Lab Report 10

Name: Jhon Patrick P.
Delmonte Course and Year: BS BIOLOGY-1 MN
Date Performed: October 1, 2019 Score:
Exercise # 10
THE PROTISTS
INTRODUCTION
Protists are a diverse collection of organisms. While exceptions exist, they are primarily
microscopic and unicellular, or made up of a single cell. The cells of protists are highly
organized with a nucleus and specialized cellular machinery called organelles.
At one time, simple organisms such as amoebas and single-celled algae were classified
together in a single taxonomic category: the kingdom Protista. However, the emergence of better
genetic information has since led to a clearer understanding of evolutionary relationships among
different groups of protists, and this classification system was rendered defunct. Understanding
protists and their evolutionary history continues to be a matter of scientific discovery and
discussion.
Most protists are unicellular eukaryotes having a variety of organelles including a

nucleus. Photosynthetic forms contain chloroplasts. These organisms are abundant in most
aquatic habitats where they form an important part of the plankton. Other protists are found in
soil and other non-aquatic environments. The “kingdom” Protista includes a diverse assemblage
of simple, single celled or colonial eucaryotes. They are roughly subdivided into three major
groupings: the plant-like algae; the animal-like protozoa, and the slime molds and fungus –like
protists.
A. Photosynthetic Protists
Protists that are capable of photosynthesis include various types of algae, diatoms,

