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    16 views33 pages

    05 Analog

    Uploaded by

    Ambreen Iqbal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 33

    Analog Transmission

    01204325: Data Communication


    and Computer Networks

    Asst. Prof. Chaiporn Jaikaeo, Ph.D.


    chaiporn.j@ku.ac.th
    http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~cpj
    Computer Engineering Department
    Adapted from lecture slides by Behrouz A. Forouzan Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
    © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
    Outline
     Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion
     Amplitude Shift Keying
     Frequency Shift Keying
     Phase Shift Keying
     Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

    2
    Digital-to-Analog Conversion
     Required to send digital data over a band-
    pass channel
     Also known as modulation

    (band-pass channel)

    3
    Carrier Signals
     Carrier signal is a high-frequency signal
    acting as a base for information signal
     Also known as "Carrier Frequency"

    4
    Sine Waves Revisited
    signal strength

    period
    T = 1/f
    peak
    amplitude

    time

     General form: x(t) = A×sin(2ft + )


    phase / phase shift

    5
    Conversion Techniques

    6
    Bit Rate vs. Baud Rate
     Bit rate  the number of bits per second
     Baud rate  the number of signal elements per
    second.

     In the analog transmission of digital data, the


    baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate

    7
    Example 5.2
    An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud
    rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are
    carried by each signal element? How many different
    signal elements do we need?
    Solution
    In this example, S = 1000, N = 8000, and r and L are
    unknown. We find first the value of r and then the value
    of L.

    8
    Binary Amplitude Shift Keying
     Or Binary ASK
     Simplest form  On-Off Keying (OOK)

    fc – Carrier frequency
    0 < d < 1
    9
    Implementation of Binary ASK

    10
    Example 5.3
    We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which
    spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What are the carrier
    frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by
    using ASK with d = 1?
    Solution
    The middle of the bandwidth is located at 250 kHz. This
    means that our carrier frequency can be at fc = 250 kHz.
    We can use the formula for bandwidth to find the bit rate
    (with d = 1 and r = 1).

    11
    Full-Duplex ASK
     Bandwidth can be divided into two to
    support full-duplex communication
     Two carrier frequencies are used

    12
    Binary Frequency Shift Keying
     Or Binary FSK

    13
    Implementation of Binary FSK

    14
    Multilevel FSK
     Use one frequency to send more than one
    bit at a time
     E.g., the whole bandwidth divided into 8
    frequency ranges

    15
    Binary Phase Shift Keying
     Or Binary PSK

    16
    Implementation of Binary PSK

    17
    Quadrature PSK
     Each signal element carries 2 bits

    18
    Implementation of QPSK

    19
    Example 5.7
    Find the bandwidth for a signal transmitting at 12
    Mbps for QPSK. The value of d = 0.

    Solution
    For QPSK, 2 bits is carried by one signal element. This
    means that r = 2. So the signal rate (baud rate) is S = N ×
    (1/r) = 6 Mbaud. With a value of d = 0, we have B = S = 6
    MHz.

    20
    Constellation Diagrams
     A constellation diagram helps define the
    amplitude and phase of a signal element

    21
    Example 5.8
     Show the constellation diagrams for OOK,
    BPSK, and QPSK modulations

    22
    Constellation Diagram for 8-PSK

    23
    Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
     Or QAM
     A combination of ASK and PSK

    24
    Telephone Line Bandwidth

    25
    V.32 and V.32bis Modem Standards

    26
    Analog-to-Analog Conversion
     Process of transmitting analog information
    by an analog signal
     Although the signal is already analog,
    modulation is needed if a band-pass
    channel is available to us.

    27
    Types of Analog-to-Analog Modulations

    28
    Amplitude Modulation (AM)

    29
    AM Band Allocation

    30
    Frequency Modulation (FM)

    31
    FM Band Allocation

    32
    Phase Modulation (PM)
     Considered a variation of FM

    33

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