Ask, FSK, PSK and Qam: By: Samuel A.@MWU

ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM
3/8/2021 By: Samuel A.@MWU 1

 Digital communication systems also employ
modulation techniques, some of which include:
– Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
– Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
– Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
– Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
 Shift Keying = modulation

• Type of Digital-to-Analog Encoding

Modulation of Digital Data

 Digital modulation: a special kind of where the
message signal (modulating) signal is digital in
nature binary or M-ary encoded version, and the
carrier to be modulated is usually sinusoidal or
analog having fixed frequency nature.
 Digital modulation, keying/switching of amplitude,
frequency or phase of the carrier wave is done.
 ASK, FSK & PSK are analogous to the AM, FM &
PM respectively.
 The difference is, in digital modulation techniques
(ASK, FSK, PSK) the modulating signal is of digital
in nature. However, in analog modulation (AM,
FM,PM) the modulating signal is of analog nature.

Aspects to digital-to Analog conversion
 Bit Rate / Baud Rate
 Bit rate is the number of bits per second.
 Baud rate is the number of signal units per
second.
 Baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.
– Bit rate is important in computer efficiency
– Baud rate is important in data transmission.
– Baud rate determines the bandwidth required
to send signal
– Baud rate = bit rate / # bits per signal unit
• Bit rate=baud rate x the number of bits represented
by each signal unit.
 Example 1
An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal
element. If 1000 signal elements are sent per
second, find the baud rate and the bit rate.
 Solution
– Baud rate=Number of signal elements =1000
bauds per second
– Bit rate = Baud rate x Number of bits per signal
element = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps

 Example 2
– The bit rate of a signal : 3000bps
– If each signal element carries six bits, what is
the baud rate ?
 Solution
– Baud rate = Bit rate/ number of bits per signal
element = 3000/6 = 500 baud per second

ASK(Amplitude Shift Keying)
 The most basic (binary) form of ASK involves the
process of switching the carrier either on or off, in
correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that
constitute the information signal.
 One binary digit is represented by the presence of
a carrier, the other binary digit is represented by
the absence of a carrier. Frequency (phase)
remains fixed.

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 Noise usually affects the amplitude.
 Therefore, ASK is the modulation technique most
affected by noise
 ASK is a bandwidth efficient system but it has
lower power efficiency.
 In ASK the bit rate=baud rate
 Advantage: simplicity
 Disadvantage: very susceptible to noise
interference
 Application: ASK is used to transmit digital data
over optical fiber.
 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in ASK
 BW = (1 + d) x N baud
N baud : baud rate
d: factor related to the condition of the line (with a
minimum value of 0)

Example 3
– Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal
transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission mode is
half-duplex.
Solution
– In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same.
The baud rate is therefore 2000.
– An ASK signal requires a minimum bandwidth
equal to its baud rate. Therefore, the minimum
bandwidth is 2000Hz

Example 4
– Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK
signal, what are the baud rate and bit rate?
Solution
– In ASK the baud rate is the same as the
bandwidth, which means the baud rate is 5000.
But because the baud rate and the bit rate are also
the same for ASK, the bit rate is 5000 bps.
Example 5
– Given a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000
Hz), draw the full-duplex ASK diagram of the
system. Find the carriers and the bandwidth in
each direction. Assume there is no gap between
the bands in two directions.
Solution
– Bandwidth for each direction : 10000/2 = 5000 Hz
– Carrier frequencies: fc (forward) =1000 + 5000/2
= 3500 Hz
=fc (backward) = 11000 – 5000/2 = 8500 Hz
Solution to Example 5

FSK(Frequency Shift Keying)
 FSK is a frequency modulation scheme (conveys
information over a carrier wave by varying its
instantaneous frequency) in which digital
modulation is transmitted through discrete frequency
changes of a carrier wave.
 The most basic (binary) form of FSK involves the
process of varying the frequency of a carrier wave
by choosing one of two frequencies (binary FSK) in
correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that
constitute the information signal. Two binary digits
are represented by two frequencies around the
carrier frequency. Amplitude remains fixed
FSK coding
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 The frequency of the signal is varied to represent binary
1 or 0.
 Peak amplitude and phase remain constant
Bandwidth for FSK
 FSK typically uses two different frequencies in each symbol
interval to represent binary 0 & 1. Therefore, the bit rate = baud
rate.

