Chapter 1

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1. 1) Cells are ________. D

A) only found in pairs, because single cells cannot exist independently

B) limited in size to 200 and 500 micrometers in diameter
C) characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic organisms
D) characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
2. 2) In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes ________. C

A) are more structurally complex

B) are larger
C) are smaller
D) do not have membranes
3. 3) Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their C
DNA encased within a nuclear envelope?

A) animal
B) plant
C) archaean
D) fungi
4. 4) To understand the chemical basis of inheritance, we must understand the molecular structure of DNA. This is an example C
of the application of which concept to the study of biology?

A) evolution
B) emergent properties
C) reductionism
D) feedback regulation
5. 5) A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a ________. B

A) community
B) population
C) ecosystem
D) family
6. 6) Which of the following statements is true regarding the complexity of biological systems? B

A) An understanding of the interactions between different components within a living system is an approach towards
understanding reductionism.
B) Knowing the function of a component of a living system can provide insights into the structure and organization of the
living system.
C) Understanding the chemical structure of DNA reveals how it directs the functioning of a living cell.
D) An ecosystem displays complex properties of the biotic component only.
7. 7) Which of the following order is correct in terms of the hierarchy of the organization? D

A) Ecosystem → Biosphere → Population → Community → Organism

B) Biosphere → Ecosystem → Population → Community → Organism
C) Ecosystem → Community → Biosphere → Population → Organism
D) Biosphere → Ecosystem →Community → Population → Organism
8. 8) When your body temperature rises on a hot day, the neural and hormonal mechanisms activate sweating. Evaporation of B
sweat leads to cooling of the body surface. This is an example of ________.

A) positive feedback regulation

B) negative feedback regulation
C) chemical cycling
D) emergent properties
9. 9) Characters are transmitted from parents to offspring. ________ are the units of inheritance. A

A) Genes
B) Proteins
C) RNA
D) DNA
10. 10) As letters are to English language, ________ is/are to genetic information. B

A) proteins
B) nucleotides
C) DNA double helix
D) A and B
11. 11) The process by which the information in a gene directs the synthesis of a protein is called ________. A

A) gene expression
B) replication
C) post translation modification
D) cloning
12. 12) Which of the following statements is true? B

A) mRNA is the only type of RNA found in the living system

B) All forms of life employ the same genetic code
C) A typical human liver cell has one set of chromosomes
D) Organisms interact but do not affect their environment
13. 13) Plants convert ________. C

A) chemical energy to mechanical energy.

B) sunlight to mechanical energy.
C) sunlight to chemical energy.
D) mechanical energy to chemical energy.
14. 14) Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life? A

A) near universality of the genetic code

B) structure of the nucleus
C) structure of cilia
D) structure of chloroplasts
15. 15) Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms? B

A) informatics
B) taxonomy
C) genomics
D) evolution
16. 16) Use the following figure to answer the question. D
The phylogenetic tree ________.

A) depicts that Archaea is closer to Bacteria than Eukarya

B) depicts that Eukarya is closer to Bacteria than Archaea
C) includes unicellular and some forms of multicellular life, but not complex animals and plants
D) includes every single life form on this earth
17. . D
17) Use the following figure to answer the question.
"A" is ________"B" is ________.

A) the most recent species to evolve on Earth, an ancestor of group "A"

B) the most recent species to evolve on Earth, the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya
C) the common ancestor of all life, the common ancestor of Bacteria and Archaea
D) the common ancestor of all life, the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya
18. 18) You are suffering from Streptococcus throat infection. You share the following with the bacteria that is responsible for B
your condition.

A) You both belong to the same domain.

B) You both are made up of cells.
C) You both have genetic material in your nucleus.
D) You and Streptococcus have nothing in common.
19. 19) Which of the following is true of natural selection? D

A) It requires genetic variation.