dinoflagellates, and euglena. These organisms are often unicellular but can form colonies.
They also contain chlorophyll, a pigment which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
Photosynthetic protists are considered plant-like protists. Protists known
as dinoflagellates or fire algae, are plankton that live in marine and freshwater
environments. At times they can reproduce rapidly producing harmful algae blooms.
Name: Jhon Patrick P. Delmonte Course and Year: BS BIOLOGY-1 MN
Some dinogflagellates are also bioluminescent. Diatoms are among the most abundant
types of unicellular algae known as phytoplankton. They are encased within a silicon
shell and are abundant in marine and freshwater aquatic habitats.
Photosynthetic euglena are similar to plant cells in that they contain chloroplasts. It is
thought that the chloroplasts were acquired as a result of endosymbiotic relationships
with green algae.
B. Heterotrophic Protists
Heterotrophic protists must obtain nutrition by taking in organic compounds.
These protists feed on bacteria, decaying organic matter, and other protists. Heterotrophic
protists can be categorized based on their type of movement or lack of locomotion.
Examples of heterotrophic protists include amoebas, paramecia, sporozoans, water
molds, and slime molds.
 Heterotrophic Protists with Flagella or Cilia
Trypanosomes are examples of heterptrophic protists that move with flagella.
These long, whip-like appendages move back and forth enabling movement.
Trypanosomes are parasites that can infect animals and humans. Some species cause
African sleeping sickness which is transmitted to humans by biting flies.
Paramecia are examples of protists that move with cilia. Cilia are short, thread-like
protrusions that extend from the body and move in a sweeping motion. This motion
allows the organism to move and also pulls food (bacteria, algae. ect.) toward the
paramecium's mouth. Some paramecia live in mutualistic symbiotic
relationships with green algae or with certain bacteria.
 Heterotrophic Protists with Limited Movement
Slime molds and water molds are examples of protists that exhibit limited
motion. These protists are similar to fungi in that they decompose organic matter and
recycle nutrients back into the environment. They live in moist soils among decaying
leaves or wood.
 Non-motile Heterotrophic Protists
Sporozoans are examples of protists that do not possesses structures that are used
for locomotion. These protists are parasites that feed off of their host and reproduce
by the formation of spores. Sporozoans exhibit a type of alternation of generations in
their life cycle, in which they alternate between sexual and asexual phases.
Sporozoans are transmitted to humans by insect or other animal vectors.
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study is for the students to be able to recognize and classify protists
into their major “subphyla” (algae, protozoa, or slime molds) from various samples. Moreover,
the students must also be able to categorize both living and preserved members into these three
major groupings, recognize and identify the organelles and structures and describe the function
of each. Lastly, it is also of great importance to describe the way members of three different
groups move and to describe and distinguish between some of the different kinds of protozoa,
algae and slime molds to have a much better and clearer understanding on the kingdom Protista.
PROCEDURE
In observing the various groups of protists, prepared slide and preserved specimen were
obtained by the students. The students also have prepared droppers, coverslips, glass slides, a
microscope, forceps and a bottle of pond water for the activity to be done.
Since kingdom Protist is divided into three major “subphyla”, students then make sure
that they will be observing a certain specimen under each of these groups. They were also tasked
to locate and identify the various organelles and structures seen in a certain organism. Students
then created a table to help them organize and describe the different organisms under the correct
subphyla and had done sketches of an organism that served as the representative of each group.
A. Algae
Under this category, four subgroups of algae were observed. The first one was the
Fire algae. Using the prepared slide of the dinoflagellates, students then observed it under
a microscope. The Peridinium, however, was not available at that time and so the
students just searched or looked for a good illustration of it. Next one was the subgroup
diatoms where students make use of the prepared slide of mixed fw diatoms and observed
it under a microscope. For the two organisms- the marine diatoms and Synedra, students
searched for its available illustration on the internet due to the unavailability of prepared
slide. It was followed by observing the Euglenas and the unicellular and colonial green
algae. Under this, students observed specifically the Euglena, Volvox, Spirogyra,
Ulothrix, And Closterium. Organisms Chlorella and Chlamydomonas were not available
and illustrations of the two were looked up by the students on the internet. Lastly, the
seweeds group were also observed. However, only the rockweed, Fucus was seen under
the microscope. Gracilaria, gulfweed, Sargassum, and Caulerpa, on the other hand, were
observed by the students because of the availability of preserved specimen of each. The
others that were listed were again looked up in the internet and obtained illustrations of
them.
B. Protozoa
Under protozoa, students observed the organisms under each of the subgroups.
For the flagellates, since there were no available slides of the listed organisms, students
try to look it up on the internet and obtained good illustrations of it. Specifically, these
are the termite flagellates and Trypanosoma. For the amoeba subgroup, students observed
the prepared slide of amoeba under the microscope and searched for the illustration of
radiolarians on the internet due to unavailability of prepared slide. Moving on to the
ciliates, students were able to observe Paramecium, Paramecium Fission, and
Paramecium conjugation under the microscope. However, Stentor and Spirostomum
illustration were looked up on the internet. Lastly for the Apicomplexans, illustration of
the Plasmodium was obtained from the internet because of the unavailability of prepared
slide.
C. Slime Molds and Fungus Like Protists
For this group, since there was no available prepared slide of Arcyria and
Stemonitis, students just searched for available illustrations of the two on the internet. All
of the observations were recorded and presented on the discussion part.
D. Pond Water Under the Microscope
In this part, students try to observed organisms on the pond water. With the use of
forceps, students obtained a single alga that was present in the pond water sample. This
was then placed on the glass slide. Using a dropper, water from which the alga was
obtained was also dropped unto the glass slide and then cover slip was added. Students
then observed it under the microscope starting from scanning to high power objective.
Upon seeing the desired organism(s), pictures as well as videos of it were taken. It was
then checked by the instructor if the viewed organism was part of the protist kingdom or
not. Other slides with new drops of pond water were also observed for the students to be
able to see more organisms under kingdom Protista. These observations were recorded
and students had made sketches of it which is found on the discussion part.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Algae
1. The Fire Algae
Table 1.
Organism Description
Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates are sometimes referred to as Pyrrhophyta, which means
fire plants. This is because of their ability to produce biological
luminescence, akin to that of the firefly. Often, these luminescent
dinoflagellates can be seen in the wake of ocean-going ships at night.
As their name implies, flagella are present.
Peridinium Most Peridinium are circular or oval-shaped, range in colour from
green to yellow or brown. Peridinium have two flagella, which help to
control movement through the water. Though motile, Peridinium also
exist in planktonic (free-floating) and nonmotile states.
Figure 1. Dinoflagellates Figure 3. Sketch of