 FSK is most common form of digital
modulation in the high frequency radio
spectrum, and has important applications in
telephone communications.
 A modem converts the binary data from a
computer to FSK for transmission over
telephone lines, cables, or wireless media.
 Shifts are usually in the range 50 to 1000 Hz.

Advantage:
FSK is less susceptible to errors than ASK
 receiver looks for specific frequency changes
over a number of intervals, so voltage (noise)
spikes can be ignored.
Disadvantage:
FSK spectrum is 2xASK spectrum.
Application:
 over voice lines, in high frequency radio
transmission, etc..
 In case of FSK, Pe is less and SNR is high.
 This technique is widely employed in modem
design and development.
 It has increased immunity to noise but requires
larger bandwidth compare to other modulation
types.
 FSK shifts between two carrier frequencies.
 FSK spectrum=combination of two ASK spectra
centered on fc1 and fc0.

Examples
1. Find the minimum bandwidth for an FSK
signal transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is
in half-duplex mode, and the carriers are
separated by 3000 Hz.
Solution: For FSK,
Bit rate=Baud rate=2000
Carrier separation=fc1-fc0= 3000 Hz
BW =baud rate + fc1-fc0
BW = bit rate + fc1–fc0
= 2000 + 3000 = 5000 Hz
2. What is the maximum bit rates for an FSK
signal if the bandwidth of the medium is 12,000
Hz and the difference between the two carriers is
2000 Hz. Transmission is in full-duplex mode.
– Because the transmission is full duplex, only
6000 Hz is allocated for each direction.
– BW= baud rate +(fc1-fc0)
– Baud rate =BW-(fc1-fc0 )=6000-2000=4000
– Baud rate=the bit rate=4000 bps.

PSK(Phase Shift Keying)
 Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation
process which conveys data by changing
(modulating) the phase of a reference signal (the
carrier wave).
 The modulation occurs by varying the sine and
cosine inputs at a precise time.
 The phase is varied to represent binary 1 or 0
 bit 0= phase 0
 bit 1= phase 180
 Peak amplitude & freq. remain constant during
each bit interval.
Application of PSK
 It is widely used for wireless LANs, RFID and
Bluetooth communication.
 Both QPSK and 8PSK are widely used in satellite
broadcasting.
 QPSK is still widely used in the streaming of SD
satellite channels and some HD channels.
 Historically, voice-band synchronous modems such
as the Bell 201, 208, and 209 and the CCITT V.26,
V.27, V.29, V.32, and V.34 used PSK.
 QPSK lends itself to easy demodulation and has
been adopted for use in, for example, TDMA
cellular telephones systems.
Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in PSK

The 4-PSK method

 In case of PSK probability of error is less.
 SNR is high.
 It is a power efficient system but it has lower
bandwidth efficiency.
 PSK modulation is widely used in wireless
transmission.
 The variants of basic PSK and ASK modulations are
QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and so on.

Example 1: Find the bandwidth for a 4-PSK signal
transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is in half-
duplex mode.
Solution:
For 4-PSK baud rate is one-half of the bit rate. The
baud rate is therefore 1000. A PSK signal
requires a bandwidth equal to its baud rate.
Therefore, the bandwidth is 1000 Hz.
Example 2: Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an
8-PSK signal, what are the baud rate and bit rate?
Solution: For PSK the baud rate is the same as the
bandwidth, which means the baud rate is 5000.
But in 8-PSK the bit rate is 3 times the baud rate,
so the bit rate is 15,000 bps.

Quiz
1. Find the bandwidth for a 4-PSK signal
transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission
is in half-duplex mode.
2. What are ASK, FSK and PSK? Their
advantages & disadvantages?