B) It results in descent with modification.
C) It involves differential reproductive success.
D) It requires genetic variation, results in descent with modification, and involves differential reproductive success.
20. 20) Which of the following is not one of Charles Darwin's observations? C

A) Individuals in a population vary in their traits.

B) Many of the traits in an individual are heritable.
C) A population avoids competition by producing only as many offspring as can successfully reproduce on their own.
D) Species generally are adapted to their environments.
21. 21) The evolution of one species into two or more species as a result of different populations becoming reproductively A
isolated from each other is best termed as ________.

A) adaptive radiation
B) creationism
C) natural selection
D) prototype
22. 22) Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, C
you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that
having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should ________.

A) test whether other traits in these males are also adaptive

B) look for evidence of hair in ancestors of tamarins
C) determine if hair length is heritable
D) test whether males with shaved heads are still able to mate
23. 23) Following a scientific method, which of the following is the correct order of steps? D

A) Observation → Analysis → Hypothesis → Conclusion → Communicate results → Experiment

B) Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Communicate results → Analysis → Conclusion
C) Experiment → Hypothesis → Observation → Analysis → Conclusion → Communicate results
D) Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Analysis → Conclusion → Communicate results
24. 24) Which of the following questions is considered a thought-provoking scientific query? D
A) How long ago did the Pterosaurs live on this planet?
B) Does the amount of solute in water affect the boiling point of the solution?
C) Who invented the telescope?
D) How many tigers are left in India?
25. 29) How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis? B

A) Theories are proposed to test scientific hypotheses.

B) Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon, hypotheses typically address more specific issues.
C) Hypotheses are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon, theories typically address more specific issues.
D) Confirmed theories become scientific laws, hypotheses become theories.
26. 30) A friend of yours calls to say that his car would not start this morning. He asks for your help. You say that you think the C
battery must be dead. If so, then jump-starting the car from a good battery will solve the problem. In doing so, you are
________.

A) testing a theory for why the car will not start

B) making observations to inspire a theory for why the car will not start
C) stating a hypothesis and using that hypothesis to make a testable prediction
D) comparing multiple hypotheses for why the car will not start
27. 31) Agrobacterium infects plants and causes them to form tumors. You are asked to determine how long a plant must be D
exposed to these bacteria to become infected. Which of the following experiments will provide the best data to address
that question?

A) Determine the survival rate of Agrobacterium when exposed to different concentrations of an antibiotic.
B) Measure the number of tumors formed on a plant when exposed to various concentrations of Agrobacterium.
C) Measure the concentration of Agrobacterium in different soil environments where the plants grow.
D) Measure the number of tumors formed on plants, which are exposed to Agrobacterium for different lengths of time.
28. 32) Agrobacterium infects plants and causes them to form tumors. You determine that tumor formation requires a large C
amount of the plant's energy for tissue formation. How might this change the number of offspring a plant produces, and
what is the most likely explanation for this change?

A) The number of offspring should increase because in general, illness increases the reproductive output of organisms.
B) The number of offspring should increase because the bacteria will provide energy for the plant.
C) The number of offspring should decrease because the plant will divert energy from reproduction to tumor formation.
D) There should be no effect of infection on offspring production because energy for reproduction is independent of
infection.
29. 33) Use the following information when answering the following question. C
In 1668, Francesco Redi performed a series of experiments on spontaneous generation. He began by putting similar pieces
of meat into eight identical jars. Four jars were left open to the air, and four were sealed. He then did the same experiment
with one variation: Instead of sealing four of the jars completely, he covered them with gauze (the gauze excluded the flies
while allowing the meat to be exposed to air). In both experiments, he monitored the jars and recorded whether or not
maggots (young flies) appeared in the meat.
What hypothesis was being tested in the initial experiment with open versus sealed jars?

A) Spontaneous generation is more likely during the long days of summer.