Figure 2. Illustration of
under the microscope Peridinium showing the
Peridinium
(Scanning objective) “armor plating” and the
flagella
2. The diatoms
Table 2.
Mixed fw diatoms The diatoms are the most beautiful microscopic algae due to their
structure and sculpturing of their walls. They occur in various
habitats like fresh water, saline water and also in terrestrial
condition on or within the soil.
Marine diatoms Their cell walls are composed of two interlocking silica halves.
These sink to the ocean floor when diatoms die, becoming part of
the sediment. As they stay preserved for millions of years, fossil
diatoms are a valuable record of past oceanic environments.
Synedra Has long, needle-like cells that exist singly or in radiate colonies.
Each cell has two long, plate-like plastids.
Figure 4. Mixed fw diatoms Figure 5. Illustration of Figure 6. Illustration of

under scanning objective marine diatoms Synedra
Figure 7. Sketch of the of

marine diatoms
Diatoms of the same species consistently form shells with exactly the same pattern,
suggesting that the designs are genetically programmed.
3. The euglenas and the unicellular and colonial green algae

Table 3.
Euglena Euglena spirogyra is a species of algae. It feeds by photosynthesis in the
light, but uses its flagellum to move about in search of food in the dark,
according to the authors of "Biology" (Cengage Learning, 2004). Because it
has characteristics of both plants and animals, German biologist Ernst
Haeckel proposed in 1886 that a third kingdom, Protista, be established to
accommodate microorganisms that did not fit into the plant or animal
kingdom.
Volvox Volvox is a motile green algal colony composed of 500-50,000 cells
arranged along the periphery of a hollow mucilaginous sphere.
Spirogyra Named for their beautiful spiral chloroplasts, spirogyras are
filamentous algae that consist of thin unbranched chains of cylindrical cells.
They can form masses that float near the surface of streams and ponds,
buoyed by oxygen bubbles released during photosynthesis.
Ulothrix Each cell contains a distinct nucleus, a central vacuole, and a large
thin chloroplast with at least one pyrenoid. The specialized cell for
attachment is called the holdfast, and the filaments are typically unbranched.
In most species, all the cells can form reproductive bodies.
Chlorella The algal cell is roughly spherical and features a cup-shaped chloroplast and
numerous starch grains.
Closterium Closterium sp. are found in drains,ponds,slow streams and stagnant waters.
Chlamydomonas Chlamydomonas species can become so abundant as to colour fresh water
green, and one species, C. nivalis, contains a red pigment known as
hematochrome, which sometimes imparts a red colour to melting snow.
Figure 11. Chlorophyta

Figure 8. The Euglena Figure 9. Volvox under low Figure 10. Spirogyra under
Ulothrix w.m. under
observed under 40x power objective the microscope
scanning objective
magnification
Figure 12. Illustration of Figure 13. Closterium Figure 14. Illustration of

Chlorella observed under 40x Chlamydomonas
Figure 12. Illustration of Figure 13. Closterium Figure 14. Chlamydomonas

Chlorella under the microscope with parts
Figure 16. Sketch of

Volvox with parts
Euglena with parts
If we are to compare these organisms to the blue-green bacteria (Anabaena and

Oscillatoria), we could be able to see a couple of similarities. One is the elongated structures
seen in both Spirogyra and Ulothrix that can also be observed on Anabaena. Another thing as
well was the presence of long, thread-like filaments and visible green color too.
4. The Seaweeds
Table 4.
Limeweed, Corallina Corallina officinalis consists of calcareous, branching, segmented fronds,
usually erect, up to 12 cm high but often much shorter. Fronds rise from
a calcareous crustose, disk shaped, holdfast about 70 mm in diameter.
Laminaria Laminaria species can form vast, forestlike kelp beds and
provide habitat for many types of fish and invertebrates.
Giant kelp, Fucus Fucus are perennial algae, some of which have a life span of up to four
years. They feature bladderlike floats (pneumatocysts), disk-shaped
holdfasts for clinging to rocks, and mucilage-covered blades that resist
desiccation and temperature changes.
Gracilaria Has solid, cylindrical branches, 1 - 2 mm in diameter, with short pointed
tips. The plant may arise from one to several branches that undergo
frequent branching, with each subsequent branching shorter, but not
thinner, than the previous. The upper plant becomes more densely
branching and forms a small bush, to 15 cm tall, with a rounded profile
arising from a discoid holdfast. The plant is often red, but may bleach to
pink or white in bright sunlight.
Sea lettuce, Ulva Marine green algae; plant body (thallus) membranous, thin, delicate,
translucent, green to bright green in color, short and broad, sheet-like, up
to 20 cm (8 in) in length and width, convoluted at edges, may be lobed or
simple, edges broadly rounded; attached to hard substrates, holdfast
small, disk-shaped.
Gulfweed, Sargassum Sargassum species typically have a highly branched thallus with hollow
berrylike floats (pneumatocysts). The numerous fronds are generally
small and leaflike with toothed edges. Most species reproduce sexually,
but the pelagic species reproduce by fragmentation. The largest members
can reach several metres in length.
Caulerpa They are unusual because they consist of only one cell with many nuclei,
making them among the biggest single cells in the world. A species in
the Mediterranean can have a stolon more than 3 metres (9.8 ft) long,
with up to 200 fronds. This species can be invasive from time to time.
Figure 20. Rockweed,

