Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics

CHAPTER 1.
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES & ETHICS
Chapter Overview
In this brief chapter, we will review communication, its process, principles and the ethics it entails. It
is important that we gain higher familiarity on the subject of communication as a concept, phenomenon,
and as an inevitable human activity so that become effective and responsible communicators.
TARGET LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
- Increase knowledge in communication, its processes and principles hence become more
skillful communicators
- Heighten awareness on communication, ethics resulting in conscientious and respectful
interaction; and
- Apply the gained knowledge in communication process, principles ang ethics through class
exercises that help learners execute expected communication performances.
” IF YOU CAN COMMUNICATE, YOU CAN GET BY. BUT IF YOU CAN COMMUNICATE
SKILFULLY YOU CAN WORK MIRACLES “
-JIM ROHN
1. Communication and its Nature
Presentation of Content
“Communication is the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver, with the
information being understood by the receiver”. — Koontz and Weihrich
According to Newman and Summer, ‘Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas,
opinions or emotions by two or more people.’
To summarize, communication has been defined as:
 A process of passing information and understanding
 A two-way process of reaching mutual understanding
 The act of making one’s ideas and opinions known to others.
 The process of imparting ideas and making oneself understood by others
 The transmission and accurate replication of ideas ensured by feedback for the purpose of
eliciting actions.
 A systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding
2. COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
Communication Become more meaningful if it is:
Source: https://expertprogrammanagement.com/2018/04/7-cs-communication/
3. The Elements and Process of Communication
Elements of Communication
1. Sender
- a person, group, or organization who initiates communication.
- She/he may be called the source, encoder, speaker or communicator.
2. Message
- an element transmitted in communication.
- It may consist of the idea, opinion, information, feeling or attitude of the
sender.
3. Channel
- a pathway or medium through which the message travels to reach its
destination.
- It may be oral, written, or visual.
4. Receiver
- a person who receives, analyses, understands, and interprets the message.
- S/he can also be called decoder, reader, or listener.
5. Feedback
- the receiver’s response that provides information to the sender.
- the return process in which the receiver provides both verbal and non-
verbal signals to show whether the message is understood or not.
6. Noise
- a form of distortion, barrier or obstacle that occurs in an of the oral
communication process.
7. Adjustment- done if the message is distorted or is not clearly understood by the
receiver.
8. Context
- It is the situation from which the communication is done. It includes settings
or environment (family, school, workplace, religious communities); social
relations (friends, husband and wife, parent and child, colleagues/boss-
subordinate in the office); scenes which include place, time and occasion
(business meeting, job interview, social gathering – parties, weddings,
etc.); and culture (history, tradition, beliefs, norms, value
4. The Process of Effective Communication

To communicate effectively, understanding the steps in this information exchange
process is vital.
Five Steps of The Communication Process (Schreiner, 2018)

1. Creation
 It is forming the communicative intent where the sender generates and
idea.
 This requires the individual who is sending the message to decide what
s/he wants to say and select a medium through which to communicate this
information.
 If the medium s/he selects is a written one, s/he must compose a concise
and clear message that others can understand and if the medium is oral,
s/he must plan out a clear spoken message.
2. Transmission
 The transmission may be as simple as meeting with the intended recipient
of the message, and orally sharing the message, or calling the individual to
communicate orally over the phone.
 If the message is a print one, it may include distributing a paper memo or
sending an email.
3. Reception
 After transmitting the message, the communication duties change hands
and fall upon the receiver of the message.
 The message is obtained either from the written format the sender selected
or b listening carefully as the message is delivered orally.
4. Translation
 Once receiving the message, the recipient must translate the message into
terms that s/he can easily understand.
 To do this, s/he must listen to or read the message in question and
paraphrase it within her/his head, turning the potentially complex context
contents of the message into more manageable and meaningful
components.
5. Response
 This may be verbal and immediate, which is commonly the case if
communication is face-to-face.
 It may also be easily a written response that either expands upon the
message or simply indicates receipt of the message in question.
5. COMMUNICATION MODELS
Communication models refer to the conceptual frameworks or theories that explain the way of human
communication. It also represents the entire process of communication between the sender and the
receiver. The communication model tries to answer the 5Ws and 1H questions; for example, what is it?
Who is involved in this process? When does it happen? Where does it take place? Why does it occur? And
finally, How does it happen?
Types of Communication Models
The three types of communication models are;
1. Linear Models of Communication

