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Materials Testing: Deadlines: Assignment 1 Submission: 22 December 2020 Assignment 2 Submission: 19 January 2021

This document discusses materials testing techniques. It covers the following tests: hardness testing (Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell), impact tests (Izod, Charpy), tensile testing, and non-destructive testing techniques like penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, eddy current testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiography. The goals of materials testing are to determine properties, ensure quality, prevent failure, and make informed material choices. Deadlines for assignments are also provided.

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Jo ok
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21 views

Materials Testing: Deadlines: Assignment 1 Submission: 22 December 2020 Assignment 2 Submission: 19 January 2021

This document discusses materials testing techniques. It covers the following tests: hardness testing (Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell), impact tests (Izod, Charpy), tensile testing, and non-destructive testing techniques like penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, eddy current testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiography. The goals of materials testing are to determine properties, ensure quality, prevent failure, and make informed material choices. Deadlines for assignments are also provided.

Uploaded by

Jo ok
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATERIALS TESTING

 DEADLINES:
 Assignment 1 Submission : 22nd
December 2020
 Assignment 2 Submission: 19th January
2021
 Contact details: Mr. Omal Mumuni-Timtey (o.mumuni-timtey@eastcoast.ac.uk)
MATERIALS TESTING

Aim: Explore engineering Materials


testing techniques and how we can
use it to determine the physical
properties.
Why are metals tested ?
 Ensure quality
 Test properties
 Prevent failure in use
 Make informed choices in using materials

Factor of Safety is the ratio comparing the


actual stress on a material and the safe
useable stress.
Two forms of testing
 Mechanical tests – the material may be
physically tested to destruction. Will normally
specify a value for properties such as
strength, hardness, toughness, etc.

 Non-destructive tests (NDT) – samples or


finished articles are tested before being used.

In 5 minute, Name 5 different tests use to


identify properties of a material?
HARDNESS TESTING
Hardness is the ability to withstand
indentation or scratches
Hardness testing machine
 The indenter is
pressed into the
metal
 Softer materials
leave a deeper
indentation
Hardness testing machine
Brinell hardness test
 Uses ball shaped indentor.

 Cannot be used for thin


materials.

 Ball may deform on very


hard materials

 Surface area of indentation


is measured.
Vickers hardness test

 Uses square shaped


pyramid indentor.

 Accurate results.

 Measures length of
diagonal on indentation.

 Usually used on very hard


materials
Rockwell hardness tests
 Gives direct reading.

 Rockwell B (ball) used for


soft materials.

 Rockwell C (cone) uses


diamond cone for hard
materials.

 Flexible, quick and easy to


use.
Impact Tests
 Toughness of metals is the ability to
withstand impact.
Izod test
 Strikes at 167 Joules.

 Test specimen is held


vertically.

 Notch faces striker.


Charpy impact test
 Strikes form higher
position with 300 Joules.

 Test specimen is held


horizontally.

 Notch faces away from


striker.
Tensile Testing
 Uses an extensometer to apply measured
force to an test specimen. The amount of
extension can be measured and graphed.

 Variables such as strain, stress, elasticity,


tensile strength, ductility and shear strength
can be gauged.

 Test specimens can be round or flat.


Extensometer
Tensile test specimens
Test results
Cup and cone fracture A shear fracture would
signifies a ductile material indicate a brittle material
Producing graphs

Two basic graphs:

 Load / extension graph.


 Stress / strain graph.
Draw graph for this tensile
test?
Identify the straight line part of the graph.
Youngs Modulus (E)
E = Stress
Strain

 Stress = Load
Cross section area
 Strain = Extension
Original length
Youngs Modulus for stress –
strain graph
 Select point on elastic
part of graph

 Calculate Youngs
Modulus with this point

E = Stress
Strain
Youngs Modulus for Load –
extension graph
Tensile Strength

Tensile strength = Maximum Load


Cross section area

Maximum load is the highest point on the graph.

Often called Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)


Creep
When a weight is hung from a piece of
lead and left for a number of days the lead
will stretch. This is said to be creep.
Problems with creep increase when the
materials are subject to high temperature
or the materials themselves have low
melting points such as lead. Creep can
cause materials to fail at a stress well
below there tensile strength.
Fatigue
 Fatigue is due to the repeated loading and unloading.
 When a material is subjected to a force acting in different
directions at different times it can cause cracking. In time this
causes the material to fail at a load that is much less than its
tensile strength, this is fatigue failure. Vibration for example is a
serious cause of fatigue failure.

 Fatigue can be prevented with good design practice.


1. A smooth surface finish reduces the chance of surface cracking.
2. Sharp corners should be avoided.
3. Corrosion should be avoided as this can cause fatigue cracks.
Non-destructive
testing (NDT)
Why use NDT?
 Components are not destroyed
 Can test for internal flaws
 Useful for valuable components
 Can test components that are in use
Penetrant testing

 Used for surface flaws.


 The oil and chalk test is a traditional version
of this type of testing. Coloured dyes are now
used.
Magnetic particle testing
• Used for ferrous metals.
• Detects flaws close to the surface of the material.
• The component to be tested must first be
magnetized.
• Magnetic particles which can be dry or in solution
are sprinkled onto the test piece.
• The particles stick to the magnetic field and flaws
can be inspected visually by examining the pattern
to see if it has been distorted.
• The component must be demagnetized after testing.
Eddy current testing
 Used for non-ferrous metals
 A.C. current is passed through the coil.
 The test piece is passed under the coil
causing secondary currents called eddy
currents to flow through the test piece. This
causes a magnetic field to flow in the test
piece.
 The flaws are detected on an oscilloscope
by measuring a change in the magnetic
field.
Ultrasonic testing
Ultrasonic Sound waves are bounced off the component
and back to a receiver. If there is a change in the time
taken for the wave to return this will show a flaw. This is
similar to the operation of a sonar on a ship.
Operation.
1. The ultrasonic probe sends the sound wave through the
piece.
2. The sound wave bounces off the piece and returns.
3. The results are then placed on the display screen in the
form of peaks.
4. Where the peaks fluctuate this will show a fault in the
piece.
Uses.
 This is generally used to find internal flaws in large
forgings, castings and in weld inspections.
Radiography (X-ray) Testing
1. The x-ray are released by heating the cathode.
2. They are then accelerated by the D.C. current
and directed onto the piece by the tungsten
anode.
3. The x-rays then pass through the test piece onto
an x-ray film which displays the results.
4. The x-rays cannot pass through the faults as
easily making them visible on the x-ray film.
Uses.
 This is a test generally used to find internal flaws
in materials. It is used to check the quality of
welds, for example, to find voids or cracks.

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