Figure 17. Illustration of Figure 18. Illustration of Figure 19. Illustration of Fucus observed under 40x
limeweed, Corallina Laminaria giant kelp, Macrocystis magnification
Figure 21. Preserved Figure 23. Preserved Figure 24. Preserved

Figure 22. Photo of Sea specimen of gulfweed,
specimen of Gracilaria specimen of Caulerpa
lettuce, Ulva Sargassum
corticata racemosa
Figure 25. Sketch of the

Seaweed, Sargassum
Rockweed with parts
showing its parts
B. Protozoa
1. The Flagellates
Table 5.
Termite flagellates Many flagellates live within the gut of termites in a symbiotic
relationship. The flagellates digest the cellulose in the cell walls of
the wood ingested by the termites, producing simple sugars which
can be absorbed and used as a nutrient by the termite.
Tryponosoma Trypanosomes are examples of heterotrophic protists that move
with flagella. These long, whip-like appendages move back and forth
enabling movement. Trypanosomes are parasites that can infect
animals and humans. Some species cause African sleeping sickness
which is transmitted to humans by biting flies.
Figure 27. Illustration of Figure 28. Illustration of Figure 29. Sketch of the
the termite flagellates Tryponosoma termite flagellates with
parts
2. The Amoebas
Table 6.
Amoeba Amoebae use pseudopodia (meaning “false feet”) to move. This is basically the
same way phagocytes (a type of white blood cell) engulf an invading
microorganism when we fight an illness. In the case of an amoeba moving, its
cytoplasm flows forward to form a pseudopodium, then it evens back out. In
order to eat, it will form two pseudopodia and wrap those around to meet each
other, enclosing its food, then the cytoplasm evens out again.
radiolarian Radiolarians, which are mostly spherically symmetrical, are known for their
s complex and beautifully sculptured, though minute, skeletons, referred to as tests.
Usually composed of silica, the test is elaborately perforated in a variety of
patterns, forming a series either of latticelike plates or of loose needle-shaped
spicules.
Figure 31. Amoeba

Figure 30. Illustration of Figure 32. Sketch of
observed under the
radiolarians Amoeba with parts
microscope
Amoebae use pseudopodia (meaning “false feet”) to move. This is basically the same
way phagocytes (a type of white blood cell) engulf an invading microorganism when we fight an
illness. In the case of an amoeba moving, its cytoplasm flows forward to form a pseudopodium,
then it evens back out. In order to eat, it will form two pseudopodia and wrap those around to
meet each other, enclosing its food, then the cytoplasm evens out again.
3. The ciliates
Table 7.
Paramecium Paramecia are examples of protists that move with cilia. Cilia are
short, thread-like protrusions that extend from the body and move in
a sweeping motion. This motion allows the organism to move and
also pulls food (bacteria, algae, etc.) toward the paramecium's
mouth. Some paramecia live in mutualistic symbiotic
relationships with green algae or with certain bacteria.
Stentor Stentor has multiple ciliary membranelles spiraling around the
region that leads to the mouth opening. It uses these cilia to sweep
food particles into its cytostome. Stentor is remarkable for its
regenerative powers; a small fragment less than one-hundredth of
the volume of an adult can grow back into a complete organism.
Spirostomum The genus Spirostomum contains some of the largest Ciliates. The
species pictured on this page, Spirostomum ambiguum, can grow to
to a size of more than 4 millimetres. It can therefore be seen without
the help of a microscope. When observed swimming in a little jar
of pond water it looks like a little worm.
Paramecium, Fission Fission can be of two types, namely, binary fission and multiple fission.
In binary fission, parent cell divides into two equal halves called
daughter cells. Daughter cells are identical to each other and to their
parent cell. On the other hand, during multiple fission, organism
divides itself into numerous daughter cells.
Paramecium, Conjugation Conjugation is a process of genetic recombination that occurs
between two organisms (such as bacteria) in addition to asexual
reproduction. Conjugation only occurs between cells of different
mating types. In bacteria, cells designated F+ and F-lie close
together, and a narrow bridge of cytoplasm forms between
them. This process gives each individual new and different gene
than it had before conjugation.
Figure Figure
Figure 37.
34. Paramecium
Illustration of Figure
Figure 35.38. Sketch ofof
Illustration
Figure 33.36. Paramecium
Paramecium
under theFission
microscope Conjugation
the Stentor Paramecium
the Spirostomum
The common Paramecium exhibits an amazingly complex and active system of internal
organelles and vacuoles. The mouth or “oral groove” of the organism with the tiny hair “cilia”
line in the oral groove to sweep the food particles into the Paramecium. At the end of the oral
groove, the current caused by the sweeping waves of cilia cause a small balloon-like structure
called a “food vacuole” to form. When the vacuole can hold no more food, it detaches from the
oral groove and is swept away by the internal current that swirls within the Paramecium. A new
vacuole starts to form immediately. The nutrients in the food vacuoles are then absorbed into the
fluid or “cytoplasm” within the Paramecium where it is available as food to provide energy for
the food.
In terms of its reproduction, we could see a great difference between Paramecium