2. Interactive Models of Communication
3. Transactional Models of Communication
The three types of communication models are the Linear Models of Communication, the
Interactive Models of Communication, and the Transactional Models of
Communication. A list of the best communication models, including the established
year, has been outlined below to obtain more knowledge as well as better
understanding. The types of communication models have also been discussed in the
communication models table
6. Types of Communication
Study the pictures below and determine the type of communication being used.
1. Verbal Communication
● It is a form of transmitting messages using word symbols in
representing ideas and objects which comes in two forms – oral and
written.
● It includes a face to face interaction with another person, speaking to
someone on the phone, participating in meetings, delivering speeches in
programs and giving lectures or presentations in conferences.
Factors That Affect Verbal Communication

a. Tone of voice
b. Use of descriptive words
c. Emphasis on certain phrases
d. Volume of voice
2. Non – Verbal Communication
● It is a form of communication which refers to the sending of messages to

another person using signs, gestures, facial expressions and means other
than the spoken and written language.
Two Categories of Non-Verbal Communication

a. Non-verbal messages produced by the body
b. Non-verbal messages produced by the broad setting such as time,
space and silence
Functions of Non-Verbal Communication
a. It is used to repeat the verbal

message. Example – Point in an object
while saying it.
b. It is often used to accent a verbal message.

Example – verbal tone indicates the actual meaning of the words.
c. It often complements the verbal message but also may

contradict. Examples – A nod reinforces a positive message
among Americans and Filipinos.
A wink or a frown may contradict a positive message.
d. It regulates interactions
Example – Hand gestures may signal a person to speak or not.
e. It may substitute for the verbal message, especially if it is blocked by

noise or interruption.
Example – Touch to mean comfort or
encouragement A thumbs-up
gesture indicating approval
7. ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION
Ethics is an integral part of communication. When we communicate, we do

not simply choose words; we choose words for the effect they will have on our
audiences, on ourselves, and ultimately, on society. Also, we choose the manner of
communication because sometimes “what matters is not what you say, but how you
say things.” Thus, when we communicate, we ask ourselves how harmful or helpful
our words and our ways are.
Consideration in Ethical Communication

( Johansen, 16)
1. Ethical Communicators are Respectful of Their Audience.

 Communication is a two-way process. The communicator must consider the
audience ideas and feelings during the interaction.
2. Ethical Communicators Consider the Consequences of their Communication.
 Every communicator must bear in mind that the ultimate aim of
communication is to promote the common good. Communication must be set
in a way that conflict is reduced or eliminated.
3.Ethical Communicators Respect the Truth.
 A great deal of the ethics of communication involves a respect for truth.
Indeed, as one has put it, the assumption of truth undergirds the very concept
of communication itself: "an inherent end of speech is the communication of
belief" (Kupfer 118). If we cannot trust the other party, we cannot accurately
judge how to respond. If we cannot accurately judge how to respond, then
our communication becomes increasingly ineffective.
4. Ethical Communicators Use Information Properly.
 Communicators have the responsibility to give and acquire adequate and
accurate information. As an ethical communicator, a respect for truth
means being informed on a topic before posing as any kind of authority on
the subject. We also need to consider the accuracy of the information and
the accuracy with which we use it. When we communicate, we expect
people to react in some way to what we say and do. When we use
inaccurate information to influence others, we cause difficulty for them and
forourselves.
5. Ethical Communicators Do Not Falsify Information.
 Worse than the distortion of information is falsifying information. Failing to
find information useful to our goals, we make it up. This is a form of
cheating; therefore, it should by all means be avoided.
6. Ethical Communicators Respect the Rights of Others to information.

 A respect for truth and an ethical consideration of others also means
respecting the rights of others in regard to information and access to
information. Collecting information is an integral part of the research
process, but stealing information is theft, taking something that does not
belong to us. Beyond the personal act of theft, stealing information is
unethical because it prevents other people from securing information and
unnecessarily makes their lives more difficult.
Summary
In this chapter you have learned the Communication Process, Principles and
Ethics. You have discovered the importance of communication in the different
aspects of your life like in your family, in your community, in your school and in
even in your work place later on. It is also emphasized in this chapter that verbal and
non- verbal communication are both needed in achieving effective communication.
It is very important to note that participants of the communication process must
consider the Seven C’s which are Clarity of thoughts, Conciseness, Coherence,
Completeness, Concreteness, Correctness and Courtesy. Lastly, this chapter
introduced to you the Ethics of communication which reminds you of the standards
that you have to practice when participating in a communication process.

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CHAPTER 1.

COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES & ETHICS

TARGET LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1. Communication and its Nature

Communication Become more meaningful if it is:

4. The Process of Effective Communication

Five Steps of The Communication Process (Schreiner, 2018)

Types of Communication Models

The three types of communication models are;

1. Linear Models of Communication

Factors That Affect Verbal Communication

2. Non – Verbal Communication

● It is a form of communication which refers to the sending of messages to

Two Categories of Non-Verbal Communication

Functions of Non-Verbal Communication

a. It is used to repeat the verbal

b. It is often used to accent a verbal message.

c. It often complements the verbal message but also may

e. It may substitute for the verbal message, especially if it is blocked by

Ethics is an integral part of communication. When we communicate, we do

Consideration in Ethical Communication

1. Ethical Communicators are Respectful of Their Audience.

6. Ethical Communicators Respect the Rights of Others to information.

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