B) The type of meat used affects the likelihood of spontaneous generation.
C) Maggots do not arise spontaneously, but from eggs laid by adult flies.
D) Spontaneous generation can occur only if meat is exposed to air.
30. 34) Use the following information when answering the following question. D
In 1668, Francesco Redi performed a series of experiments on spontaneous generation. He began by putting similar pieces
of meat into eight identical jars. Four jars were left open to the air, and four were sealed. He then did the same experiment
with one variation: Instead of sealing four of the jars completely, he covered them with gauze (the gauze excluded the flies
while allowing the meat to be exposed to air). In both experiments, he monitored the jars and recorded whether or not
maggots (young flies) appeared in the meat.
In both experiments, flies appeared in all of the open jars and only in the open jars. Which one of the following statements
is correct?

A) The experiment was inconclusive because Redi used only one kind of meat.
B) The experiment was inconclusive because it did not run long enough.
C) The experiment supports the hypothesis that spontaneous generation occurs in rotting meat.
D) The experiment supports the hypothesis that maggots arise only from eggs laid by adult flies.
31. 35) The best experimental design ________. D

A) includes a large sample size for each condition

B) includes a control
C) alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition
D) includes a large sample size and a control, and alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental
condition
32. 36) A controlled experiment ________. B

A) is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate

B) includes at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment
C) includes at least two groups, one differing from the other by two or more variables
D) includes one group for which the scientist controls all variables
33. 37) Which of the following are qualities of any good scientific hypothesis? C

I. It is testable.
II. It is falsifiable.
III. It produces quantitative data.
IV. It produces results that can be replicated.

A) I only
B) III only
C) I and II
D) III and IV
34. 38) The temperature at which an alligator's egg is incubated will determine the sex of the offspring. The dependent and the A
independent variables in this experiment are ________.

A) sex of the baby alligator and temperature respectively

B) temperature and sex of the baby alligator respectively
C) size of the incubator and size of the baby alligator respectively
D) number of offspring and temperature in the incubator respectively
35. 39) In presenting data that result from an experiment, a group of students show that most of their measurements fall on a C
straight diagonal line on their graph. However, two of their data points are "outliers" and fall far to one side of the expected
relationship. What should they do?

A) Do not show these points because clearly something went wrong in the experiment.
B) Average several trials, rule out the improbable results, and do not show them in the final work.
C) Show all results obtained and then try to explore the reason(s) for these outliers.
D) Change the details of the experiment until they can obtain the expected results.
36. 40) A scientist, who wants to study the effects of nitrogen on wheat plants, sets up an experiment with 4 groups of wheat D
plants: group A gets 20 pounds per acre, group B gets 40 pounds per acre, group C gets 60 pounds per acre, and group D
gets 0 pounds per acre. Which of the following is the control group?

A) group A
B) group B
C) group C
D) group D
37. 41) Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning? ...

A) Hundreds of individuals of a species have been observed and all are photosynthetic
38. 42) The application of scientific knowledge for some specific purpose is known as ________. A

A) technology
B) deductive science
C) inductive science
D) pure science
39. 43) Which of the following best describes a model organism? B

A) It is often pictured in textbooks and is easy for students to imagine.

B) It is well studied, it is easy to grow, and results are widely applicable.
C) It is small, inexpensive to raise, and lives a long time.
D) It has been chosen for study by early biologists.
40. 44) Why is a scientific topic best discussed by people of varying points of view, from different subdisciplines, and A
representing diverse cultures?

A) Robust and critical discussion between diverse groups improves scientific thinking.
B) Scientists can coordinate with others to conduct experiments in similar ways.
C) This is a way of ensuring that everyone gets the same results.
D) People need to exchange their ideas with other disciplines and cultures because everyone has a right to an opinion in
science.
41. therefore, the species is photosynthetic. A
B) These organisms live in sunny regions. Therefore, they are using photosynthesis.
C) If protists are all single-celled, then they are incapable of aggregating.
D) If two species are members of the same genus, they are more alike than each of them could be to a different genus.