Conjugation and Paramecium Fission. When a Paramecium undergoes Fission, the parent cell
divides into two equal halves called daughter cells. These daughter cells are identical to each other
and to their parent cell. However, when it undergoes Conjugation, cells that are designated F+ and
F- lie close together, and a narrow bridge of cytoplasm forms between them. This process gives
each individual new and different gene than it had before conjugation. Moreover, Conjugation
only occurs between cells of different mating types.
4. The Apicomplexans
Table 8.
Plasmodium Plasmodium parasites are spread by the bite of infected

female Anopheles mosquitoes, which feed on human blood in order
to nourish their own eggs. Malaria in humans is caused by five
related protozoan (single-celled)parasites: Plasmodium
falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi.
Figure 39. Illustration of Figure 40. Illustration

the Plasmodium seen under showing the various stages
the microscope in the life cycle of
Plasmodium, the malaria
parasite
C. Slime Molds and Fungus Like Protists

Table 9.
Arcyria Stalked, scattered to gregarious sometimes united by their fused
stalks and accruing in digitate clasters of 2 -20 sporangia 0.3 - 0.4
mm tall. Sporotheca ovate to cylindrical, usually tapering towards
the apex, pale grey to light brown, ochraceous or sometimes
yellowish brown, 0.1 - 0.8 mm in diameter.
Stemonitis The species bear rusty to black spores on tiny featherlike fruiting
bodies (sporangia), within an intricate network of threads
(capillitium) arising from the stalk. The genus is a favourite
textbook example of slime molds, including as it does some of the
most beautiful fruiting bodies among the myxomycetes.
Figure 41. Illustration of Figure 42. Illustration of

Arcyria Stemonitis
Figure 43. Illustration

showing the fruiting body,
hyphae and amoeboid stage
D. Pond Water Under the Microscope

