead.

What is the difference between natural nd rtificial radioactivity?

Natural radioactivity:
The spontaneous and natural decay of unstable elements (Z>82) into another
element with the emission of alpha, beta or gamma radiations is called natural
radioactivity.
Artificial radioactivity:
The process in which the stable nd unstable nuclide can be changed into radioactive
by the bombardment of partic es ike protons, neutrons etc.

How long would you like y have to wait to watch any sample of radioactive
atoms completely decay?
It is difficult to measure the time until whole of the sample decay. It is supposed to
be infinite time.
3
Tritium H1 is radi active isotope of hydrogen. It decays by emitting an
electron What is the daughter nucleus?
3 3 0
H1 (Parent – Tritium) ------> He2 (Helium Nuclide) + e-1 + Energy (Beta particle)

What information about the m of the nitrogen atom can be obtained from its
14 14
nuclide N7? In what way atom N7 is different from the atom in N.
14
From the symbol N7 it is clear
Z = Atomic number, so number of protons = 7
Mass number A = sum of protons and neutrons =
14 So number of neutrons N = A-Z = 14-7 = 7
Hence it is one of the isotopes of Nitrogen. In Nitrogen atom there are 7 electons.

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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 18)
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PHYSICS FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 18)
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