QAM (Quadrature amplitude modulation)
 Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination
of ASK and PSK.
 It conveys two analog message signals, or two digital
bit streams, by changing (modulating) the amplitudes
of two carrier waves, using the amplitude shift keying
(ASK) digital modulation scheme or amplitude
modulation (AM) analog modulation scheme.
 The modulated waves are summed, and the final
waveform is a combination of both phase-shift keying
(PSK) and amplitude-shift keying (ASK), or, in the
analog case, of phase modulation (PM) and amplitude
modulation.
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 In the digital QAM case, a finite number of at least two
phases and at least two amplitudes are used.
 PSK modulators are often designed using the QAM
principle, but are not considered as QAM since the
amplitude of the modulated carrier signal is constant.
 QAM is a form of modulation which is widely used for
modulating data signals onto a carrier used for radio
communications.
 It is widely used because it offers advantages over other
forms of data modulation such as PSK, although many
forms of data modulation operate alongside each other.
 QAM is a signal in which two carriers shifted in phase by
90 degrees are modulated and the resultant output consists
of both amplitude and phase
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variations.
By: Samuel A.@MWU 41
 It may be considered as mixture of ASK and PSK.
 A motivation for the use of QAM comes from the
fact that a straight amplitude modulated signal i.e.
double sideband even with a suppressed carrier
occupies twice the bandwidth of the modulating
signal.
 This is very wasteful of the available frequency
spectrum.
 QAM restores the balance by placing two
independent sideband suppressed carrier signals in
the same spectrum as one ordinary double sideband
suppressed carrier signal.
Analogue and digital QAM
 QAM may exist in analogue or digital forms.
• The analogue versions of QAM are typically used to
allow multiple analogue signals to be carried on a
single carrier.
• For instance, it is used in PAL and NTSC television
systems, where the different channels provided by
QAM enable it to carry the components of Chroma
or colour information.
 The digital formats of QAM are often referred to us
“Quantized QAM” and they are being increasingly used
for data communications often with in radio
communication systems.
 Radio communication systems ranging from cellular

technology as in the case of LTE through wireless
systems including WiMAX and Wi-Fi 802.11 use a
variety of forms of QAM, and the use of QAM will only
increase within the field of radio communications.
 QAM is used extensively as a modulation scheme for digital
telecommunication systems, such as in 802.11 Wi-Fi
standards. Arbitrarily high spectral efficiencies can be
achieved with QAM by setting a suitable constellation size,
limited only by the noise level and linearity of the
communications channel.
 QAM is being used in optical fiber systems as bit rates

increase; QAM16 and QAM64 can be optically emulated
with a 3-path interferometer.

 The number of bits transmitted per T [sec]
interval can be further increased by increasing
the number of levels used.

 When using QAM the constellation points are
normally arranged in a square grid with equal
vertical and horizontal spacing and as a result
the most common forms of QAM use a
constellation with the number of points equal
to power of 2 i.e. 4, 6, 16, 64 ,…….
 By using higher order modulation formats i.e.
more points on the constellation, it is possible
to transmit more bits per symbol.
 However, the points are closer together and
they are therefore more susceptible to noise
and data errors.
 The most common forms of QAM are 16QAM,
64QAM and 256 QAM.
 Normally the lowest order QAM encountered is
16QAM. The reason for this being the lowest order
normally encountered is that 2QAM is the same as
binary phase-shift keying, BPSK, and 4QAM is the
same as QPSK.
 8QAM is not widely used. This is because error-rate
performance of 8QAM is almost the same as that of
16QAM. It is only about 0.5dB better and the data
rate is only-quarters that of 16QAM.

 The advantage of moving to the higher order
formats is that there are more points within the
constellation and therefore it is possible to transmit
more bits per symbol.
 The downside is that the constellation points are
closer together and therefore the link is more
susceptible to noise.
 As a result, higher order versions of QAM are only
used when there is sufficiently high signal to noise
ratio (SNR).

 64-QAM and 256-QAM are often used in digital
cable television and cable modem applications.

• Interference and noise in QAM
 In moving to a higher order QAM constellation
(higher data rate and mode) in hostile RF/micro-
wave/QAM application environments, such as in
broadcasting or telecommunications, multipath
interference typically increases.
 There is a spreading of the spots in the constellation,
decreasing the separation between adjacent states,
making it difficult for the receiver to decode the
signal appropriately.
 In other words, there is reduced noise immunity.
QAM advantages and disadvantages
Advantage:
 It increases the efficiency of transmission for radio
communications systems
Disadvantage:
 It is more susceptible to noise
 When a phase or frequency modulated signal is
amplified in a radio transmitter, there is no need to use
linear amplifiers, whereas when using QAM that
contains an amplitude component, linearity must be
maintained.
 Unfortunately, linear amplifiers are less efficient and
consume more power, and this makes them less
attractive for mobile applications.
Thank u!!!

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ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM

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 Radio communication systems ranging from cellular

 QAM is being used in optical fiber systems as bit rates

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