Figure 47. Sketch of Figure 49. Sketch of Water

FigureFigure
48. Sketch
45. AofRotifer
Rotifer
Paramecium Figure Flea
46. A(Daphnia)
Water Flea
Figure 47. Sketch of seen under the microscope seen under the microscope
Paramecium
When different pond waters from different sources were viewed under the microscope,
one will be able to see one or sometimes two or more organisms showing some certain
movements. The variation in terms of size and on how each one moves is quite different from
the others.
CONCLUSION
Protists are a diverse collection of organisms. They are roughly subdivided into three
major Figure
groupings: the plant-like
47. Sketch of algae; the animal-like protozoa, and the slime molds and fungus
Figure 47. Sketch ofRotifer Figure 48. Sketch of Water
Paramecium
–like protists. Protists that are capable of photosynthesis include
with parts various typesFlea
of with
algae, diatoms,
parts
with parts
dinoflagellates, and euglena. There is also what we call the Heterotrophic protists that obtain
nutrition by taking in organic compounds. These protists feed on bacteria, decaying organic
matter, and other protists. Examples of heterotrophic protists include amoebas, paramecia,
sporozoans, water molds, and slime molds. Different protists have different organelles and
unique structures that make them different from the other. One is the presence of cilia like that in
the Paramecium which aids them in acquiring food. There is also flagellum or flagella like that
in dinoflagellates and euglena which helps them to move. There is also this striking feature in
the diatoms where they show geometric patterns on their glass ‘shells’. Each of these types of
protists show also uniqueness in the way they move. Example is the Amoeba that use
pseudopodia (meaning “false feet”) to move. Its cytoplasm flows forward to form a
pseudopodium, then it evens back out. In order to eat, it will form two pseudopodia and wrap
those around to meet each other, enclosing its food, then the cytoplasm evens out again.
STUDY QUESTIONS
1. How are protists unique? Provide detailed examples.
 The architectural complexity of most protist cells sets them apart from the cells of
plant and animal tissues. Some protists have conspicuous food-storage bodies as well
as pigment bodies. One also of the most striking features of many protist species is
the presence of of some type of locomotory organelle. A few forms can move by
gliding or floating, although the vast majority move by means of flagella and cilia.
2. Why is this Kingdom important? How are these organisms classified
taxonomically?
 Humans could not live on Earth if it were not for protists. Plant-like protists
produce almost one-half of the oxygen on the planet through photosynthesis.
Other protists decompose and recycle nutrients that humans need to live. All
protists make up a huge part of the food chain.
 The protists can be classified into one of three main categories, animal-like,
plant-like, and fungus-like. Grouping into one of the three categories is based on
an organism's mode of reproduction, method of nutrition, and motility. The
animal-like protists are known as the protozoa, the plant-like protists are
the algae, and the fungus-like protists are the slime molds and water molds.
3. Would the current taxonomy of this Kingdom be considered monophyletic,

paraphyletic, or polyphyletic? Explain.
 The first three kingdoms are well-defined monophyletic groups, but the "Kingdom
Protista" is not monophyletic; it contains organisms which are more closely related
to members of other kingdoms than they are to other protists. It's also defined on
the absence of characters (i.e. no complex development from embryos, no extensive
cell differentiation, etc.), which is considered poor form. Instead, Protists
are polyphyletic, meaning that they developed from more than one ancestral
lineage. Polyphyletic groups drive systematicists (people who study the
interrelationships of organisms) a little crazy. Polyphyletic groups mess up our tidy
little organizational system. Moreover, Protists make up a group that is paraphyletic,
meaning that they do not make up all of the descendants of their most recent
common ancestor. This is because plants, animals and fungi share this lineage, but
are not considered to be protists. A true taxonomic group is considered

monophyletic, and contains all descendants from one ancestor.
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Lab Report 10

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Lab Report 10

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Name: Jhon Patrick P.

Delmonte Course and Year: BS BIOLOGY-1 MN

Date Performed: October 1, 2019 Score:

Most protists are unicellular eukaryotes having a variety of organelles including a

Protists that are capable of photosynthesis include various types of algae, diatoms,

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Figure 1. Dinoflagellates Figure 3. Sketch of

Figure 4. Mixed fw diatoms Figure 5. Illustration of Figure 6. Illustration of

Figure 7. Sketch of the of

3. The euglenas and the unicellular and colonial green algae

Figure 11. Chlorophyta

Figure 12. Illustration of Figure 13. Closterium Figure 14. Illustration of

Figure 12. Illustration of Figure 13. Closterium Figure 14. Chlamydomonas

Figure 16. Sketch of

If we are to compare these organisms to the blue-green bacteria (Anabaena and

Figure 20. Rockweed,

Figure 21. Preserved Figure 23. Preserved Figure 24. Preserved

Figure 25. Sketch of the

Figure 31. Amoeba

In terms of its reproduction, we could see a great difference between Paramecium

Plasmodium Plasmodium parasites are spread by the bite of infected

Figure 39. Illustration of Figure 40. Illustration

C. Slime Molds and Fungus Like Protists

Figure 41. Illustration of Figure 42. Illustration of

Figure 43. Illustration

D. Pond Water Under the Microscope

Figure 47. Sketch of Figure 49. Sketch of Water

3. Would the current taxonomy of this Kingdom be considered monophyletic,

are not considered to be protists. A true taxonomic group is considered

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